Public Jurisprudence on Superphysics

The Original Principles of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Two principles induce men to enter into a civil society:

Principle of authority
Principle of utility

Four things give one man authority over another:

Superior abilities of body and of mind
Superior age and long possession
Superior wealth
Ancient family

Principle of Authority

Superior abilities

At the head of every small society, or association of people, is a person of superior abilities.

The Nature Of Government And Its Progress In The First Ages Of Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We shall now explain:

the nature of government,
its different forms,
what circumstances gave occasion for it, and
how it is maintained.

There are 3 forms of government:

Monarchical - the supreme power is vested in one who can do what he pleases, make peace and war, impose taxes, etc. [tyranny]
Aristocratical - the state is run by magistrates chosen by a class of people, such as the wealthy or known families, [oligarchy + aristocracy]
Democratical - the state is run by the people together [democracy]

Aristocratical and democratical governments may be called republican. The division of government is into monarchical and republican.

How Republican Governments were introduced

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Early societies had democratic governments. How were republican governments introduced?

Generally, a country’s location and its improvement in agriculture and trade make it favourable to the introduction of a republican government.

How Liberty was lost

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We have shown:

how republics arose, and
how they again became democratic.

We next show how:

this liberty was lost, and
how monarchy was introduced.

The republics mentioned must either:

Military Monarchy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What form of government succeeded the republican?

When small republics were conquered by another state, monarchy, or whatever government the conquerors wanted was established. They generally followed the model of their own country.

How Military Monarchy was Dissolved

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We have considered:

how the dissolution of small states was brought about, and
what form of government succeeded them,
how an imperial government was introduced into conquering republics, and
what kind of administration this was.

How was this military monarchy was dissolved?

The Allodial Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The government which succeeded the fall of the Roman Empire was similar to Mongols. Germans and other groups conquered the the western countries. Compared to the Mongols, they=

The Feudal System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How was the allodial government overturned to give way to the feudal system?

These great lords were continually making war on one another. In order to keep their tenants, they gave them annual land leases. This lease was later held by them for life.

The English Parliament

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We shall next show:

how each person got a share in the government
what share of it was allotted to each of them.

Every person who had an estate great or small, had a right=

How the English Government became Absolute

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The House of Commons became considerable. But how did the nobility’s power decrease and how did the government become arbitrary?

Previously by their ancient rustic hospitality, all the European courts could easily maintain 1,000 retainers. Richard, Earl of Warwick was styled as a King. He maintained 40,000 people everyday besides tenants.

How was Liberty restored?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How was liberty was restored in Britain?

Period	Leader
1533	Henry 7th
1558	Elizabeth
1603	James I
1649	Charles I

Henry 7th allowed the nobility to dispose of their estates. This placed them on a level with the commons.

The English Courts of Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In England and Europe after the feudal law was introduced, governance was done in the same way as a baron in his jurisdiction. The baron was a steward who managed all affairs in his lord’s county.

The Little Republics in Europe

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the origin of the little European republics and the rights of sovereign and subject?

The Origin of Republics

In some countries, the provinces far from the seat of government sometimes became independent. This was the case in most of Germany and France during Charlemagne’s time.

The Rights of Sovereigns

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the duty of the sovereign? What is the proper punishment of disobedience?

Every attempt to overturn this power is considered as the greatest crime in every nation. It is called high treason. There is a great difference between treason in monarchies and treason in republics.

Citizenship in a State

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The laws of different countries vary much with regard to the right of citizenship.

In most of the Swiss republics, the right of citizenship only belongs to those born of a citizen.

The Rights of Subjects

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The limitations of the sovereign’s power

It is impossible to be precise regarding this branch of public law.

The duties of one subject to another are sufficiently ascertained by the laws of every country and the courts of justice. But there are no judges to determine when sovereigns do wrong. [No world government yet] To suppose a sovereign subject to judgement, supposes another sovereign.