Dynasties, Royal Authority on Superphysics

Royal Authority Comes Only from Group Feeling

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This is because military strength is obtained only through group feeling which means mutual affection and willingness to fight and die for each other.

Royal authority is a noble and enjoyable position. It comprises:

A Royal Family Can Found A Dynasty That Can Dispense With Group Feeling

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This is because the group feeling in which a member of a royal family shares may have much power over nations and races.

Religious Propaganda Adds To Group Feeling

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This is because religious coloring:

Each dynasty has a certain amount of provinces and lands, and no more

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This is because the group to which a given dynasty belongs and the people who support and establish it, must of necessity be distributed over the provinces and border regions which they reach and take into possession.

The greatness, territorial size, and length of a dynasty depend on the numbers of its supporters

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This is because royal authority exists only through group feeling.

Representatives of group feeling are the militiamen who settle in the territories of the dynasty. The more numerous the tribes and groups of a large dynasty, the stronger and larger are its and lands. Their royal authority, therefore, is wider.

A dynasty rarely establishes itself firmly in lands with many different tribes and groups

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This is because the differences in opinions and desires. Behind each opinion and desire, there is a group feeling defending it.

At any time, therefore, there is much opposition to a dynasty and rebellion against it, even if the dynasty possesses group feeling, because each group feeling under the control of the ruling dynasty thinks that it has in itself (enough) strength and power.

The Royal Authority Naturally Claims All Glory For Itself

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This is because the group feeling that leads to royal authority is a composite of the amalgamation of many groups, one of which is stronger than all the others.

The Progress of Royal Authority

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The dynasty becomes senile after it claims all glory for itself and establishes luxury and tranquility.

The 3 Generation Rule

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12. Dynasties have a natural life span like individuals

Physicians and astrologers believe that the natural human life span is 120 years.

The life of a Muslim lasts between 60-70 years. This is stated in the hadith.

From Barbarity to Civilization

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These stages are natural ones for dynasties. The superiority through which royal authority is achieved is the result of group feeling and of the great energy and rapacious habits which go with it. As a rule, these things are possible only in connection with desert life.

The Stages of Dynasties

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15. How the desert attitude differs among the people in the different stages

A dynasty goes through 5 stages and encounters new conditions.

Through those conditions in each stage, the dynasty’s supporters acquire traits that do not exist in any other stage.

Monuments to Dynasties

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16. The monuments of a given dynasty are proportionate to its original power

This is because monuments owe their origin to the power that brought the dynasty into being. The impression the dynasty leaves is proportionate to (that power).

The Wealth of Dynasties

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The amirs of the Zanatah sent an embassy to the Sinhajah (Zirids) in Ifrigiyah. The latter presented gifts to that embassy as:

large sums of money
chests full of clothes
many fine pack horses

The History of Ibn arRaqiq contains many stories of this kind.

The Ruler's Supporters

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17. The ruler seeks the help of clients and followers against the men of his own people and group feeling.

A ruler can achieve power only with the help of his own people. They are his group and his helpers in his enterprise.

The Ruler's Supporters

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19. Seclusion of, and control over, the ruler (by others) may occur in dynasties

The wazirs and entourage of the ruling dynasty gain power over the throne when:

royal authority is firmly established in one family and a branch of the tribe supporting the dynasty
that family claims all royal authority for itself and keeps the rest of the tribe away from it
their children succeed to the royal authority in turn, by appointment

This occurs most often when a little child or a weak member of the family is appointed successor by his father or made ruler by his servants.

The True Character of Royal Authority

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This is because the first men to achieve royal and governmental authority at the beginning of the dynasty do so with the help of the group feeling of their people and with the help of their own group feeling which causes their people to follow (them) until they and their people have definitely adopted the coloring of royal authority and superiority.

Exaggerated harshness is harmful to royal authority

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The interest subjects have in their ruler is not interest in his person and body, for example, in his good figure, handsome face, large frame, wide knowledge, good handwriting, or acute mind. Their interest in him lies in his relation to them.

The differences of opinion on the Caliphate

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24. The differences of Muslim opinion concerning the laws and conditions governing the caliphate

The institution called “the Caliphate” or “imamate” substitutes for Muhammad in as much as it serves, like him, to preserve the religion and to exercise (political) leadership of the world.

The conditions governing the Caliphate

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The conditions governing the caliphate are:

knowledge
probity
competence
freedom of the senses and limbs from any defect that might affect judgment and action.

There is a difference of opinion concerning a fifth condition, that is, (5) Qurashite descent.

The Shia

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25. Shi’ah tenets on the question of the imamate.

Linguistically, Shi’ah means “companions and followers.”

In the customary usage of old and modern jurists and speculative theologians, ‘Shiah’ is used for the followers and descendants of Ali. They believe that the imamate is not a public interest to be delegated or appointed.

The Wigifiyah

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Some of the Wigifiyah say that the imam who died will return to life in this world.

They adduce as a proof the story of the Seven Sleepers, the one about the person who passed by a village, and the one about the murdered Israelite who was beaten with the bones of the cow that his people had been ordered to slaughter, all of them stories included in the Qur’in.

The transformation of the caliphate into royal authority

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Royal authority is the natural goal of group feeling. It results from group feeling, not by choice but through (inherent) necessity and the order of existence, as we have stated before.

The transformation of the caliphate into royal authority

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Al-Mas’udi says:

Al-Masudi

In the days of Uthman, the men around Muhammad acquired estates and money. On the day Uthman was killed, his treasurer had 150,000 dinars and 1,000,000 dirhams.

The meaning of the oath of allegiance

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The bay’ah (oath of allegiance) is a contract to render obedience.

It is as though the person who renders the oath of allegiance made a contract with his amir, to the effect that he surrenders supervision of his own affairs and those of the Muslims to him and that he will not contest his authority in any of (those affairs) and that he will obey him by (executing) all the duties with which he might be charged, whether agreeable or disagreeable.

The Succession

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The caliph is the guardian and trustee of the Muslims.

Issues With the Early Succession

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Yazid was wicked as a caliph

Mu’awiyah could not have known about it. Mu’awiyah’s probity and virtue were too great. While he lived, he censured Yazid for listening to music and forbade him to do it, and (listening to music) is a lesser sin than (Yazid’s later wickedness) and is judged differently by the different schools.

Ali as Caliph

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Differences of the sort in Islam include those:

between Ali on the one hand, and Mu’awiyah, as well as az-Zubayr, Talhah, and ‘A’ishah on the other,
between al-Husayn and Yazid, and
between Ibn az-Zubayr and ‘Abd-al-Malik.

Ali

When Uthman was killed, the important Muslims were dispersed over the various cities. They were not present when the oath of allegiance was rendered to Ali.

Al-Husayn as Caliph

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When people saw Yazid’s wickedness, the Shi’ah in al-Kufah invited al-Husayn to come to them. They said that they would take his side. Al-Husayn thought that a revolt against Yazid was his duty.

The religious functions of the caliphate

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To be caliph in reality means acting as substitute for Muhammad with regard to the preservation of the religion and the political leadership of the world.

Muhammad was concerned with both things, with religion in his capacity as the person commanded to transmit the duties imposed by the religious laws to the people and to cause them to act in accordance with them, and with worldly political leadership in his capacity as the person in charge of the (public) interests of human civilization.

The office of judge

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This is one of the positions under the caliphate. It settles suits and breaks off disputes and dissensions, following the religious laws laid down by the Qur’an and the Sunnah.

Police: The religious functions of the caliphate

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The police

In the ‘Abbasid dynasty and in the dynasties of the Umayyads in Spain and under the ‘Ubaydid(-Fatimids) in Egypt and the Maghrib, the control of crimes and imposition of punishments required by the religious law was also a special (task) and was delegated to the chief of police (sahib ashshurtah).

The position of official witness (adalah)

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This is a religious position depending on the office of judge and connected with court practice.

The men who hold it give testimony-with the judge’s permission-for or against people’s (claims). They serve as witnesses when testimony is to be taken, testify during a lawsuit, and fill in the registers which record the rights, possessions, and debts of people and other (legal) transactions. This is the significance of the position.

The Caliph's title of 'Commander of the Faithful'

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This was created in the period of the first four caliphs.

This is because the men around Muhammad and all the other

The early Muslims called Abu Bakr the, when he received the oath of allegiance, “representative” (khalifah, caliph) of the Messenger of God. He had this title until he died.

Pope and Patriarch

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The Patriarch was called ‘Pope’ meaning ‘Father of fathers’.

It first appeared in Egypt, according to the theory of Jirjis b. al-‘Amid in his History In the Christian religion and on the word “Kohen” used by the Jews.

The ranks and titles of royal and governmental authority

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By himself, the ruler is weak. He carries a heavy load and needs help from others for his necessities and much more to:

The Wazirate

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The wazirate is the mother of governmental functions and royal ranks.

Wizarah is derived either from mu’azarah “help,” or from wizr “load,” as if the wazir were helping the person whom he supports to carry his burdens and charges. Thus, its meaning comes down to “help.” 446

The Wazir

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Afterwards, royal authority flourished. The (official) councilor and assistant for tribal and group affairs and good relations (with the various tribes and groups) made his appearance. For him, the name of wazir was used.

The office of doorkeeper (hijibah)

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In the Umayyad and ‘Abbasid dynasties, the title of doorkeeper (hajib) was restricted to the person who guarded the ruler from the common people and would not give them access to him, or only in such ways, and at such times, as he determined. It was lower in rank at that time than the other functions. The wazir could intervene whenever he saw fit.

The ministry of financial operations and taxation

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The ministry of taxation:

is concerned with tax operations
guards the rights of the dynasty in the matters of income and expenditures

It:

The ministry of official correspondence and writing

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This office is not required by the nature of royal authority. Many dynasties were able to dispense with it completely, such as the dynasties rooted in the desert.

The Letter of Abd-al-Hamid to his Fellow Secretaries

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The ruler who picks a secretary from the rank and file has many conditions to consider. These are completely presented in the Epistle that the secretary Abd-al-Hamid addressed to his fellow secretaries:

The Police

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The chief of police is subordinate to the person in charge of “the sword” in the dynasty, who at times uses the chief of police to execute his orders.

In Ifriqiyah, the chief of police is now called the “magistrate” (hakim).
In Spain, he is called the “town chief” (sahib al-madinah).
In the Turkish dynasty in Egypt, he is called the “governor” (wali).

This was originally created by the ‘Abbasid dynasty. He it had a twofold duty:

The different importance of the ranks of the sword and the pen

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Both “the sword” and “the pen” are instruments for the ruler to use in his affairs.

However, at the start of the dynasty, so long as its people are occupied in establishing power, the need for “the sword” is greater than that for “the pen.”

The characteristic emblems of royal and government authority

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The ruler has emblems and arrangements that are the necessary result of pomp and ostentation. They are restricted to him, and by their use he is distinguished from his subjects, his intimates, and all other leaders in his dynasty.

The Mint

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This stamps the dinars and dirhams used in commercial transactions.

This is done with an iron die with pictures or words engraved in reverse.
The stamp is pressed on the dinar or the dirham which transfers those engravings onto the coin.

Before this is done:

The meaning and value of the legal dirham and dinar

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The dirham and the dinar differ in value and weight in different regions, cities, and provinces.

The Seal

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The use of the seal is one of the government functions and a royal office.

The sealing of letters and diplomas was known to rulers before and after Islam. It has been established in the two Sahihs that when the Prophet wanted to write to the Byzantine Emperor, he was told that the non-Arabs accepted only sealed letters.

The Tiraz

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It is part of royal and governmental pomp and dynastic custom to have the names of rulers or their peculiar marks embroidered on the silk, brocade, or pure silk garments that they wear.

The methods of waging war

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The origin of war is the desire of certain human beings to take revenge on others. Each (party) is supported by the people sharing in its group feeling.

The Closed Formation

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At the beginning of Islam, all battles were fought in closed formation, although the Arabs knew only the technique of attack and withdrawal.

Two things caused them to fight in closed formation:

The Reason For Low And High Tax Revenues

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At the beginning of the dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments.

This is because when the dynasty follows the ways (sunan) of the religion.

A Ruler doing Commercial Activity is Ruinous to the Tax Revenue

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A dynasty may find itself in financial trouble because of its:

luxury and high expenditures and
the insufficiency of the tax revenue to pay them.

So it imposes customs duties on the commercial activities of its subjects.

The Ruler And His Entourage Are Wealthy Only In The Dynasty's Middle Period

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At the start of the dynasty, the revenues are distributed among the tribe 659 and the people who share in the ruler’s group feeling, in accordance with their usefulness and group feeling and because they are needed to establish the dynasty, as we have stated before.

The reduction of the allowances given by the ruler reduces the tax revenue

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Dynasty and government serve as the world’s greatest marketplace, providing the substance of civilization.

The property of the ruler’s entourage will be small if:

the ruler holds on to property and revenue, or
they are lost or not properly used by him

The gifts which they, in their turn, had been used to give to their entourage and people, stop. All their expenditures are then cut down.

Injustice

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Injustice should not be understood to imply only the confiscation of money or other property from the owners, without compensation and without cause.

It is commonly understood in that way, but it is something more general than that.

Access to the ruler becomes restricted in a dynasty growing senile

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At the beginning, the dynasty is remote from royal aspirations.

It needs group feeling through which its power and domination can materialize, and the desert attitude is characteristic of group feeling.

The division of a Dynasty into two

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The first perceptible consequence of a dynasty’s senility is that it splits.

This is because, when royal authority comes into its own and achieves the utmost luxury and prosperity and when the ruler controls all the glory and has it all for himself, he is too proud to let anyone share in it.

Once Senility Has Cometo a Dynasty, It Cannot Disappear

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Senility is a chronic disease that cannot be cured or made to disappear because it is something natural, and natural things do not change.

How Dynasties Disintegrates

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Any royal authority must be built upon two foundations.

Might and group feeling

This is manifests in its soldiers.

The money which supports the soldiers and provides the whole structure needed by royal authority.

Disintegration befalls the dynasty at these two foundations.

The Dynasty's authority

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At first, it expands to its limit. Then it is narrowed down in successive stages, until the dynasty dissolves 713

Chapter 3 stated that each dynasty has its specific share of provinces and districts and no more. 715 Its expansion depends 716 on the distribution of the dynasty’s group (strength) for the (military) protection of its territory and regions.

How a New Dynasty Begins

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When the ruling dynasty starts on the road to senility and destruction, the rise of the new dynasty happens in 2 ways:

Pestilences and Famines frequently occur when there is Abundant Civilization

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At the beginning, dynasties are inevitably kind in the exercise of their power and just in their administration.

Human Civilization Requires Political Leadership

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People in any social organization must have someone who exercises a restraining influence and rules them and to whom recoursemay be had.

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 1)

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It is your duty to:

fear the one and only God
be afraid of Him
watch Him
keep away from His wrath
guard your subjects night and day.

With the help of the good health with which God has clothed you, apply yourself to:

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 2)

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Have Good Opinion of Others [Stay Positive]

Have a good opinion of God, and your subjects will cause you no trouble.

In all your affairs, try to get in touch with Him, and you will always enjoy His favor.

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 3)

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Economic Policy

Do not be greedy.

Let the treasures and riches you gather and hoard up be:

piety
the fear of God
justice
the improvement of your subjects
the cultivation of their country
the supervision of their affairs
the protection of the masses
support of the unfortunates.

Once property is gathered and stored in treasuries, it does not bear fruit.

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 4)

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Taxation Policy

The land tax maintains the subjects.

Through it, God has:

strengthened and exalted Islam
helped and protected the Muslims
confounded and annoyed the enemies of Islam
humbled and humiliated the people of the enemy

Therefore, distribute the land tax among those to whom it belongs. Do it justly, fairly, equitably, and generally.

The truth about the Fatimid

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At the end of time, a man from the family of the Prophet will appear.

He will strengthen Islam and make justice triumph. The Muslims will follow him. He will dominate over the Muslim realm.

Abu Dawud

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Abu Dawud published a tradition relating to all in the chapter (on the Mahdi).

It was transmitted by Fitr b. Khalifah, on the authority of:

al-Qasim b. Abi Bazzah
- Abu t-Tufayl
  - Ali
    - the Prophet

The Prophet said: “If only one day of the whole duration of the world remained, God would send a man of my family who will fill the world with justice, as it had been filled with injustice.”

Abu Dawud

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Scholars differ on whether ‘Imran al-Qattan can be used as evidence.

Al-Bukhari published traditions of his only as additional evidence, and not as the sole basis. Yahya alQattan used not to transmit any traditions on his authority.

Ibn Majah

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In his Kitab as-Sunan, Ibn Majah published the following tradition of Abdallah b. Masud through Yazid b. Abi Ziyad, on the authority of Ibrahim, on the authority of ‘Algamah, on the authority of ‘Abdallah, who said:

Ikrimah b. Ammar

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Muslims published traditions of Ikrimah b. Ammar, but only where the same tradition is reported by others.

Some scholars considered him weak, others reliable.

Abu Hatim ar-Razi said= “He transmits traditions from authorities without stating whether he actually heard them from them. His traditions are acceptable only if he expressly states that he heard them.” 916a In the Mizan, adh-Dhahabi said with regard to ‘Ali b. Ziyad= “It is not known who he is.”

Qurrah b. Iyas

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The following tradition of Qurrah b. Iyas was published by Abu Bakr al-Bazzar in his Musnad, and by at-Tabarani in his Large and Medium Mu’jams. 933

Qurrah said that the Prophet Muhammad said that: ‘The earth will be filled with injustice and crime.

The Ancient Sufi Interpretation

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The ancient Sufis did not go into anything concerned with (the Mahdi).

All they discussed was:

their mystic activity and exertion
the resulting ecstatic experiences and states.

It was the Imamiyah and the extremist Shi’ah who discussed the preferred status of ‘Ali, the matter of his imamate, the claim (made in his behalf) to have received the imamate through the last will (of the Prophet), 949 and the rejection of the two Shaykhs (Abu Bakr and ‘Umar), as we have mentioned in connection with the discussion of Shi’ah dogmatics.950 Thereafter, there originated among them the dogma of the Infallible Imam 951 Much was written on (Shi’ah) dogmatics.

The Fatimids, the Talibids, the Quraysh

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The group feeling of the Fatimids and the Talibids, that of all the Quraysh, has everywhere disappeared.

There are other nations, whose group feeling has gained the upper hand over that of the Quraysh.

Forecasting the future of dynasties and nations

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This includes a discussion of predictions (malahim) and an exposition of the subject called “divination” (jafr)

This innate desire to know future is especially great with important events. People want to know, for instance, how long the world or certain dynasties are going to last.

The Zajal Playpoem (mal'abah)

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Another prediction work in the Maghrib is a zajal “playpoem” (mal’abah) which is attributed to a Jew.

The poet mentioned in it the judgments of the conjunctions of the two superior, the two unlucky, and other planets for his time. He mentioned that he would die a violent death in Fez, and people think that that actually happened.

The Forger Ad-Daniyali

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The historians of Baghdad report that in the days of alMuqtadir, there lived in Baghdad a skillful copyist by the name of ad-Daniyali.

He gave leaves the appearance of being worn and wrote upon them in an ancient handwriting.

Dynasties, Royal Authority on Superphysics

Royal Authority Comes Only from Group Feeling

A Royal Family Can Found A Dynasty That Can Dispense With Group Feeling

Religious Propaganda Adds To Group Feeling

Each dynasty has a certain amount of provinces and lands, and no more

The greatness, territorial size, and length of a dynasty depend on the numbers of its supporters

A dynasty rarely establishes itself firmly in lands with many different tribes and groups

The Royal Authority Naturally Claims All Glory For Itself

The Progress of Royal Authority

The 3 Generation Rule

12. Dynasties have a natural life span like individuals

From Barbarity to Civilization

The Stages of Dynasties

15. How the desert attitude differs among the people in the different stages

Monuments to Dynasties

16. The monuments of a given dynasty are proportionate to its original power

The Wealth of Dynasties

The Ruler's Supporters

17. The ruler seeks the help of clients and followers against the men of his own people and group feeling.

The Ruler's Supporters

19. Seclusion of, and control over, the ruler (by others) may occur in dynasties

The True Character of Royal Authority

20. Those who gain power over the ruler do not share with him in the special title that goes with royal authority

Exaggerated harshness is harmful to royal authority

The differences of opinion on the Caliphate

24. The differences of Muslim opinion concerning the laws and conditions governing the caliphate

The conditions governing the Caliphate

The Shia

25. Shi’ah tenets on the question of the imamate.

The Wigifiyah

The transformation of the caliphate into royal authority

The transformation of the caliphate into royal authority

The meaning of the oath of allegiance

The Succession

Issues With the Early Succession

Ali as Caliph

Ali

Al-Husayn as Caliph

The religious functions of the caliphate

The office of judge

Police: The religious functions of the caliphate

The police

The position of official witness (adalah)

The Caliph's title of 'Commander of the Faithful'

Pope and Patriarch

The ranks and titles of royal and governmental authority

The Wazirate

The Wazir

The office of doorkeeper (hijibah)

The ministry of financial operations and taxation

The ministry of official correspondence and writing

The Letter of Abd-al-Hamid to his Fellow Secretaries

The Police

The different importance of the ranks of the sword and the pen

The characteristic emblems of royal and government authority

The Mint

The meaning and value of the legal dirham and dinar

The Seal

The Tiraz

The methods of waging war

The Closed Formation

The Reason For Low And High Tax Revenues

A Ruler doing Commercial Activity is Ruinous to the Tax Revenue

The Ruler And His Entourage Are Wealthy Only In The Dynasty's Middle Period

The reduction of the allowances given by the ruler reduces the tax revenue

Injustice

Access to the ruler becomes restricted in a dynasty growing senile

The division of a Dynasty into two

Once Senility Has Cometo a Dynasty, It Cannot Disappear

How Dynasties Disintegrates

The Dynasty's authority

How a New Dynasty Begins

Pestilences and Famines frequently occur when there is Abundant Civilization

Human Civilization Requires Political Leadership

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 1)

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 2)

Have Good Opinion of Others [Stay Positive]

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 3)

Economic Policy

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 4)