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    <title>Introduction on Superphysics</title>
    <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/</link>
    <description>Recent content in Introduction on Superphysics</description>
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      <title>History</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-1/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-1/</guid>
      <description>&lt;!-- Abd Ar Rahman bin Muhammed ibn Khaldun --&gt;&#xA;&lt;!-- The excellence of historiography. -An appreciation of&#xA;the various approaches to history. -A glimpse at the&#xA;different kinds of errors to which historians are liable.&#xA;Something about why these errors occur. 31&#xA; --&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;History is a discipline that is very useful and has many different approaches. It makes us acquainted with&lt;/p&gt;</description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exaggerations by Historians</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-1b/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-1b/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Historians generally exaggerate when they:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;speak about the dynastic armies of their own or recent times&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;discuss about Muslim or Christian soldiers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compute the:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tax revenues and the money spent by the government&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;outlays of extravagant spenders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the goods that rich and prosperous men have in stock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;!-- , to go beyond the bounds of the ordinary, and to succumb to the temptation of sensationalism.  --&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real numbers given by officials in charge are only 10% of what they have said. They give those exaggerated numbers when they:&lt;/p&gt;</description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The City of Iram</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-2/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-2/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Iram was a city with columns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ad b. Us b. Iram had 2 sons who ruled after him:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shadid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shaddid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shadid perished. Shaddad became the sole ruler of the realm, and the kings there submitted to his authority.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Destruction of the Barmecides</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-2b/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-2b/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Eventually, the Barmecides irritated the inner circle. They caused resentment among the elite and aroused the displeasure of high officials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jealousy and envy of all sorts began to show themselves, and the scorpions of intrigue crept into their soft beds in the government.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Yahya bin Aktham the Gay</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-3/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-3/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;A parallel or similar story is that reported by the historians about Yahya bin Aktham, the judge and friend of al-Ma&amp;rsquo;mun.&lt;!-- 101 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He got drunk with al-Ma&amp;rsquo;mun one night from a date liquor (nabidh) which in their opinion was not forbidden.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Yahya bin Aktham the Beginning of the Shia Dynasty</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-3b/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-3b/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;The silly historians all tell the same story about the beginning of the Shi&amp;rsquo;ah dynasty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;!-- 115 --&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abu &amp;lsquo;Abdallah al-Muhtasib went among the Kutamah urging acceptance of Muhammad&amp;rsquo;s family (the &amp;lsquo;Alids).&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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    <item>
      <title>The Aghlabids</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-3c/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-3c/</guid>
      <description>&lt;!-- 142 --&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dynasty and government serve as the world&amp;rsquo;s market place, attracting to it the products of scholarship and craftsmanship alike.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;!-- Wayward wisdom and forgotten lore turn up there. In this market stories are told and items of historical information are delivered. Whatever is in demand on this market is in general demand everywhere else.  --&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wares on its market are as pure silver and fine gold whenever the established dynasty avoids:&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Pitfalls in Historiography</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-3d/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-3d/</guid>
      <description>&lt;!-- Lengthy discussion of these mistakes has taken us rather far from the purpose of this work. However, many competent persons and expert historians slipped in connection with such stories and assertions, and they stuck in their minds.&#xA;Many weak-minded and uncritical persons learned these things from them, and even&#xA;(the competent historians) themselves accepted them without critical investigation,&#xA;and thus (strange stories) crept into their material. In consequence, historiography&#xA;became nonsensical and confused, and its students fumbled around. Historiography&#xA;came to be considered a domain of the common people. Therefore, today, the&#xA;scholar in this field needs to know the principles of politics, the (true) nature of&#xA;existent things, and the differences among nations, places, and periods with regard&#xA;to ways of life, character qualities, customs, sects, schools, and everything else.  --&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A historian:&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Historical Errors</title>
      <link>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-4/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://www.superphysics.org/research/ibn-khaldun/muqaddimah/introduction/part-4/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Another illustration of this kind of error is the baseless conclusion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The critical readers of historical works make a conclusion from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the position of judges&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the leadership in war&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the command of armies that judges (formerly) exercised.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their misguided thinking leads them to aspire to similar positions.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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