Superphysics

Introduction

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Marxism in Contemporary China and Marxism in the 21st Century

Marxism is the fundamental guiding ideology of the CCP in building the party and the state.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I began with 2 books about the Understanding and the Passions as they make a complete chain of reasoning by themselves naturally.

If those 2 books are successful, I shall write Book 3 on Morals, Politics, and Criticism, completing this Treatise of Human Nature.

Introduction and Plan of the Work

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The work of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniencies of life

These necessaries and conveniencies are made up of:

Introduction on Jurisprudence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The goal of justice is security from injury. A man may be injured as:

A man

As a man he may be injured in his body, reputation, or estate.

The Questions in a Theory of Moral Sentiments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ Almost all of the remarkable theories on the nature of our moral feelings are partly correct and partly wrong due to their imperfect view of nature.

² There are two questions regarding moral principles:

Summary of 12th century Countries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Country	Trade System	Main Food	Top Exports	Top Imports
Arabia	Money as Bullion	Cereals, Mutton	aloes, ambergris, asofoetida, benzoin, borax, camel’s-hair cloth, cat’s-eyes, cloves, coral, dragon’s-blood, foreign satins, frankincense, gardenia flowers, gold brocades, ivory, myrrh, nut-galls, nutmegs, opaque and transparent glass, pearls, putchuck, rhinoceros horns, rose-water, shell, tm-lo cottonades, wu-na-ish, yellow wax
Brunei	Barter	..	..	..
Cambodia	Barter	..	..	..
China	Money	..	..	..
India North	Barter	..	..	..
India South	Barter	..	..	..
India West	Barter	..	..	..
Indonesia Java	Money	..	..	..
Iraq	Money	..	..	..
Japan	Money	..	..	..
Kishi	Money	pearls, fine horses	wheaten cakes, mutton, fish and dates	rose-water, cinnabar, fine cotton stuffs, gardenia flowers, quicksilver, red dye plants, silver bullion, spelter
Korea	Barter using Rice
Myanmar	Barter
North Vietnam	Barter using Rice
Philippines	Barter
South Vietnam	Barter
Sri Lanka	Barter
Sumatra, Malaysia	Money
Taiwan	Barter
Yemen	Barter + Money

The Modern World

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Problem of Production

Based on a lecture given at the Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute, Rüschlikon, Nr. Zürich, Switzerland, 4th February 1972. One of the most fateful errors of our age is the belief that ’the problem of production’ has been solved. Not only is this belief firmly held by people remote from production and therefore professionally unacquainted with the facts – it is held by virtually all the experts, the captains of industry, the economic managers in the governments of the world, the academic and not-so-academic economists, not to mention the economic journalists. They may disagree on many things but they all agree that the problem of production has been solved; that mankind has at last come of age. For the rich countries, they say, the most important task now is ’education for leisure’ and, for the poor countries. the ’transfer of technology',

Introduction

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

When a professional student of social affairs writes a political book, his first duty is plainly to say so. This is a political book. I do not wish to disguise this by describing it, as I might perhaps have done, by the more elegant and ambitious name of an essay in social philosophy. But, whatever the name, the essential point remains that all I shall have to say is derived from certain ultimate values. I hope I have adequately discharged in the book itself a second and no less important duty: to make it clear beyond doubt what these ultimate values are on which the whole argument depends.

The Conservative Promise

Sat, 11 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This volume begins the 2025 Presidential Transition Project, launched by The Heritage Foundation in April 2022.

Our main recommendations are along four broad fronts that will decide America’s future:

Restore the family as the centerpiece of American life and protect our children.

Promise #3: Defend Our Nation’s Sovereignty, Borders, And Bounty Against Global Threats

Wed, 08 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The United States belongs to “We the people.”

All government authority derives from the consent of the people
Our nation’s success derives from the character of its people*

Superphysics Note!

This is also expressed by Xi Jinping in the Xi Jinping Thought

The American people’s right to rule ourselves is the obverse of our duty.

Introduction 2

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

(2) Today, China is in a critical period from becoming rich to strong When the world is in a major change unprecedented in a century, China’s development is in the best period since modern times.

Dedication To The Republic Of Geneva

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

MOST HONOURABLE, MAGNIFICENT AND SOVEREIGN LORDS, convinced that only a virtuous citizen can confer on his country honours which it can accept, I have been for thirty years past working to make myself worthy to offer you some public homage; and, this fortunate opportunity supplementing in some degree the insufficiency of my efforts, I have thought myself entitled to follow in embracing it the dictates of the zeal which inspires me, rather than the right which should have been my authorisation. Having had the happiness to be born among you, how could I reflect on the equality which nature has ordained between men, and the inequality which they have introduced, without reflecting on the profound wisdom by which both are in this State happily combined and made to coincide, in the manner that is most in conformity with natural law, and most favourable to society, to the maintenance of public order and to the happiness of individuals? In my researches after the best rules common sense can lay down for the constitution of a government, I have been so struck at finding them all in actuality in your own, that even had I not been born within your walls I should have thought it indispensable for me to offer this picture of human society to that people, which of all others seems to be possessed of its greatest advantages, and to have best guarded against its abuses.

Value

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith observed that “the word Value has 2 different meanings:

Use-value
Exchangeable value

The things which have the greatest use-value have frequently little exchangeable value and vice versa.

The Supersociology Plan for Humanity

Tue, 10 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

We create a plan for humanity in order to guide its development towards the goals in that plan.

This will be divided into:

Origin of the Human Species
Dharma of the Human Species
Anu Het: The Way Forward

Introduction By Richard Swedberg

Sat, 21 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy consists of around 400 pages of dense text and would take the average reader around twenty hours of concentrated reading. For those who can ill afford to invest this amount of time, the following selection is recommended: Chs. XI–XIV, which give the essence of the argument why capitalism cannot survive; Chs. XV– XVI, where Schumpeter explicates why socialism can indeed work; the important Chs. XX–XXIII in which different theories of democracy are discussed; and the famous chapters on the way that contemporary capitalism works (Ch. VII, “The Process of Contemporary Capitalism” and Ch. VIII, “Monopolistic Practices”).

Introduction By Richard Swedberg

Sat, 21 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy is one of the great classics in twentieth century social science.

A Theory of Human Motivation

Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A previous paper presented propositions for a theory of human motivation. Its conclusions can be summarized as:

Afghanistan

Sat, 18 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000

How to fix Afghanistan

Principles	Assertions
Human ego is the cause of problems in society	Law is needed to restrain human ego
.	Islamic law and the feudal system are useful for morally-backward societies (where the Negative Force dominates)

Afghanistan fell to the Taliban in the middle of August, three months after the US announced a complete withdrawal of its troops.

How Multilateral Pool Clearing Can Solve Currency Crises and Bilaterialism

Mon, 30 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

This is the simplified version of Multilateral Clearing by EF Schumacher which was used by Keynes for his International Clearing Union and Bancor proposal in Bretton Woods. It was not accepted as they would regulate world trade. We build on Schumacher’s ideas and merge them with those of Adam Smith to create a multilateral free trade system which is based on gold or grains, as an implmentation of cross-border Supereconomics.

There are advantages in settling international payments for goods and services by through Clearing.

The Law of Social Cycles by Socrates

Wed, 21 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

According to Socrates, all societies have alternating cycles that begin with democracy that switches to tyranny, then aristocracy, then oligarchy, and finally back to democracy.

Time	Cycle	Dominant People	Positive Aspect	Negative Aspect	Description
1	Democracy	Working-class	Social justice	Chaos and mob rule	The democratic chaos leads people to want order, paving the way for tyranny
2	Tyranny	Warriors, leaders, and generals	Peace and order	Abuse and corruption	The tyrannical abuse leads people to want wisdom, paving the way for aristocrats
3	Aristocracy	Intellectuals and thinkers	Wisdom, scientific, and cultural advancement	Dogma and stagnation	The stagnation leads people to want material wealth, paving the way for oligarchs
4	Oligarchy	Traders, speculators, and businessmen	Material progress	Inequality and environmental destruction	The injustice leads people to want justice, paving the way for democracy

How does oligarchy change into democracy? Is it wise or not?.. Democracy grandly tramples on the fine principles which we laid down at the foundation of the city, through her forgiving spirit, and the ‘don’t care’ about trifles. She never makes the pursuits which make a statesman.

A Discourse of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The United Provinces and the States of Venice have little land, but are great and rich. This sufficiently demonstrates the great Advantage and Profit that Trade brings to a Nation.

A Promise To America

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

44 years ago, the US and conservatism were in dire straits. Both had been betrayed by the Washington establishment and were uncertain whom to trust.

Although It Stands

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A samurai should be mindful of the Way of the Samurai. But it would seem that we are all negligent.

Articles 1 to 27

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The following rights are to be followed forever:

Article 1

The English Church shall be free.

Articles 1-4

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Article 1: The Feelings

All actions come from feelings.

Article 2: Virtues

A virtue is a combination of specific feelings which aim at positive results, agreeable to humans in general.

Changing a Religion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A PRINCE who tries to destroy or change the established religion of his kingdom greatly exposes himself.

If his government is despotic, he runs a much greater risk of seeing a revolution arise from such a proceeding, than from any tyranny whatsoever, and a revolution is not an uncommon thing in such states. The reason of this is, because a state cannot change its religion, manners and customs, in an instant, and with the same rapidity as the prince publishes the ordinance which establishes a new religion.

The Public Revenues

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE public revenues are a portion that each subject gives of his property, in order to secure or enjoy the remainder.

To fix these revenues properly, the necessities of the state and those of the subject should be considered.

Different Accounts On the Nature of Virtue

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ Virtue is the temper of mind in the excellent and praise-worthy character. The nature of virtue may be reduced to three classes=

The proper direction of all our feelings. These feelings may be virtuous or vicious according to:

their objects and
how much they pursue them.

Virtue therefore consists in propriety.

Cleanliness and Security

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Police is the second general division of jurisprudence.

The name is French. It is originally derived from the Greek πολιτεία, which properly signified the policy of civil government. But now it only means the regulation of the inferior parts of government:

Zhenla

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE COUNTRY OF Zhenla, also called Zhanla, calls itself Ganbozhi [Cambodia].

The present sacred dynasty follows the Buddhist scriptures of the Tibetans and gives it the name of Ganpuzhi, which sounds almost the same as Ganbozhi.¹

Early Days at Kirkcaldy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1723-1737

Adam Smith was born at Kirkcaldy, in the county of Fife, Scotland, on June 5, 1723. His father was also named Adam Smith who was=

a native of Aberdeen,
a Writer to the Signet,
a Judge Advocate for Scotland, and
a Comptroller of the Customs in the Kirkcaldy district.

His mother was Margaret, daughter of John Douglas of Strathendry, a considerable landed proprietor in Fife.

Introduction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part of the Preliminary Discourse of the Editor relative to the Treatise on Natural Right, from the collection entitled “Physiocracy”

Introduction on Rent

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Rent is a monopoly price

¹ Rent is naturally the highest which the tenant can afford to pay.

The landlord tries to leave the tenant only:

the wages needed to maintain his workers, and
ordinary profits after maintaining his capital.

Ordinary profit is the smallest share which the tenant can have without being a loser. The landlord:

Knowledge is Opposite of Probability

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Weakness of Our Mental Powers Creates Uncertainty in Our Understanding of Truths

In all demonstrative sciences, the rules are certain and infallible.

But when we apply them, our fallible faculties make mistakes.

Land Acquisition Act of 1966 2020 Edition

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This revised edition incorporates all amendments up to and including 1 December 2021 and comes into operation on 31 December 2021

An Act to provide for the acquisition of land for public and certain other specified purposes, the assessment of compensation to be made on account of such acquisition and for purposes connected therewith.

Liberty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The laws that establish political liberty, as it relates to the constitution, and those by which it is established, as it relates to the citizen. The former shall be the subject of this book; the latter I shall examine in the next.

Lycurgus' Constitution

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I was astonished at:

Matsuguma Kyoan

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Matsuguma Kyoan told this story:

In the practice of medicine, there is a differentiation of treatment according to the Yin and Yang of men and women.

There is also a difference in pulse.

Maxims 1-12

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. Unity of Authority*

Superphysics Note!

In our proposed system, the authority is ultimately from a centralized AGI or artificial sentience which we call ISAIAH. ChatGPT is a distant precursor to such an AGI.

The sovereign authority should be unrivalled. He should be superior to:

North, South, and Champa Vietnam

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter using rice

North Vietnam (Kiau-chi)

Kiau-chi, the ancient Kiau-chou, to the east and the south reaches to the sea and borders on South Vietnam.

Offensive Force and War

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OFFENSIVE force is regulated by the law of nations which is the political law of each country relative to other countries.

Chapter 2: War

THE life of governments is like that of man.

Preface

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

History of the Manifesto

The Communist League is an international association of workers. It could only be secret one, under conditions at the time.

It has commissioned us, at the Congress held in London in November 1847, to publish a detailed theoretical and practical programme for the Party.

Promise #2: Dismantle The Administrative State And Return Self-governance To The American People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The surest way to put the federal government back to work for the American people is to reduce its size and scope back to the original constitutional intent.

Conservatives desire a smaller government so that humans can flourish.

Promise #4: Secure Our God-given Individual Right To Enjoy The Blessings Of Liberty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Declaration of Independence famously asserted the belief of America’s Founders that “all men are created equal” and endowed with God-given rights to “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

Religion in General

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Amidst several degrees of darkness, we can judge those which are the least thick.

Among precipices, we can judge those which are which are the least deep.

Likewise, we may search among false religions for those that are most conformable to the welfare of society; for those which, though they have not the effect of leading men to the felicity of another life, may contribute most to their happiness in this.

Religious Ministers

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE first men, says Porphyry, sacrificed only vegetables. In a worship so simple, every one might be priest in his own family.

The natural desire of pleasing the Deity multiplied ceremonies. From hence it followed, that men employed in agriculture became incapable of observing them all, and of filling up the number.

Self-love

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

¹ After the inquiry on the nature of virtue, the next important question in Moral Philosophy is about the principle of approbation.

The principle of approbation is the power of the mind which renders certain characters agreeable or disagreeable to us. It makes us:

Social Engineering

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Statistics and Political Economy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

For a long time the science of politics was confounded with political economy.

Sterile Versus Productive Expenses

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE productive expenses are employed in agriculture, meadows, pastures, forests, mines, fishing, etc.

Taking The Reins Of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

America’s Bicentennial, which culminated on July 4, 1976, was a spirited and unifying celebration of our country, its Founding, and its ideals. As we approach our nation’s 250th anniversary, which will take place during the next presidency, America is now divided between two opposing forces: woke revolu- tionaries and those who believe in the ideals of the American revolution.

The Athenian Constitution

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I do not praise the Athenian constitution as they chose the welfare of the baser folk, as opposed to that of the better class.

But they have preserved it in the right way.

It is fair that the poorer classes and the Athenians should be better off than the men of birth and wealth.

The Buddhist Concept of Work

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

This is a simplified version of Buddhist Economics

	Modern Economics	Buddhist Economics
Motive	Maximize Consumption in order to maximize Production	Minimuze Consumption in order to make Production sustainable
Priority	Material Development	Human Development
Employment	Maximization of Employment for Maximized Production	Full Employment (Mothers can leave work to care for their children)
Energy Use	High	Low
Environmental Policy	Exploit Natural Resources	Conserve Natural Resources
Spirituality	None	High

The Common Defense

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Department of Defense “is a deeply troubled institution.” It has emphasized leftist politics over military readiness, “Recruiting was the worst in 2022 that it has been in two generations”

The Delicacy of Taste and Passion [Sensitive People]

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some people are extremely sensitive to all the accidents of life.

Such people have more lively enjoyments, and more pungent sorrows than sedate men.

The Different Character of the Laws of the German People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

AFTER the Franks left their own country, they compiled the Salic laws with the help of their own sages. The Ripuarian Franks under Clovis joined the Salians and preserved its own customs. Theodoric, king of Austrasia, ordered them to be written. He also collected the customs of those Bavarians and Germans who were dependent on his kingdom.

The General Formula for Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part 2: The Transformation of Money into Capital

The circulation of commodities is the starting-point of capital.

Capital arises from:

the production of commodities
their circulation as commerce

Modern capital begins in the global commerce of the 16th century.

The Infinite Divisibility of Our Ideas of Space and Time

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Limitation of the Mind Limits our Cognition of the Existence of Objects

The mind’s capacity is limited and can never fully conceive infinity.

The Objects and Origins of Political Economy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Political economy is an important division of the science of government. The object of government is the happiness of men, united in society.

But man is a complex being. He experiences moral and physical wants. Therefore his happiness has moral and physical aspects.

The Origin of Our Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All Simple Ideas Initially Come from Simple Impressions as Sensory Perceptions and Feelings

All our perceptions are either impressions or ideas.

Their difference is in how their force strikes the mind.

The Postulates of Classical Economics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Most theories of value and production focus on the distribution of a given volume of employed resources between different uses. These uses determine their relative rewards and the relative values of their products.

The Principle of Self-approbation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

¹ In Parts 1 and 2, I explained the origin and foundation of our judgments on the feelings and conduct of others. I will now explain the origin of our judgments on our own feelings and conduct.

The Qualities of a Perfect Foreign Trade Merchant

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We can show our nationalism through our own actions, instead of waiting for the actions of others.

I hope that you, my son, will be a merchant like me.

herein are my thougths free from all Ambition, although I rank thee in a place of so high esteem; for the

The Relation of Laws to different Beings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Laws generally are the necessary relations arising from the nature of things. In this sense, all beings have their laws.

The Deity has his laws.
The material world has its laws.
Animals have their laws.
Humans have their laws, created by their intelligence.

Some people assert absurdly that the various effects in this world were spontaneously produced by a blind fatality.

The Science of Sociology

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Human society is necessary. The philosophers expressed this by saying= “Man is `political’ by nature.”

He cannot do without the social organization for which the philosophers use the technical term “town” (polis).

The Spirit of Commerce and Two Types of Poor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 1: How Commerce Improves and Corrupts Morals

Commerce is a cure for the most destructive prejudices.

whereever we find agreeable manners, there commerce flourishes
wherever there is commerce, there we meet with agreeable manners.

Our manners are now less savage because of commerce. It has everywhere diffused a knowledge of the manners of all nations. These are compared one with another, and from this comparison arise the greatest advantages.

Value In Exchange Or Of Wealth In General

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Teutonic root Rik or Reich has passed into all the Romance languages.

It vaguely expressed a relation of superiority, strength, or power.

Los ricos hombres is still used in Spain for distinguished noblemen and eminent men. Such is also the force of the words riches hommes in the French of de Joinville.

Voyage Around The World

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

On November 15, 1577, Master Francis Drake, with a fleet of five ships and barks, and to the number of 164 men, gentlemen and sailors, departed from Plymouth, giving out his pretended voyage for Alexandria.

What is the Tao?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Simplification Table

Tao Te Ching	Hindu version	Superphysics version	Computer Analogy
Tao	Dharma	True Nature	Design Specfications
tao	rta dharma	Mother Nature	Design Constraints
The Great	Brahma	Totality of Existence	RAM
The One	Saguna Brahma	Supreme Entity	CPU
Mystery	Maya	Illusion	Hardware limitations

Chapter 1: The Names of the Tao

¹ The Tao is ’nature’ and has two versions:

Words Or Language In General

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Man fitted to form articulated Sounds.

God, having designed man for a sociable creature, made him not only with an inclination, and under a necessity to have fellowship with those of his own kind, but furnished him also with language, which was to be the great instrument and common tie of society.

Undercap in Macroeconomics

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Undercapitalization is a problem in countries that reveals itself in the medium and long terms.

This is solved by long term planning, cooperation, and political stability.

Dharma Instead of Religion

Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Religion is based on dogma which is shallowly connected to spirituality.

We replace religion with dharma or the true nature of everyone and everything.

In Supereconomics, this is in the 1st and 2nd Law of Value.

Democracy

Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Desire for Freedom

Worker Philosophies are created by or favor the worker class, also known as the peasantry or the shudras in Hinduism.

In the Republc by Plato, the worker class is called the Democrats.

Wealth

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Trader Philosophies are created by or favor the trader class, also known as the merchants, or the vaesyas in Hinduism.

In the Republc by Plato, the worker class is called the Oligarchs.

The Business Cycle

Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction 3

Thu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

(2) It has deepened the understanding of the law governing socialist construction

Over the past 500 years, socialism has undergone the evolution from utopia to science, from theory to practice, and from the practice of one country to the practice of many countries, which has profoundly changed the development process of world history. In the late 80s and early 90s of the 20th century, with the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, world socialism suffered serious setbacks.

The guiding ideology that the party and the state must adhere to for a long time

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Chinese communists must adhere to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and enrich and develop this idea in practice with the times.

The question on the future of mankind

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The question on the future of mankind arose from:

Preface

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This Essay arose from a conversation with a friend about Mr Godwin’s essay on avarice and profusion, in his Enquirer.

What is Rent?

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The following tract contains the substance of some notes on rent, which, with others on different subjects relating to political economy, I have collected in the course of my professional duties at the East India College. It has been my intention, at some time or other, to put them in a form for publication; and the very near connection of the subject of the present inquiry, with the topics immediately under discussion, has induced me to hasten its appearance at the present moment. It is the duty of those who have any means of contributing to the public stock of knowledge, not only to do so, but to do it at the time when it is most likely to be useful. If the nature of the disquisition should appear to the reader hardly to suit the form of a pamphlet, my apology must be, that it was not originally intended for so ephemeral a shape.

Capital Ratios

Mon, 27 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Supply or Ratios are the fixed capital of society.

The Circulating capital is handled by the 4th law of value.

Demand Efficiency and Inefficiency

Mon, 27 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The quantity and quality of demand addressed by suppliers from the perspective of demand shows the demand efficiency of a supereconomic system.

Nominal Value Realized	Real Value Realized	Name
Increase	Stable	Demand Efficiency
Decrease	Stable	Demand Inefficiency

Demand Efficiency is when there is a match of suppliers to demanders from the demand side. Demand Inefficiency is when there is a mismatch.

Grain Index

Mon, 27 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 2 explained the use of food-grains as the store of value in a supereconomy.

Chapter 3 explained that these food-grains are the basis for points valuation. This is opposed to the current economic system which is based on fiat money.

Essential Services

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

We list essential services that are part of Minimum Needs.

Water and Sanitation
Energy
Food and Nutrition
Healthcare and Medical Services
Shelter and Housing
Transportation and Mobility
Communications and Information
Education and Child Development

White House Office

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Constitution:

gives the “executive Power” to the President
designates him as “Commander in Chief”
gives him the responsibility to “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.
prescribes that the President might seek the assistance of “the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments.”

Beginning with George Washington, every President has been supported by some form of White House office consisting of direct staff officers as well as a Cabinet comprised of department and agency heads.

Use Value Versus Exchangeable Value

Mon, 28 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The Previous chapter explained the 2 perspectives in society:

Personal
Societal or Collective

This leads to 2 kinds of perspectives of economic value:

Use Value
Exchangeable Value

Use value is regulated by personal budgeting which involve personal arithmetic and algebra.

Overcapitalization and Undercapitalization

Thu, 13 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Problems with Capital are from Overcapitalization and Undercapitalization.

F = (V↑ - V↓) / E

F: Flow or Force (such as the force of capital)
V↑: high value perception
V↓: low value perception
E: effort (toil and trouble) – this is the Invisible Hand Function

Overcapitalization (Overcap)

Overcap is when there is a large difference between high value perception V↑ and low value perception V↓. This leads to a lot of force of capital.

Multilateral Clearing

Tue, 11 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Clearing uses real value to solve:

undertrading by allowing real value to circulate
overtrading by exposing the real value of things that might be inflated

The Inca Economy

Tue, 11 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The Shariah Economy

Tue, 11 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The economic system derived from Shariah (Islamic law) is rooted in:

the Quran
the Sunnah (teachings of Prophet Muhammad)
centuries of Islamic jurisprudence

This makes it a product of the Thinker class.

Physical Power

Sun, 09 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Warrior Philosophies are created by or favor the warrior class, also known as the military or the ksattriya in Hinduism.

In the Republc by Plato, the warrior class is called the Tyrants.

The Resources Branch of Government

Fri, 07 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Currently, most governments operate with 3 large branches:

Legislative - this branch is the most important branch as it creates the laws
Executive - this branch executes laws and is the most visible one
Judicial - this branch settles legal conflicts

If we view society as a family and the government as the parents, then:

The Society Organism

Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Modern Sociology defines a society as “a group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another, and who share a common culture.”

Marriage and Childcare Reform

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Marriage is a practical social institution, not a religious one.

The goal of marriage is to raise children properly.

Therefore marriage policy has childcare as its end goal until the child is able to stand on his own and become capable for marriage himself.

The Social Republic

Thu, 21 Feb 2019 00:00:00 +0000

A lot of people confuse socialism, left wing, democracy, and communism with each other. This is because ideas from one generation are commonly usurped by later generations according to their different experiences, rather than creating new names for new ideas arising from those new experiences.

Donations

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

We define donations as irregular Revenue from the abundance experienced by others.

Donations are revenue similar to profits but are caused by anabundance instead of a lack. It is associated with the intellectual class which includes clergy, scientists, and teachers.

Rent and Taxes

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Regular Arbitrary Revenue From the Lack of Land

We define:

rent as a regular revenue from the lack of land
taxes as a regular revenue from the lack of political power by the other person

In economic systems, powerful interests pay little tax as a percentage of their revenue.

Logistics Efficiency

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Logistics Efficiency explains the efficiency of the proper mix of logistics ratios

Logistics Ratios

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Problems in Trade

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The problems in Trade are undercirculation and overcirculation.

These are either qualitative (markup) or quantitaive (volume or speed). This matches rotater and displacer.

This leads to 4 problems:

Qualitative Undercirculation : this is from k
Quantitative Undercirculation : this is from y
Qualitative Overcirculation
Quantitative Overcirculation

Trade Model

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Trade model plots the proper circulation of goods and services. This is divided into financial circulation and physical circulation.

Financial Circulation

Physical Circulation

Trade Ratios

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Trade Ratios are divided into finance and logistics ratios.

These represent the circulation of money and actual goods.

In the distant future within a 4th density reality, only logistics ratios will be needed as money becomes obsolete because of its cost and staticity.

Free Choice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Choice Instead of Competition

Free choice is a necessary idea under the 4th Law or the law of fair exchange, and is always checked by the 3rd Law or the law of balance.

Introdcution: Markets

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. A BUSINESS firm grows and attains great strength, and afterwards perhaps stagnates and decays; and at the turning point there is a balancing or equilibrium of the forces of life and decay: the latter part of Book IV. has been chiefly occupied with such balancing of forces in the life and decay of a people, or of a method of industry or trading. And as we reach to the higher stages of our work, we shall need ever more and more to think of economic forces as resembling those which make a young man grow in strength, till he reaches his prime; after which he gradually becomes stiff and inactive, till at last he sinks to make room for other and more vigorous life.

Labor is the source of wealth and all culture

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

“Labor is the source of wealth and all culture, and since useful labor is possible only in society and through society, the proceeds of labor belong undiminished with equal right to all members of society.”

First part of the paragraph: “Labor is the source of all wealth and all culture.”

Preface

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Marx died on March 14, 1883.

The basic thought running through the Manifesto — that economic production, and the structure of society of every historical epoch necessarily arising therefrom, constitute the foundation for the political and intellectual history of that epoch/

Exchangeable Value as Relational Pricing

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In our example in Chapter 2, Adam needed to buy a cake for his wife’s birthday. He himself did not want to eat cakes, and so it has no use-value to him.

The Demand Model

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Supereconomics aims to harmonize demand with supply in real time to prevent lack in society.

Unlike Economics which prioritizes the suppliers and their profit motive, Supereconomics prioritizes the demanders and their consumption motive.

Value as Waves

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Principles

Principles	Assertions
Value is subjectivized desire, Prices are objectivized desire	The desires in the physical domain follow the 4 Laws of Thermodynamics
.	The desires in the economic domain follow the 4 Laws of Exchangeable Value

I shall explain [exchangable value] as fully as I can. I earnestly hopefor the reader’s patience to examine something tedious, and his attention to understand what may still be obscure after the fullest explication.

Wages and Minimum Wages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Wages: Regular Revenue

We define wages as the revenue to live, obtained from the abundance experienced by employers.

Wages are the revenue needed to maintain oneself and whatever else is important to one’s life (such as one’s family). Having high wages therefore means having more ability to live life, as compared to a low wage person who is limited in life.

Economic Productivity

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Economic Productivity is the quantity and quality produced with a given time period for use in comparison with other producers in society.

This can include both people, animals, plants, and physical machines.

Unlike in Economics where this is denominated in dollar values, Supereconomics measures this in points through the grain index mentioned in Part 1.

Purchasing power

Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Purchasing power is the quantity of goods and services that a single unit of money or token can buy. This represents the effort that it can command.

There are other measures of command of work:

Overcap in Macroeconomics

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Overcapitalization is a problem in countries that reveals itself in the short and medium terms.

This is solved by long term planning, cooperation, and organizational stability.

Buddhist Economics

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

First published in Asia: A Handbook, edited by Guy Wint, published by Anthony Blond Ltd., London, 1966. ‘Right Livelihood’ is one of the requirements of the Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path. It is clear, therefore, that there must be such a thing as Buddhist economics.

Usufruct Economy

Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Usufruct Economy is the solution of Social Superphysics to the problems in current economic systems.

This part will discuss the outer parts of the Usufruct economy such as law.

The 4 Races

Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The 4 Races were designed by the Anunnaki for their Earth operations.

The injection of Anunnaki DNA with various Homo Erectus breeds creates the 4 major Homo Sapien races

1. Africans (Homo Erectus Ergaster + Anunnaki)

These are the first humans created by the Anunnaki producing Adam as the first human.

The Abandoned Road

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A programme whose basic thesis is, not that the system of free enterprise for profit has failed in this generation, but that it has not yet been tried. F. D. Roosevelt.

Underdemand and Overdemand

Fri, 01 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Violations of the First Law come from the Negative Force which prevents either lateral or vertical connections.

The Earth Government

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

One of the main goals of Supersociology is the creation of a world government, which we will call an Earth Government (EG).

This is to differentiate it from other governments that:

Education and Learning

Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Underregulation and Overregulation

Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The government has the burden of balancing the various forces in society.

Sometimes, it fails at this important task.

Sometimes, it underregulates, as in Capitalist countries.
Sometimes, it overregulates, as in Communist countries.

Moral Distinctions Not Derived From Reason

Fri, 10 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Reason Is Not The Basis Of Morality

Morality is a subject that interests us above all others.

Savages

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Savages are the earliest form of humanity, above the animal level.

Like animals, the social cycles are not developed and so everyone is a worker or laborer or shudra.

Wholesale Trade

Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Demand is readily addressed by retail, as opposed to wholesale which trades items in bulk.

The capital and labor of wholesale is designed to work with bulky items, whereas those of retail can work with smaller items that can be sold individually per person.

A Tech Monarchy

Sat, 01 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Donald Trump recently lowered tariffs against China from 57% to 47% and canceled his additional 100% tariff threat.

The 10% reduction comes from halving the original fentanyl tariff of 20%, which was announced on March 3.

Discussion

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Discussion

Edited by Michael A. Walker

This is a symposium on economic, political and civil freedoms.

Each of them can be viewed either as ends or means. But if you look at them first as ends, they are by no means exclusive, they by no means cover the major ends that have moved people or societies. You would have to include in any such list, today at least, and earlier, egalitarianism or equality, which many people would regard as an ultimate end, with economic, political or civil freedom as means toward that end. You can look at the question of nationalism.

Discussion

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Most of the human race has lived under mild autocracies.

The economic policy followed by most of these despots doesn’t differ too much from what has been followed by most historic democracies.

Discussion

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tibor Machan: One of the points raised by Milton Friedman and Raymond Gastil has to do with ends versus means. I think only individual persons can have ends. They may get together with others in their pursuit of ends. But individuals have ends, and thus social and political institutions are means for individuals to pursue certain ends of theirs.

Raymond Gastil

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Raymond Gastil The discussion has gone in many different directions since I originally raised my hand, but let me make a few points on what has been going on. The first point is that very clear majorities can be very coercive, and what they do may ruin society. For example, one man one vote could ruin South Africa, no doubt about it. Nevertheless, in most situations there is very little alternative, (1), to having governments and, (2), if you accept certain principles about equality, to having majority rule, in spite of some of the results that may accrue from that.

The Relation Between Economic Freedom and Political FreedomFreedom

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It is widely believed that:

politics and economics are unconnected
individual freedom is a political problem
material welfare is an economic problem
any kind of political arrangements can be combined with any kind of economic arrangements

This is advocated by “democratic socialism”.

The Relation Between Economic Freedom and Political FreedomFreedom

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The relation between political and economic freedom is complex and not unilateral.

In the early 19th century, Bentham and the Philosophical Radicals:

saw political freedom as a means to economic freedom.
believed that the masses were being hampered by restrictions
believed that if political reform gave the people the vote, they would do what was good for them, which was to vote for laissez faire

They were not wrong.

Marx The Prophet

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

PART I The Marxian Doctrine

MOST of the creations of the intellect or fancy pass away for good after an hour or a generation.

Some, however, do not. They suffer eclipses but they come back again. They come back not as unrecognizable elements of a cultural inheritance.

Fellow Economic Feeling

Wed, 06 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The creation of nominal value is the start of organized economic activity which is only made possible because of relationality.

Relationality is each person accepting a relation with others.

This comes from fellow-feeling.

GO Ratio

Sun, 19 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

GO is ratio of the rise or fall in government as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may likewise indicate the spread of austere morals as state control, as opposed to liberalism

Barter Credits and Economy-as-a-Service

Sat, 18 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Government In General

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Every free action is produced by the concurrence of 2 causes:

Has The Restoration Of The Arts And Sciences Had A Purifying Effect on Morals?

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

PREFACE

I go against all that is most admired nowadays.

Introduction

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There are 2 kinds of inequality among the human species:

Labour Theory of Value

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In a country, double the labour might be required to produce food and necessaries now than in the distant past.

Yet the labourer’s reward might be very little reduced.

If the labourer’s wages in the distant past were a certain quantity of food and necessaries, he probably could not have subsisted if that quantity had been reduced.

Sovereignty Is Inalienable

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The State is instituted for the aim of the common good.

The general will alone can direct the State to this aim.

The clashing of particular interests made the establishment of societies necessary.

The General Will Is Indestructible

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As long as several men in assembly regard themselves as a single body, they have only a single will.

This will is concerned with their:

common preservation
general well-being

In this case, all the springs of the State are vigorous and simple and its rules clear and luminous; there are no embroilments or conflicts of interests; the common good is everywhere clearly apparent, and only good sense is needed to perceive it.

Value

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To convince ourselves that this is the real foundation of exchangeable value,

Let us asssume 2 things:

Cotton production is mechanized.
Transportation of cotton is made cheaper

fewer sailors were employed in navigating
fewer shipwrights were employed in constructing the ship

The stockings would inevitably fall in value, and consequently command less of other things.

We Must Always Go Back To A First Convention

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

An ancient tradition passed out of Egypt into Greece, that some god, who was an enemy to the repose of mankind, was the inventor of the sciences.[1]

What must the Egyptians, among whom the sciences first arose, have thought of them? And they beheld, near at hand, the sources from which they sprang.

The Constitition

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

If you were to pluck the constitutions of the United States, India, Germany, South Africa, and Japan off the shelf and lay them side by side, they would appear wildly different.

The Legislative Branch

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Legislative Branch Represents the Workers through representation.

The Senate represents the Thinkers.

Executive Summary

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

For decades, President Trump has wanted to:

reform the global trading system
put American industry on fairer ground vis-à-vis the rest of the world

The root of the economic imbalances lies in persistent dollar overvaluation.

The Basic Needs

Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The ‘Physiological’ Needs

The physiological drives are usually the starting point for motivation theory.

Two recent findings have been made in this regard:

The development of the concept of homeostasis
The finding that appetites (preferential choices among foods) efficiently indicate the actual needs in the body

Homeostasis is the body’s automatic efforts to maintain a constant, normal state of the blood stream.*

The Safety Needs

Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The safety needs

If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerges a new set of needs, which we may categorize roughly as the safety needs. All that has been said of the physiological needs is equally true, although in lesser degree, of these desires.

Capital

Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

In Supereconomics, capital is anything that creates value through human effort.

Capital + Effort = Value

This is opposed to finished or consumable products or services which represent the value itself.

Profits

Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Profits are the revenue arising from the external lack experienced by other people, whether as lack of knowledge or cognition, or lack of goods or commodities. We definecommodities asanything that can be traded, whether physical or non-physical such as information. In fact, information can be commoditized in our system.

The Objectivist Ethics

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Since I am to speak on the Objectivist Ethics, I shall begin by quoting its best representative—John Galt, in Atlas Shrugged:

“Through centuries of scourges and disasters, brought about by your code] of morality, you have cried that your code had been broken, that the scourges were punishment for breaking it, that men were too weak and too selfish to spill all the blood it required. You damned man, you damned existence, you damned this earth, but never dared to question your code. …

The Objectivist Ethics

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The only proper, moral purpose of a government is to protect man’s rights. This means:

to protect him from physical violence
to protect his right to his own life, own liberty, own property and the pursuit of his own happiness.

Without property rights, no other rights are possible.

Agriculture and Water

Sun, 15 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Air and water are the 2 human needs that are of highest temporal importance.

Clean air is provided by trees and plants, which like humans, need water and land to grow on.

Solutions to Overregulation

Sat, 24 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The Soul of Society

Sun, 27 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Principles

Principles	Assertions
The society-organism itself is made up of individual waves	This leads to the division of labor in order to realize their every desire.

Supereconomics uses the concept of the society-organism, which is explained by Supersociology.

The Earth Government

Tue, 11 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The best solution to overregulation and underregulation is a representative world government, called an Earth Government, divided into 2 houses.

Having a world government creates regulation that solves global underregulation. This is the most important need nowadays.

Feudalism

Sun, 09 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The Feudal System

The Feudal System arose from the fall of the Roman system which collapsed after the Romans lost their dharma or martial spirit.

This happened after they converted to Christianity after defeating Jerusalem and absorbing its culture in the process.

Laissez Faire, Liberalism, Neoliberalism

Fri, 17 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Classification of Economic Actors

Wed, 15 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The International Clearing Office

Sat, 28 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The International Clearing Office requires no finance of its own. It does not have to create a new international currency. It is impossible:

to disentangle the mass of individual transactions which give rise to the various uncleared balances in the deficit countries and
to ascribe any one particular balance, or part of it, to any one particular surplus country*.
- The Gordian knot is cut by making all the surplus countries the joint owners of the balances in all the deficit countries.

Superphysics Note!

In theory, Supereconomics can untie this knot

In this way, every national currency is made into a world currency and the creation of a new world currency becomes unnecessary.

The Ego Separates the Union of Souls

Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The flexibility of the soul (or malleability of the mind) is the main quality that allows it to connect and merge with other souls, whether it be of animals, plants, or humans.

How to enrich our Country By Increasing Sales

Sat, 18 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 2: How to enrich our Country and Increase our Wealth

A Kingdom might be enriched by gifts received, or by government-to-government transactions. Yet these are things uncertaim and of small consideration when they happen.

What is Morality?

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The invisible hand is the dharma that goes with everything in existence which represents the design or plan made by its inventor or creator.

A smartphone is designed to withstand being dropped a few feet, but not many meters
A basketball, on the other hand, is designed to withstand being dropped from long distances

We can say that the dharma of a smartphone in this sense is different from that of a basketball.

Usufructism: The Usufruct Economy

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The Usufruct Economy maximizes the flow of value by increasing the scope of lease and rent in an economy, instead of private ownership.

An economy relies on the timely and relevant flow of exchangeable value, as goods and services.

Trading Insitutions

Wed, 26 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

The Love of Praise and Dread of Blame

Mon, 28 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Praise is different from Praisworthiness, Blame is different from Blameworthiness

⁸ Man naturally desires to be loved and dreads to be hated.

He wants praise and praiseworthiness, even if he should be praised by nobody
He dreads blame and blame-worthiness, even if he should be blamed by nobody

⁹ The love of praise-worthiness does not come from the love of praise. Those 2 principles resemble, are connected, and often blended with one another.

Targetted Economic Development

Fri, 21 Aug 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Natural Economic Development

The main advantage of Supereconomics over Neoclassical Economics is that it is based on the dynamics of the human mind as explained by David Hume. This was later applied by Adam Smith into his Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations.

The DCIT Model

Fri, 21 Aug 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Natural Balance Model puts supply demand and trade into balance with one another.

Economics only focuses on supply and trade, but ignores demand and balance.

This is because Economics focuses on the self which is satisfied with the self getting a lot of supply through trade.

The DCIT Model

Fri, 21 Aug 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Natural Balance Model puts supply demand and trade into balance with one another.

Economics only focuses on supply and trade, but ignores demand and balance.

This is because Economics focuses on the self which is satisfied with the self getting a lot of supply through trade.

Basic Universal Revenue

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Basic Universal Revenue is basic necessities given by the barter credit system.

Ancient vs Modern Education. Education in a Republic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 3: Education in a Despotic Government

Education in monarchies tends to raise and ennoble the mind.

In despotic governments, its only aim is to debase it.

Here, it must necessarily be servile.
Even in power, such an education will be an advantage because every tyrant is at the same time a slave.

Excessive obedience supposes ignorance in the person that obeys. The same it supposes in him that Edition= current; Page= [42] commands; for he has no occasion to deliberate, to doubt, to reason; he has only to will.

Appeals Board

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

PART 3 — REFERENCE TO AN APPEALS BOARD AND PROCEDURE THEREON

Appeals Boards

19.—(1) For the purpose of hearing appeals in respect of any award made by the Collector under this Act, there are constituted one or more Appeals Boards consisting of a Commissioner of Appeals or a Deputy Commissioner of Appeals, either sitting alone or with 2 assessors in the manner provided by section 26.

Articles 28-61

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 28

No constable or other royal official shall take corn or other movable goods from any man without immediate payment, unless the seller voluntarily offers postponement of this.

Article 29

Business Organizations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Organizations pool together human capital to be processed into goods and services.

These can be classified into:

Business and Industry

These produce goods and services for society utility.

Government and Society

These produce goods and services for society.

Cambodia (Chonla)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

Cambodia is south of South Vietnam.

West of Cambodia is Bagan Myanmar (Pukan)
South of it is Thailand (Kialohi)

This can be reached from Guanzhou by ship in a month on a good wind.

Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 4: Authorized Capital

The Bank’s authorized capital stock shall be $l,000,000,000 from 31 January 1966.

This will be divided into 100,000 shares having a par value of $10,000 each, which shall be available for subscription only by members in accordance with the provisions of Article 5 of this Agreement.

Religious Sentiments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE pious man and the atheist always talk of religion; the one speaks of what he loves, and the other of what he fears.

Chapter 2: Motives to Religion

THE different religions do not give to those who profess them equal motives of attachment. This depends greatly on the manner in which they agree with the turn of thought and perceptions of mankind.

Three Divisions of Stock

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Fixed Capital, Circulating Capital, and Stock for Consumption

¹ When a man’s stock can only maintain him for a few weeks, he seldom thinks of deriving any revenue from it.

Taxes in Countries where some people are Villains or Bondmen

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE state of villainage is sometimes established after a conquest. In that case the bondman or villain that tills the land should have a kind of partnership with his master. Nothing but a communication of loss or profit can reconcile those who are doomed to labour to such as are blessed with a state of affluence.

The Spirit of Mankind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 2: People’s Minds should be prepared for the Reception of the best Laws.

The tribunal of Varus was the most insupportable to the Germans.

It was erected by Justinian amongst the Lazi to proceed against the murderers of their king, appeared to them as an affair most horrid and barbarous.

Cocos

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Amongst other things we found here a kind of fruit called cocos.

The tree has no leaves nor branches, but at the very top the fruit groweth in clusters, hard at the top of the stem of the tree, as big every several fruit as a man’s head.

Commerce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

General vs Specific Principles

People may be divided into two:

Shallow thinkers who fall short of the truth
Abstruse thinkers, who go beyond it. This is the most rare and by far the most useful and valuable.

Abstruse thinkers suggest hints. Sometimes, they start difficulties if they lack the skill to pursue an idea. At worst, abstruse thinkers say uncommon things, which are hard to understand but at least are new. An author has less value if he tells us things that we can learn from coffee-house conversations.

Commerce in different Governments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

TRADE has some relation to forms of government.

A monarchy is generally founded on luxury. Its principal view is to procure everything that can contribute to the pride, pleasure, and capricious whims of the nation.

Conservation Law of Productivty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Conservation Law of Productivty:

mirrors the 1st Law of Thermodynamics that says energy cannot be created or destroyed
arises from the physical limitation of a mind having one thought at a time.

Tradeoffs

This leads to the concept of tradeoffs.

Demand Inflation, Deflation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Demand is based on Population size.

Neoclassical Economics shallowly defines ‘inflation’ as a rise in prices, and ‘deflation’ as its decline.

This definition obviously does not hold because Japan has been in deflation for a long time and yet its prices, such as rent and consumer prices, remain high.

Effective and Absolute Demand

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Effective Demand

Effective demand is the demand of the people who are willing to pay the rent, labour, and profits needed to make them and bring them to market.

This is the demand that truly shapes the market. If effective demand is high enough to cover production costs, suppliers will continue making the good; if it falls too low, production will slow or stop.

Essay Writing

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The elegant people who are not immersed in the animal Life, employ themselves in the Operations of the Mind. They may be divided into:

the learned

These have chosen the higher and more difficult Operations of the Mind, which require Leisure and Solitude, and cannot be brought to Perfection, without long Preparation and severe Labour.

Final Provisions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 63: SIGNATURE AND DEPOSIT

The original of this Agreement in a single copy in the English language shall remain open for signature at the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, in Bangkok, until 31 January 1966 by Governments of countries listed in Annex A to this Agreement.

This document shall thereafter be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations (hereinafter called the “Depository”).

First way of acquiring Property: Occupation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We divided acquired rights into:

personal
real
- property,
- servitude,
- pledge, and
- exclusive privilege.

1. Property

Property is acquired 5 ways:

By occupation, or the taking possession of what formerly belonged to nobody.
By accession, when a man has a right to one thing in consequence of another, as of a horse’s shoes along with the horse.
By prescription, which is a right to a thing belonging to another arising from long and uninterrupted possession.
By succession to our ancestors or any other person, whether by a will or without one.
By voluntary transference, when one man delivers over his right to another.

Occupation varies according to the stages of human society which are hunting, pasturage, farming, and commerce.

Food: The raw produce which always affords Rent

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¹⁰ Food is always in demand because men, like animals, naturally multiply in proportion to their subsistence.

Food can always command labour, especially the class of labour in the neighborhood that grew it.

General laws on Commerce; Africa

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Commerce is subject to great revolutions. Yet its nature may be forever fixed by physical causes such as:

the quality of the soil or
the climate

We currently trade with India merely through the silver which we send. The Romans annually had a trade volume with India of about 50,000,000 sesterces in exchange for Indian merchandise

Good Government, Filial Piety, and The Superior Man

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Confucius

A ruler who governs by his virtue is like the north polar star which keeps its place while all the stars turn towards it.

Governance Laws should be Relative to the Type of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The laws of governance should be relative to the principle of each government, just as the laws of education are.

The relation of laws to this principle strengthens the several springs of government. This principle derives from thence, in its turn, a new degree of vigour.

History

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

History is a discipline that is very useful and has many different approaches. It makes us acquainted with

Honour in a Despotism, Principles of Despotism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Honour is not the Principle of a despotic Government.

In a despotism, mankind is all equal. No one person can prefer himself to another

Yet, they are all slaves, they can give themselves no sort of preference., as honour has its laws and rules; as it knows not how to submit; as it depends, in a great measure, on a man’s own caprice, and not on that of another person;

How Republics provide for their Safety

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A small republic is destroyed by a foreign force.

A large one is ruined by an internal imperfection.

Democracies and aristocracies are equally liable to these.

This is why mankind has been obliged to live constantly under the government of a single person until they developed a confederate republic. Such a constitution has:

How the Netherlanders Got Wealthy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The prodigious increase of the Netherlanders in their domestic and foreign trade, riches, and multitude of shipping, is the envy of the present, and may be the wonder of future generations.

Introduction

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An Inquiry into the Understanding pleasant and useful.

It is the UNDERSTANDING that:

sets man above the rest of sensible beings
gives him all the advantage and dominion over them

The understanding, like the eye, makes us see and perceive all other things. But it takes no notice of itself

Introduction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Political Economy or Economics:

is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life
examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing

Thus it is on the one side a study of wealth; and on the other, and more important side, a part of the study of man.

Introduction

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Superphysics Note!

Mill’s system of liberty only prevents the violence of despotism. It does not prevent the slavery and oppression from the strong classes that prey on the weak. This manifess nowdays as the oppression from inequality and inflation

This Essay is about Civil or Social Liberty, not about the Liberty of the Will which opposed to the doctrine of Philosophical Necessity.

JOINT COMMUNIQUE February 28, 1972

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Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Joint Communiqué of the US of America and the People’s Republic of China (Shanghai Communiqué)

President Nixon visited China at the invitation of Premier Chou En-lai from February 21 to February 28, 1972.

Justice

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¹³ According to Plato’s system, justice is the last and greatest of the four cardinal virtues.

Justice took place when:

reason, the irritable, and lustful parts of the soul each confined itself to its domain without encroaching on the domain of others,
reason directed and passion obeyed, and
each passion:
- performed its proper duty, and
- exerted itself towards its proper object:
  - easily and without reluctance, and
  - with the suitable force and energy for what it pursued.

Plato called this ‘Justice’, after some of the ancient Pythagoreans.

Land Tenure

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§ 1. In early times, and in some backward countries even in our own age, all rights to property depend on general understandings rather than on precise laws and documents.

Liberty And Necessity

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The direct passions are the impressions arising immediately from:

good or evil
pain or pleasure.

Of this kind are:

desire and aversion
grief and joy
hope and fear.

The Will

The most remarkable of the immediate effect of pain and pleasure is the WILL.

Maxims 13-30

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13. Freedom of Cultivation

Each person should be free to cultivate in his own field those products that his interest, his faculties, and the nature of the earth suggest to him will produce the largest possible result.

Money Wages versus Real Wages

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Superphysics Note!

In Supereconomics, wages are under the 3rd Law of Value as Energy Flow

What is the actual statistical relationship between:

New Consequences of the Principles of the three Governments

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LUXURY indicates the inequality of fortunes.

If the riches of a state are equally divided, there will be no luxury, because luxury is founded merely on the inconveniences from the labour of others.

Objects of Gratitude Deserve Reward and Objects of Resentment Deserve Punishment

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Introduction

¹ Merit and Demerit are another set of qualities ascribed to mankind’s actions and conduct, distinct from propriety or decency.

Merit is the quality deserving reward.
Demerit is the quality deserving punishment.

These are the objects of a distinct species of approbation.

Office Of Communication

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STAFF SECRETARY

The Office of the Staff Secretary is rarely visible to the outside world, but it performs work of tremendous importance. The office is similar to a military commander’s adjutant as it is responsible for fielding and managing a vast amount of information going in and out of the Oval Office.

Optimal Consumption

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Buddhist Economics focuses on optimal consumption, Economics focuses on optimal production

Buddhist economics tries to maximise human satisfactions by the optimal pattern of consumption.

Modern economics tries to maximise consumption through the optimal pattern of production.

Pamphilus To Hermippus

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The ancient philosophers conveyed most of their instruction in the form of dialogue. But dialogues have been little practised in later ages and have seldom succeeded when attempted.

Part 2

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Article 5: Condition

These human rights are not available to the inhumane which will have the non-human rights instead.

Article 6: Unity and Society

All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights within a society, predisposed to unity.

Political Philosophers

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In every part of Europe, personal freedom became more generally respected due to the influence of public sentiment.

Enlightened individuals has caused the following prejudices to decline:

calling all loans with interest as usury
making idleness a quality of nobility

They perceived the decline of such prejudices to be favourable to the advancement of science, or to a more exact knowledge of the immutable laws of nature. This then has been favourable to the progress of industry, and industry to national opulence.

Preamble

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Preamble

The foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world is the recognition of:

Preface

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Since the first German preface was written in 1883, a new German edition of the Manifesto has again become necessary. Much has happened to the Manifesto.

A second Russian translation — by Vera Zasulich — appeared in Geneva in 1882.

Principle 1: There are No Innate A Priori Ideas

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How do simple ideas and impressions exist?

Which of the impressions and ideas are causes and effects?

Purpose, Functions, Membership

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Article 1: Purpose

The Bank shall:

Some Advantages of a conquered People

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INSTEAD of inferring such destructive consequences from the right of conquest, much better would it have been for politicians to mention the advantages which this very right may sometimes give to a conquered people; advantages which would be more sensibly and mor e universally experienced, were our law of nations exactly followed, and es tablished in every part of the globe.

Spartan Education: the Paidonomos

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

With this exposition of the customs in connection with the birth of children, I wish now to explain the systems of education in fashion here and elsewhere.

Greek Education

As soon as the children are of an age to understand what is said to them, they are immediately placed under the charge of Paidagogoi (1) (or tutors), who are also attendants.

Student at Glasgow College

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1737-1740

Smith entered Glasgow College in October 1737 and remained there until spring 1740. Back then, the arts curriculum spanned over five sessions. Thus, Smith did not complete the course required for a degree.

Sympathy

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Compassion

¹ However selfish man may be, his nature has pity or compassion which:

interest him in the fortune of others, and
render the happiness of others necessary to him

Pity or compassion is our feeling for the misery of others.

Systems Which Make Reason the Principle of Approbation

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Hobbes’ Doctrine

⁸ Hobbes’ doctrine is that:

a state of nature is a state of war
before civil government was created, there could be no peaceful society

According to him, therefore=

Tableau Economique

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Such is the distributive order of the consumption of the native products among the different classes of citizens. Such is the idea we should have of the practice and the extent of the foreign commerce of a flourishing agricultural Nation.

Taiwan Relations Act

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The US will preserve and promote extensive, close, and friendly commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the US and the people on Taiwan, as well as the people on China and all other people of the Western Pacific area.

The Athenian Constitution

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Citizens devoting their time to gymnastics and to the cultivation of music are not to be found in Athens. (27)

The sovereign People has disestablished them, (28) not from any disbelief in the beauty and honour of such training, but from the fact that they are beyond its power.

The Bodily Sensations

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The Middle Ground

¹ The spectator can go along with our feelings which lie in a certain middle.

If it is too high or too low, he cannot enter into it.

For example, grief for private misfortunes might be too high in people. They are rarely too low.

The Chinese Communist Party

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The force at the core leading our cause is the Chinese Communist Party, which is based on Marxism-Leninism.

The City And Its Walls

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The walls of the city [Angkor Thom] are about 20 li [about 7 miles or 10 kilometers] in circumference.

There are 5 gateways, each of them with 2 gates, one in front of the other.

The Constitution of England

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IN every government there are 3 sorts of power:

The legislative – this lets the prince or magistrate:

create and revise laws

The executive that implements the law of nations= This lets him:

make peace or war
send or receive embassies
establish the public security
provide against invasions

The judiciary that implements the civil law= This lets him:

punish criminals
judge the disputes between individuals.

Superphysics Note!

The legislative is the worker class, the executive is warrior class, the judiciary is the intellectual class. We propose a fourth power which is the resource power representing the merchant class. This mirrors the despotism of the workers, the monarchy of the warriors, and the republic of the intellectuals.

The political liberty of the subject is a tranquillity of mind arising from the opinion each person has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite the government be so con stituted as one man need not be afraid of another.

The Corruption of Democracy, Aristocracy, Monarchy

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The principle of democracy is corrupted when:

the spirit of equality is extinct
the spirit of extreme equality exists

The people would think that they are on a level with those who command them. They would then want to:

The Development of Militaries

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Part 1: Defence Expenditures

The sovereign’s first duty is to protect society from the violence and invasion of other societies.

This can only be done through a military force.
The cost of this military force in peacetime and wartime is very different in the different states and periods of the improvement of society.

The Development of Militaries

¹ The hunting nation is the rudest state of society.

The Division of Labour

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¹ Division of labour causes improvements in:

productivity, and
- The greatest improvement is in this.
the skill, dexterity, and judgment in work.

² The effects of division of labour is carried furthest in very trifling manufactures. These manufactures:

The Doctrine Of Fascism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Like all sound political conceptions, Fascism is action and thought.

It is action in which doctrine is immanent
It is doctrine arising from a given system of historical forces in which it is inserted, and working on them from within.

It has therefore a form correlated to contingencies of time and space.

The Earth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philosophers speculated about the condition of the world in the books. They say that the earth is a sphere enveloped by water, like a grape floating on water.

The Four Laws of Nature

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Antecdent to the above-mentioned laws are those of nature.

They get their force entirely from our frame and existence.
To know these laws, we must see man before the establishment of society.

The laws received in such a state would be those of nature. The most natural law is to love the Creator, though it is not the first in sequence.

The Freedom of the Press

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The extreme liberty that we enjoy in Britain surprises foreigners the most.

We can say whatever we want to the public and openly censure every measure by the king or his ministers.

The General Principles Of Morals

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Author’s Advertisement

Most of the principles, and reasonings, contained in this volume, were published in my A Treatise Of Human Nature

The Illusions of German Ideology

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Germany has in the last few years gone through an unparalleled revolution.

The Importance of Metaphysics Research

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶ If these studies were useless, they shouldn’t be despised since they are a harmless pleasure.

The Infancy of Rome and the Wars it sustained

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The city of Rome, in its infancy, was used for stowing and securing of plunder, cattle, fruits, and other produce of the countryside. This is similar to the cities of the Crimean Tartars.

The Infinite Divisibility of Space and Time

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Limitation of the Mind Leads to Indivisible Units Space and Time

The foundation of all human knowledge is the relations, contradictions and agreements of the ideas with their objects.

The Instrument Of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The instrument of government is the prime political problem confronting human communities (The problem of the instrument of government entails questions of the following kind.

What form should the exercise of authority assume? How ought societies to organize themselves politically in the modern world?)

The Laws from the Nature of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A monarchical or despotic government does not need virtue. The force of laws and the prince’s arm are enough to maintain it.

The Laws of Barbarians

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The laws of these Barbarians were distinguished in the fact that they were not confined to a certain district.

The Frank was tried by the law of the Franks
The Aleman was tried by the law of the Alemans
The Burgundian was tried by the law of the Burgundians
The Roman was tried by the Roman law.

Those conquerors were so far from forming their laws to an uniform system. They did not even think of becoming legislators to their conquered people. This is due to the manners of the Germans who were parted by marshes, lakes, and forests.

The Laws of Education

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Chapter 1: Education in Monarchy and Despotism

The laws of education are the first impressions we receive.

They prepare us for civil life, every private family ought to be governed by the plan of that great household which comprehends them all.the people in general have a principle, their constituent parts, that is, the several families, will have one also.

The Life Of David Hume

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is difficult for a man to speak long of himself without vanity; therefore I shall be short. It may be thought an instance of vanity that I pretend at all to write my life; but this narrative shall contain little more than the history of my writings; as, indeed, almost all my life has been spent in literary pursuits and occupations. The first success of most of my writings was not such as to be an object of vanity.

The Measure Of Values

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The first chief function of money is to express the comparative value of commodities as the universal measure of value.

Money becomes the measure of commodities because all commodities are products of human labour. Money therefore is the measure of labour time.

The Nature of Probability

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We should always correct our first judgment derived from the object’s nature with another judgment derived from the nature of our understanding.

The Object And Causes Of Love And Hatred

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Love and hatred produce a simple impression, without any mixture.

This makes them impossible to define.

It would be as unnecessary to describe them from their nature, origin, causes and objects because they are sufficiently known from our common feeling and experience.

THE ORDER AND AIMS OF ECONOMIC STUDIES

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§ 1. We have seen that economics is, on the one side, a Science of Wealth; and, on the other, that part of the Social Science of man’s action in society, which deals with his Efforts to satisfy his Wants, in so far as the efforts and wants are capable of being measured in terms of wealth, or its general representative, i.e. money. We shall be occupied during the greater part of this volume with these wants and efforts; and with the causes by which the prices that measure the wants are brought into equilibrium with those that measure the efforts.

THE ORDER AND AIMS OF ECONOMIC STUDIES

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The Original Principles of Government

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Two principles induce men to enter into a civil society:

Principle of authority
Principle of utility

Four things give one man authority over another:

Superior abilities of body and of mind
Superior age and long possession
Superior wealth
Ancient family

Principle of Authority

Superior abilities

At the head of every small society, or association of people, is a person of superior abilities.

The Past As Present

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A top columnist in a leading American newspaper recently described Pakistan as ‘Paranoidistan’—‘a state that suspects every U.S. move as weakening Pakistan for the benefit of a secret U.S. alliance with India.

The Population Growth of Humans and Animals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Female animals have an almost constant fecundity. But in the human species, the manner of thinking, the character, the passions, the humour, the caprice, the idea of preserving beauty, the pain of childbearing, and the fatigue of a too numerous family, obstruct propagation a thousand different ways.

The Poverty Cycle

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Both Absolute and Effective Demand have to be matched by productivity.

In some cases, people demand more than they can supply. This is seen as living beyond one’s means.

This is a common problem among the worker class as they are weak against the onslaught of their desires as their absolute and effective demand.

The Rise of Absolute Monarchs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the 16th century, political power shifted to a few sovereigns who:

overturned public liberty
oppressed the smaller states
destroyed the privileges of the towns and provinces
controlled the national fortunes
were absolutely ignorant of the industry that created and preserved wealth

Before the reign of Charles 5th, half of Europe was under the feudal system. It had:

The Second Law of Value

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The First Law of Value introduced Exchangeable Value which is seen as Nominal Price to the Buyer.

The Second Law of Value introduces Real Price which is the Exchangeable Value to the Seller.

The Simplicity of civil Laws in different Governments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

MONARCHIES have more complex laws than despotic governments because monarchies need courts of judicature which decide on cases.

The decisions must be preserved and learnt so that:

we may judge in the same manner to-day as yesterday
the lives and property of the citizens may be as certain and fixed

In monarchies, the administration of justice decides:

The Source of feudal Laws

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The feudal laws form a very beautiful prospect.

THE conquerors of the Roman empire came from Germany.

Caesar making war against the Germans and described their manners.

Upon these, he regulated some of his enterprises.

The Supply Model

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Fallacy of the Downward Sloping Supply Curve

Economics enshrines the evil invisible hand by Paul Samuelson which promotes selfishness. This makes the suppliers chase money-revenue instead of production efficiency, creating an upward-sloping supply curve.

The System of Concentric Spheres

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Of all natural phenomena, mankind has been most curious of the celestial ones because of their:

greatness and
beauty

Those who surveyed the heavens found 3 sorts of objects:

The Sun
The Moon
The Stars

The stars appear always in the same place and at the same distance with regard to one another.

The Third Law of Value

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Third Law of Value states: There must be a balance in the creation and spread of Exchangeable Value in an economy.

This mirrors the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics that has the concept of thermal equilibrium. This concept does not exist in Economics because profit maximization prevents it. This is why modern economic systems have recurring crashes from the violation of this natural law of value.

The Violent Passions as Direct and Indirect

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All the mind’s perceptions may be divided into impressions and ideas.

The impressions can be further divided into original and secondary.

This division is the same as the impressions of sensation and reflection (Book 1, Part 1, Sec. 2).

Original impressions are impressions of sensation.

Trade and the Stock, or Wares of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Trade is the Making and Selling of one sort of Goods for another.

The making is called Handy-Craft Trade. The maker is called an Artificer.

The Selling is called Merchandizing, and the Seller a Merchant.

Virtue is not the Principle of a monarchical Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Monarchies, policy effects great things with as little virtue as possible.

Thus, in the nicest machines, art has reduced the number of movements, springs, and wheels.

The state subsists independently of:

Wealth as Value in Exchange

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The abstract idea of wealth or of value in exchange* is a definite idea.

Superphysics Note!

This is different from Smith’s definition of wealth which is the actual quality and quantity of useful goods and services.

Consequently, it is susceptible of rigorous treatment in combinations. It must be carefully distinguished from the accessory ideas of:

What is the Natural Right of Man?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The natural right of man is vaguely defined as the right which man has to whatever is proper for his enjoyment.

Before we consider the natural rights of man, we must consider man in:

Why we use Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The following people trade by exchange:

savages who have few merchandise
civilized nations who have only two or three species.

The caravans of Moors who go to Timbuktu, in the heart of Africa, do not need money.

Densities and Dimensions of Value Perceptions

Sun, 26 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Since value is in waves, then we can apply the concept of densities and dimensions onto economic values.

Densities

Perception densities are waves within waves. We can organized the economic value perceptions into 5 levels or densities.

Personal Versus Societal

Sun, 26 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The previous unit explained that society is an oversoul wave made up of individual soul waves as the members of that society.

This leads to 2 kinds of perceptions:

Personal
Societal or Collective

Selfish vs Selfless

These then lead to 2 kinds of desires:

Worker Philosophies

Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The desire for Freedom by the Worker mentality leads to the worker philosophies such as those promoting equality.

This is evident in Spartacus who briefly created a society of peasant rebels:

Mercantilism

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Mercantilism was the dominant economic theory and practice in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries.

Its core goal was to increase a nation’s wealth and power by controlling trade, accumulating precious metals, and maintaining a favorable balance of trade.

Supereconomic Efficiency

Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Supereconomic Efficiency is the general balance between Demand Capital Industry and Trade.

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Enters a New Era

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Section 1: The basic basis for socialism with Chinese characteristics to enter a new era

The new era is a stage in the initial stage of socialism, not any other stage.

America is culturally bankrupt

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

When a man, a business corporation or an entire society is approaching bankruptcy, there are 2 courses it can follow:

They can evade the reality of their situation

They can act on a frantic, blind, range-of-the-moment expediency

Preface

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I examine the system of bourgeois economy in terms of capital, landed property, wage-labour; the State, foreign trade, world market.

The economic conditions of existence of the 3 great classes into which modern bourgeois society is divided are analysed under the first three headings; the interconnection of the other three headings is self-evident.

Preface

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This book is for those who want the responsibility of becoming the new intellectuals.

It contains the main philosophical passages from my novels and presents the outline of a new philosophical system.

Production, Consumption, Distribution, Exchange (Circulation)

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Appendix I

PRODUCTION

(a) To begin with, the question under discussion is material production.

The Commodity

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The wealth of bourgeois society presents itself as an immense accumulation of commodities.

Its unit is a single commodity.

Every commodity, however, has a twofold aspect:

Use-value
Exchange-value.

The English economists define a commodity as “any thing necessary, useful or pleasant in life,” an object of human wants, a means of existence in the widest sense of the term.

The Commodity

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Review by Frederick Engels

I The Germans have long since shown that in all spheres of science they are equal, and in most of them superior, to other civilised nations. Only one branch of science, political economy, had no German name among its foremost scholars. The reason is obvious. Political economy is the theoretical analysis of modern bourgeois society and therefore presupposes developed bourgeois conditions, conditions which for centuries, following the wars in the wake of the Reformation and the peasant wars and especially the Thirty Years’ War, could not establish themselves in Germany. The separation of the Netherlands from the Empire removed Germany from the international trade routes and restricted her industrial development from the very beginning to the pettiest scale. While the Germans painfully and slowly recovered from the devastations of the civil wars, while they used up their store of civic energy, which had never been very large, in futile struggle against the customs barriers and absurd commercial regulations which every petty princeling and imperial baron inflicted upon the industry of his subjects, while the imperial cities with their craft-guild practices and patrician spirit went to ruin — Holland, England and France meanwhile conquered the leading positions in international trade, established one colony after another and brought manufactory production to the height of its development, until finally England, with the aid of steam power, which made her coal and iron deposits valuable, headed modern bourgeois development. But political economy could not arise in Germany so long as a struggle had still to be waged against so preposterously antiquated remnants of the Middle Ages as those which hampered the bourgeois development of her material forces until 1830. Only the establishment of the Customs Union enabled the Germans to comprehend political economy at all. It was indeed at this time that English and French economic works began to be imported for the benefit of the German middle class. Men of learning and bureaucrats soon got hold of the imported material and treated it in a way which does little credit to the “German intellect.” The literary efforts of a hotchpotch of chevaliers d’industrie, traders, schoolmasters and bureaucrats produced a bunch of German economic publications which as regards triteness, banality, frivolity, verbosity and plagiarism are equalled only by the German novel. Among people pursuing practical objectives there arose first the protectionist school of the industrialists, whose chief spokesman, List, is still the best that German bourgeois political economy has produced although his celebrated work is entirely copied from the Frenchman Ferrier, the theoretical creator of the Continental System. In opposition to this trend the free-trade school was formed in the forties by merchants from the Baltic provinces, who fumblingly repeated the arguments of the English Free Traders with childlike, but not disinterested, faith. Finally, among the schoolmasters and bureaucrats who had to handle the theoretical aspects there were uncritical and desiccated collectors of herbaria, like Herr Rau, pseudo-clever speculators who translated foreign propositions into undigested Hegelian language like Herr Stein, or gleaners with literary pretensions in the field of so-called history of civilisation, like Herr Riehl. The upshot of all this was cameralistics, an eclectic economic sauce covering a hotchpotch of sundry trivialities, of the sort a junior civil servant might find useful to remember during his final examination.

Force of Demand: Minimum Needs

Sat, 09 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The previous sections explained that the 1st law of Supereconomics uses relationality to replace:

selfish-interest with fellow-feeling
materialistic utlity with a flexible hierarchy of needs

This flexible hierarchy of needs is:

The Effects of the Corn Laws

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Legislature is immediately considering a revision of the corn laws.

Science Reform

Tue, 10 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Unifying Sciences Through the Ether, Chi, and Vayu

Modern science is largely built on Newtonian philosophy: a view of the universe as separate matter, forces acting at a distance, and physical reality defined only by what can be weighed, measured, and counted.

The Anunnaki Hypothesis

Tue, 10 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The origin of the human species is the homo erectus which was genetically modified by the Anunnaki.

Water and Sanitation

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Solutions to Underregulation

Fri, 28 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Communism

Sun, 09 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Negative Liberalism of the Worker class when combined with the Negative Warrior Mentality leads to Communism.

Communism began as a moral and intellectual response by Karl Marx to the extreme inequality and suffering brought by the Industrial Revolution.

The 4th Law of Value Market Price and Competition

Fri, 31 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

In order to address all the demand in society, supply has to be exchanged through a medium.

The Levels of Human Mentality

Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Despite being thousands of years old, human civilization is still suffering from most of the man-made problems it had since antiquity.

The recurrence of man-made disasters, whether they be territorial, political, philosophical, or economic in nature, proves that our leaders seem to forget the lessons from history. By analyzing the nature of the human mind and the mind of societies throughout history, we can identify patterns that show the root causes of these problems.

The Scalability of Society

Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The wave nature of society makes it scalable into a universal society even among non-physical entities in 5th density.

This is the knowledge of classes which determines where they can have communion with one another and where not.

How Profit Maximization Led to the Great Depression

Fri, 15 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The industrial revolution in Europe in the 19th century allowed mass production which allowed huge profits for those who invested in them.

However, the mutual competition among producers reduces the profits that they could gain.

Our current social progress tends to diminish this minimum rate of profit

Interest Rates

Fri, 15 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Interest revenue is the profit in lending something that its owner could have used himself.

It has a similar nature to rent, with the difference that the borrower can choose between many lenders. On the other hand, a person who wants to rent a room at a specific location has no choice but to take whatever price the landlord offers.

Fixed Capital Efficiency

Mon, 17 Jun 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Capital Efficiency is how the country’s fixed capitals are employed to maximize usage.

This includes employment and investment.

For example, as an owner or manager you always want your staff to produce the maximum output.

Financial Trade Ratios

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The Trade Ratios are in our DSIT Model.

Trade Ratios	Description
GR	the rise or fall in interest rates as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate the dominance of the borrowers, as a sign of liberal morals
GN	the rise or fall in inflation as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate the dominance of speculation, as a sign of liberal morals
GD	the rise or fall in public debt as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope indicates debt-driven GDP Growth, as a sign of liberal morals
C1 : C2 : C3 : C4	The ratios of a currency against 3 currencies of its trading partners.
GIt	the rise or fall in imports as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate a service country
GXt	the rise or fall in exports as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate a manufacturing or agri country

The Six Types of Exchangeable Effort

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The effort theory of value says that useful work or effort is the foundation of exchangeable value.

This is totally different from Economics and Mercantilism which uses money as the basis, through marginal pricing theory.

Microfinance: low G high R

Wed, 26 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Microfinance gives loans to people who have no access to regular banking because of illiteracy, distance, lack of collateral, regular income, or basic documents.

Universal Basic Income: low G high N

Wed, 26 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Universal Basic Income (UBI) became popular in 2016 after it was adopted by a few Western countries.

In UBI, money is given to poor people without any strings attached. This makes it a bit different from Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) which imposes conditions that the poor must meet.

Financial Circulation

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

We use the 4th Law of value for finance by matching:

γ with the velocity of money in the Quantity Theory of Money
k with Markup Pricing

Fourth Law: V_l4,t = k · P_t · γ_t

4 Kinds of Exchangeable Value

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 2 explained that exchangeable value balances the subjectivity of personal value-perceptions with the objectiveness of societal value-perceptions.

The previous unit explained the different subjective perspectives and scopes manifest as relational pricing.

Advanced State: Wheat Regulates Meat

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁸ In the progress of improvement:

the rent and profit of unimproved pasture come to be regulated by the rent and profit of improved pasture
the rent and profit of improved pasture come to be regulated by the rent and profit of wheat

Wheat is an annual crop.

Exaggerations by Historians

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Historians generally exaggerate when they:

speak about the dynastic armies of their own or recent times
discuss about Muslim or Christian soldiers
compute the:
- tax revenues and the money spent by the government
- outlays of extravagant spenders
- the goods that rich and prosperous men have in stock

The real numbers given by officials in charge are only 10% of what they have said. They give those exaggerated numbers when they:

Feeling Versus Intellect

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A question is asked to me.

I think of an answer.

I go over the impressions of my memory and senses.

I carry my thoughts from them to the objects commonly conjoined with them.

General Terms

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The greatest Part of Words are general terms.

All things that exist being particulars, it may perhaps be thought reasonable that words, which ought to be conformed to things, should be so too,—I mean in their signification: but yet we find quite the contrary. The far greatest part of words that make all languages are general terms: which has not been the effect of neglect or chance, but of reason and necessity.

Is Justice A Natural Or Artificial Virtue?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Virtuous Motive Comes Before The Regard To The Virtue

Our sense of virtue is not natural.

There are some virtues that produce pleasure and approbation through artifice arising from mankind’s circumstances and necessity.

It is said that

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is said that much sake, self-pride and luxury are to be avoided by a samurai, There is no cause for anxiety when you are unhappy, but when you become a little elated, these three things become dangerous. Look at the human condition. It is unseemly for a person to become prideful and extravagant when things are going well.

Labor is the source of wealth and all culture

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

“The emancipation of labor must be the work of the working class, relative to which all other classes are only one reactionary mass.”

The first strophe is taken from the introductory words of the Rules of the International, but “improved”. There it is said: “The emancipation of the working class must be the act of the workers themselves”; here, on the contrary, the “working class” has to emancipate – what? “Labor.” Let him understand who can.

Preface

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The new Polish edition of the Communist Manifesto has shown that it has become an index of the development of large-scale industry in Europe.

Temporary Equilibrium Of Demand And Supply

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. The simplest case of balance or equilibrium between desire and effort is found when a person satisfies one of his wants by his own direct work. When a boy picks blackberries for his own eating, the action of picking is probably itself pleasurable for a while; and for some time longer the pleasure of eating is more than enough to repay the trouble of picking.

The Spread of Feelings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶ Sometimes, sympathy arises merely from seeing another person’s emotions.

The feelings are transfused from one man to another instantaneously without knowing what excited them.

For example, when some expresses grief, the other people are also instantly affected with grief.

Dharmic Productivity

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Dharmic Productivity is the quantity and quality produced that is in line with one’s dharma or personal interest or passion.

This only applies to people, animals, and plants.
The plants aspect is evident in agriculture.
The animals aspect is evident in animal husbandry.

This takes health into account, which includes mental health.

Guilds

Thu, 06 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Before the modern corporation, there was the guild.

In medieval Europe, guilds were more than trade associations. They were self‑governing societies operating within the larger society—complete with their own rules, hierarchies, courts, currencies, and moral codes.

Ideas and Beliefs: Philosophy

Wed, 03 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Thinker Philosophies are created by or favor the thinker class, also known as the intellectuals or the brahmins in Hinduism.

In the Republc by Plato, the thinker class is called the Aristocrats, as philosophers.

Nazism

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Nazi leader who described the National-Socialist revolution as a counter-Renaissance spoke more truly than he probably knew.

It was the decisive step in the destruction of that civilisation which modern man had built up from the age of the Renaissance and which was above all an individualist civilisation. Individualism has a bad name to-day and the term has come to be connected with egotism and selfishness. But the individualism of which we speak in contrast to socialism and all other forms of collectivism has no necessary connection with these. Only gradually in the course of this book shall we be able to make clear the contrast between the two opposing principles. But the essential features of that individualism which, from elements provided by Christianity and the philosophy of classical antiquity, was first fully developed during the Renaissance and has since grown and spread into what we know as Western European civilisation-the respect for the individual man qua man, that is the recognition of his own views and tastes as supreme in his own sphere, however narrowly that may be circumscribed, and the belief that it is desirable that men should develop their own individual gifts and bents. “Freedom” and “liberty” are now words so worn with use and abuse that one must hesitate to employ them to express the ideals for which they stood during that period. Tolerance is, perhaps, the only word which still preserves the full meaning of the principle which during the whole of this period was in the ascendant and which only in recent times has again been in decline, to disappear completely with the rise of the totalitarian state. The gradual transformation of a rigidly organised hierarchic system into one where men could at least attempt to shape their own life, where man gained the opportunity of knowing and choosing between different forms of life, is closely associated with the growth of commerce. From the commercial cities of Northern Italy the new view oflife spread with commerce to the west and north, through France and the south-west of Germany to the Low Countries and the British Isles, taking firm root wherever there was no despotic political power to stifle it. In the Low Countries and Britain it for a long time enjoyed its fullest development and for the first time had an opportunity to grow freely and to become the foundation of the social and political life of these countries. And it was from there that in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it again began to spread in a more fully developed form to the West and East, to the New World and the centre of the European continent where devastating wars and political oppression had largely submerged the earlier beginnings of a similar growth. 1

Corruption Perception

Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific Advancement

Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Number and rank of Universities, papers published, number of high degree graduates

The Feudal System

Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Economic data from the feudal period is scarce. However, the consistent theme is the low productivity of the feudal system compared to paid agricultural labor.

It typically suffers from:

overregulation which violates Law 3
undercapitalization of farm capital which violates Law 2

It persisted because the warrior class was essential during the chaotic times.

The Warrior Economy

Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Authoritarian Economy: The Hallmark of the Kshatriya Class

The Warrior Class creates Authoritarian Economies where capital and trade are controlled directly by the leaders.

The economy exists to supply the palace and the army, not to enrich merchants or empower peasants.

Examples of an authoritarian economy are:

The Military

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Military is the main manifestation of the Warrior Class.

The Army

Primary Role: Land-based military operations, ground combat, and occupation of territory.
Sub-components: Infantry, Armor, Field Artillery, Aviation, Corps of Engineers, Cyber Corps.

The Navy

Navy
Marines
Coast Guard

The Air Force

Air Force

The 1st Law of Value

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The First Law of Value states:

Barbarian Workers

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the Barbarian level, the workers are the peasants and slaves.

Unlike animals, the social cycles have developed, due to the upgrade of the oversoul, to create a distinction or social roles and natures.

3. Historic transformation

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the 19th National Congress, China stated that the main contradiction in our society is between:

Concrete Labour

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract labour is the source of exchange-value.

But all the previous observations are concerned with concrete labour as the source of material wealth, with labour that produces use-values.

Since the use-value of the commodity is postulated, the specific utility and the definite usefulness of the labour expended on it is also postulated;

Marx The Sociologist

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pure German philosophy was Marx’ starting point.

Gross National Happiness Index

Sat, 09 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index has been in part of the Constitution of Bhutan since July 18, 2008.

It is made up of 4 pillars:

Sustainable and Equitable Socioeconomic Development
Environmental Conservation
Culture
Good Governance

It also has 9 domains which we arrange into our hierarchy:

What is Political Power?

Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Section 1. Permises

I have shown in the foregoing discourse that:

Adam had not any authority over his children, or dominion over the world either by:

natural right of fatherhood, or
positive donation from God

If Adam had parental authority then his heirs, yet, had no right to it

Foreign Trade

Sun, 09 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

No extension of foreign trade will immediately increase the amount of value in a country, although it will very powerfully contribute to increase the mass of commodities, and therefore the sum of enjoyments.

Natural And Market Price

Sun, 09 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I give the rule which determines the quantities of goods exchanged for each other as:

labour being the foundation of the value of commodities
the comparative quantity of labour which is necessary to their production

In the ordinary course of events, there is no commodity which continues for any length of time to be supplied precisely in that decree of abundance, which the wants and wishes of mankind require, and therefore there is none which is not subject to accidental and temporary variations of price.

Profits

Sun, 09 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The profits of stock in different employments:

bear a proportion to each other
have a tendency to vary all in the same degree and in the same direction

What is the cause of:

Wages

Sun, 09 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Labour, like all other things which are purchased and sold, and which may be increased or diminished in quantity, has its natural and its market price.

The natural price of labour is that price which is necessary to enable the labourers, one with another, to subsist and to perpetuate their race, without either increase or diminution.

Use Value and Marginal Utility

Mon, 20 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Principles

Principles	Assertions
Use Value requires 1 entity	We replace Marginal Utility with Minimum Needs since use-value is subjective

Use Value is Personal and Subjective

The previous unit explained that use value aligns with the personal perspective.

GS Ratio

Sun, 19 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The GS ratio is from the rise or fall in services as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate investments in services and a probable rise in liberal morals and the merchant class

Men are Slaves

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Man is born free yet everywhere he is in chains.

Sovereignty Is Inalienable

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sovereignty is indivisible for the same reason that it is inalienable.

This is because will either is, or is not, general[1].

It is the will either of the body of the people, or only of a part of it. In the first case, the will, when declared, is an act of Sovereignty and constitutes law: in the second, it is merely a particular will, or act of magistracy—at the most a decree.

The Natural State of Man

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I will not analyze the natural state of man based on anatomy.

Comparative anatomy has as yet made too little progress. The observations of naturalists are too uncertain, to afford an adequate basis for any solid reasoning.

The Roman Comitia

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

We do not have well-certified records of the first period of Rome’s existence.

Experience teaches us every day what causes lead to the revolutions of empires; but, as no new peoples are now formed, we have almost nothing beyond conjecture to go upon in explaining how they were created.

What is Economy?

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The word “Œconomy” is derived from:

οἰκός, a house
νόμος, law

It originally meant only the wise and legitimate government of the house for the common good of the whole family.

The Gurukul System

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

For millennia, two powerful educational models existed separately:

The Gurukul system of ancient India and Greece

Here, the children live with and serve their teachers or gurus.

The State system of the West as the university

Here, the teachers are paid for their service. This really originated from the Church University.

Gambling

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The lack of self-control of a mind in assigning nominal value leads to a gambling tendency.

Gambling is Gaming, which is Entertainment

Gambling lets you gain a lot of rewards, as resources, by expanding the least amount of effort.

Introduction

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

I expect the Trump Administration to overhaul the international trade and financial systems.

Office Of Cabinet Affairs (oca)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

OFFICE OF POLITICAL AFFAIRS (OPA)

The OPA is the primary office within the executive branch for managing the President’s political interests. Although its specific functions vary from Admin- istration to Administration, the OPA typically serves as the liaison between the President and associated political entities: national committees, federal and state campaigns, and interest groups. Within legal guidelines, the OPA engages in out- reach, conducts casework, and—if the President is up for reelection—assists with his campaign. The OPA may also monitor congressional campaigns, arrange pres- idential visits with other political campaigns, and recommend campaign staff to the Office of Presidential Personnel for service in the executive branch.

The Economy

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

For several decades, establishment “elites” have failed the citizenry by refusing to secure the border, outsourcing manufacturing to China and elsewhere, spending recklessly, regulating constantly, and generally controlling the country from the top down rather than letting it flourish from the bottom up.

The General Welfare

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Our Founders wrote in the Constitution that the federal government would “promote the general Welfare”.

It did not mean a massive bureaucracy that would spend USD3 trillion in a single year—roughly the sum, combined, spent by the departments covered in this section in 2022.

The Trader Class and Trading Cycle

Sat, 07 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Traders emerge from the stability of society created by the 3 previous classes.

These manifest as traders, businessmen, entrepreneurs, investors, speculators, gamblers, etc.

The Warrior Class and Warrior Cycle

Sat, 07 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Warriors emerge from the Workers as a consequence of their struggle to establish society.

These manifest as chieftains, champions, leaders of armies or militia, landlords.

The Warrior Cycle is the 2nd cycle of a society.

The Needs for Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization

Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Love Needs

If both the physiological and the safety needs are fairly well gratified, then there will emerge the love and affection and belongingness needs, and the whole cycle [p. 381] already described will repeat itself with this new center. Now the person will feel keenly, as never before, the absence of friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife, or children. He will hunger for affectionate relations with people in general, namely, for a place in his group, and he will strive with great intensity to achieve this goal. He will want to attain such a place more than anything else in the world and may even forget that once, when he was hungry, he sneered at love.

The Preconditions for the Basic Need Satisfactions

Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There are certain conditions which are immediate prerequisites for the basic need satisfactions. Danger to these is reacted to almost as if it were a direct danger to the basic needs themselves. Such conditions as freedom to speak, freedom to do what one wishes so long as no harm is done to others, freedom to express one’s self, freedom to investigate and seek for information, freedom to defend one’s self, justice, fairness, honesty, orderliness in the group are examples of such preconditions for basic need satisfactions. Thwarting in these freedoms will be reacted to with a threat or emergency response. These conditions are not ends in themselves but they are almost so since they are so closely related to the basic needs, which are apparently the only ends in themselves. These conditions are defended because without them the basic satisfactions are quite impossible, or at least, very severely endangered.[p. 384]

Fixed Capital

Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith defines fixed capital as assets that produce wealth without changing hands or moving from their owner.

He lists 4 main categories of fixed capital:

Useful Machines: Tools and machinery that facilitate labor.
Profitable Buildings: Factories, warehouses, and agricultural structures that serve as the “necessary expense” of production.
Improvements to Land: Clearing, draining, and fencing that make soil more productive.
Acquired Skills (Human Capital): Perhaps his most prescient insight, Smith includes the “acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants” as fixed capital, noting that education is an expensive investment that yields future returns.

The defining trait of fixed capital is that it generates revenue while remaining in the same hands. A machine or a building, he notes, does not need to change ownership to produce value. It merely needs to be maintained.

The Ethical Guide

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Most philosophers have now decided to declare that:

reason has failed
ethics is outside the power of reason
no rational ethics can ever be defined
in the field of ethics, man must be guided by something other than reason in the choice of:
- his values
- his actions
- his pursuits
- his life’s goals

By what*?

National Principles

Sun, 30 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In Supersociology, the Constitution defines the oversoul of a society.

1. Preamble and National Principles

The National Motto and Seal
State Principles and State Religion (if applicable)
Supremacy Clause: The Constitution as the Supreme Law of the Land

2. National Territory and Sovereignty

Definition of Terrestrial, Fluvial, Maritime, and Aerial Domains
Archipelagic Doctrine and Baseline Laws

3. Declaration of Principles and State Policies

The State as a Democratic and Republican Entity
Supremacy of Civilian Authority over the Military
Right of the People to Information and Transparency Mandate

4. Bill of Rights (See Volume II for full text, here retained as Constitutional text)

Due Process and Equal Protection
Freedom of Speech, Press, Assembly, and Redress of Grievances
Protection Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

Trade

Sun, 19 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

There are 3 kinds of trades:

1. Local or Home Trade

This is the trade done within a nation’s borders. This generally supports the most people. Ancient and Medieval China was able to sustain itself with local trade alone.

Monopoly by Capitalists

Fri, 17 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The Combination of Classes

Wed, 21 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Social cyles divide the society into 4 belligerent factions:

Worker
Warrior
Thinker
Trader

These are effects of the 2 Forces of Nature which then consolidate back into 2 for most efficiency.

NDP: The Alternative to GDP

Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Supereconomics uses Purchasing Power as its alternative to GDP, as explained in The Digression on the Value of Silver of the Wealth of Nations.

In that Digression, Adam Smith proved that money supply does not correlate with a society’s wealth or poverty. Instead, it is the money price of some rude produce relative to the main food grain (such as wheat) which is the clearest indicator of a society’s wealth or poverty.

Points Bailout

Thu, 20 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000

During economic crises, the points can be used as interest-free loans of goods and services to distressed companies. Those loans can be paid back with the future productivity of those companies.

Dynamics

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Gross Domestic Product

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Ideas

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Thinker Culture revolves around ideas and the experience and expression of ideas.

Military and Police Reform

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Quality of Life

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Living Standards is the base and largest measure in the Gross National Happiness Index.

The Family

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Greatest Happiness: Peace

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Unit 1 explained that the root idea behind morality is happiness which is a positive wave from which other positive waves, such as virtues, come about.

In Western utilitarian ethics, John Stuart Mill’s Greatest Happiness Principle advocated a principle of happiness similar to Epicurus and Benhtam:

The Thinking Class and Thinking Cycle

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Thinkers emerge from the Warriors as the enlightened leaders. These are able to secure the society for the next cycles.

These manifest as priests, sages, shamans, researchers, intellectuals.

The emergence of thinkers means that the warriors have succeeded in securing the basic existence of the society.

The Thinking Cycle

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Trader Culture

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Trader Culture revolves around physical wealth and the experience and expression of physical wealth.

Unlike the warrior class that gets wealth as an effect of power, the trader class gets power as an effect of wealth.

The Worker Culture

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Worker Culture revolves around the bodily needs and the experience and expression of those needs.

The Working Class and Worker Cycle

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Shudra or Democrats: The Worker Class After Oligarchy

In our social cycles model, based on Socrates’ analysis in The Republic, societies follow a predictable cycle of rise and fall.

The Working Class and Worker Cycle

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Workers are the most numerous of any population.

The Worker Cycle is the beginning of a society.

Trade and Business

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Logistics Industry

Wed, 26 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

HS Code

World Trade Organization

Pool Clearing

Real Price

Fri, 30 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Real Price is the subjective cost that the seller or producer incurred to create a thing.

Let us assume that a cake was baked by Mr. Chef for 2 units of effort.

Our Natural Love and Hatred for Others

Mon, 28 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁶ We wamt to be loved because of our natural love for some people.

We dread to be hated because of our natural hatred for some people.

A person does something really bad in secret.

The Collective Wave of Human Desire

Wed, 09 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The previous section explained subjective and objective valuation:

The Economic Level of Society

Fri, 21 Aug 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Supersociology classifies the mentality of societies as either savage, barbaric, or advanced.

Likewise, Supereconomics classifies economic levels as either backward, stagnating, or advancing.

What is a Society, Nation, State, Civilization?

Sat, 15 Aug 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Society

‘Society’ comes from the Latin socius which means companion which is an abstract term.

This matches our defintion of society as a metaphysical organism that is made up of individual organisms having a common interest.

Economic History

Sat, 11 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The differences in the economic philosophies of different time periods can be attributed to the main ideas or mentalities prevalent during those times, as the effect of new experiences or ‘impressions’ on the mind. We chronologically list the main events that may have caused people to have those new experiences from which they developed new ideas.

GJ Ratio

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The GJ Ratio shows the ratio between the economy and productive employment as the society gets wealthier.

A declining slope may indicate inequality or oligarchy.

The 4 Main Schools of Post-Smith Economics

Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The science of resource allocation began with Xenophon’s The Economist which narrates how Socrates was taught about proper estate management.

Socrates cites Cyrus the Great of Persia as the first person during that period to get Economics right by having policies that encouraged the productivity of the empire.

The Private and Public Interests Are Not The Motive To Justice Or Morality

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We then need to find some motive to acts of justice and honesty, distinct from our regard to the honesty.

This is very difficult.

If we say that a concern for our self-interest is the legitimate motive to all honest actions, then when self-interest ceases, honesty can no longer have place.

A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Written: December 1843-January 1844;

For Germany, the criticism of religion has been essentially completed, and the criticism of religion is the prerequisite of all criticism.

The profane existence of error is compromised as soon as its heavenly oratio pro aris et focis [“speech for the altars and hearths,” i.e., for God and country] has been refuted.

Age Structure Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Dependency ratios (youth dependency: ages 0–14; old-age dependency: 65+)
Working-age population (typically 15–64, or 15–74 in some models)
Median age of the population
Population pyramids (age-sex distributions)
Cohort sizes (e.g., Gen Z, millennials, baby boomers)
Old-age support ratios (number of working-age people per elderly person)

Articles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article: Minimum Requirements

Everyone has the right to:

a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including:
- food
- clothing
- housing
- medical care
- necessary social services
the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance.

Articles 61-62

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 61

SINCE WE HAVE GRANTED ALL THESE THINGS for God, for the better ordering of our kingdom, and to allay the discord that has arisen between us and our barons, and since we desire that they shall be enjoyed in their entirety, with lasting strength, for ever, we give and grant to the barons the following security:

At Oxford

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith left Scotland for Oxford in June 1740, riding the whole way on horseback. He told Samuel Rogers many years afterwards that, from the moment he crossed the Border he was much struck with:

Belief Is A Feeling

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We can never be induced to believe any matter of fact, except when its cause or effect is present to us.

But few have asked themselves: What is the nature of that belief arising from the relation of cause and effect?

Benefits of Free Choice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Free choice, called free competition by Economics, is where multiple businesses vie for customers without undue restrictions, monopolies, or government interference.

Nowadays, this is a cornerstone of a healthy market economy.

Bourgeois and Proletarians

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

The spectre of communism is haunting Europe.

All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre:

Pope and Tsar
Metternich and Guizot
French Radicals and German police-spies.

The ruling parties have labeled all opposition parties as communistic.

Can our senses deceive us?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Justification 4: Belief generally consists in nothing but the vivacity of an idea.

An idea may acquire this vivacity by its relation to some present impression.

Impressions are naturally the most vivid perceptions of the mind.

The Laws of a Republican Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THERE are 3 kinds of government:

Republican - this has the supreme power in the people
Monarchical - a single person governs by fixed and established laws
Despotic - a single person directs every thing by his own will and caprice

Superphysics Note!

Montesquieu really classifies it as aristocracy, democracy, monarchy, and despostism.

Chapter 2: The republican Government, and the Laws relative to Democracy

A Democracy is a form of government where the people have the supreme power.

The Relation of Laws to the Nature of monarchical Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 4: The Relation of Laws to the Nature of monarchical Government

THE intermediate, subordinate, and dependent powers constitute the nature of monarchical government; I mean of that in which a single person governs by fundamental laws. I said, the intermediate, subordinate, and dependent powers: and indeed,

The Philosophy of Stoicism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹ Zeno was the founder of the Stoicism. According to him, every animal was by nature:

recommended to its own care, and
endowed with self-love

Nature causes every animal to preserve its existence as best as it can.

How the Deception is preserved

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IN order to make the purchaser confound the price of the commodity with the tax, there must be some proportion between the tax and the value of the commodity. This is why there shouldn’t be an excessive duty on cheap merchandise.

The Laws of an Aristocracy, Monarchy, Despotism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 6: Everything Should not be corrected

Let them but leave us as we are, said a gentleman of a nation which had a very great resemblance to that we have been describing, and nature will repair whatever is amiss.

Chiang Mai

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

Myanmar is west of Cambodia. Its ruler wears flowers in his hair, which is done up in a knot.

Childbirth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

As soon as they give birth, the local women prepare some hot rice, mix it with salt, and put it into the entrance of the vagina.

They usually take it out after a day and a night.

Classes And Class Struggle

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Classes struggle, some classes triumph, others are eliminated. Such is history, such is the history of civilization for thousands of years.

To interpret history from this viewpoint is historical materialism; standing in opposition to this viewpoint is historical idealism.

Comparison of Justice and Beneficence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Beneficence cannot be extorted by force, but justice can

¹ Only beneficent actions from proper motives seem to require reward because only such actions:

are the approved objects of gratitude, or
excite the observer’s sympathetic gratitude.

² Only hurtful actions from improper motives seem to deserve punishment because only such actions:

Conquests made by a Republic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IT is unnatural for a confederate government to have one state conquer another, as what happened in Switzerland in our days.

But this is not so absurd in mixed confederate republics, where small republics are associated with small monarchies.

Cournot's Theory of Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A favourable event such as the improvement of the condition of the people, might initially be accompanied by a reduction in the mass of values in circulation.

We are tempted to suppose that:

Deflation from Declining Population

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In Supereconomics, deflation is really demand deflation.

A common cause of deflation today is a shrinking and aging population.

How a Declining Population Causes Deflation

When birth rates fall and the population ages or shrinks, several economic changes take place:

First Premises of Materialist Method

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

2. First Premises of Materialist Method of human history

Our first premises not arbitrary, not dogmas, but real premises which be verified in a purely empirical way.

The existence of living human individuals

General Remarks

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the foundation of morality?

Greek Institutions and Manners

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 6: Some Institutions among the Greeks

THE ancient Greeks were convinced that people who live under a popular government should be trained up to virtue.

And so they made very singular institutions in order to inspire it.

How Despotic Governments provide for their Safety

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Republics provide for their security by uniting.

Despotic governments do it by separating, and by keeping themselves single. They sacrifice a part of the country; and, by rav aging and desolating the frontiers, they render the heart of the empire inaccessible. This practice is more tolerable in large than in middling states.

How Do We Know We Exist?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Is the Perception of Existence from Our Senses, Reason, or Imagination?

We can ask: Why do we believe in the body’s existence?

How Our Sympathy Falls much shorter of Sufferer's Sorrow

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our Sympathy with the Sorrow of Others is Stronger than Our Sympathy with their Joy because pain is a stronger sensation than pleasure (which can even be a source of envy)

¹ Our sympathy with sorrow has been more noticed than our sympathy with joy.

How the Laws Should Maintain Frugality in a Democracy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IT is not sufficient, in a well-regulated democracy, that the divisions of land be equal.

They should also to be small, as was customary among the Romans.

Curius said to his soldiers: “God forbid that a citizen should look upon that as a small piece of land which is sufficient to maintain him.”

How the National Clearing Fund Works

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The maximisation of economic benefits from world trade can be facilitated, but not automatically assured, by any purely technical system, whether bilaterl or multilateral.

How would Pool Clearing increase such benefits?

How the Roman Law was lost among the Franks but preserved among the Goths and Burgundians

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

France was under the Franks governed by:

the Roman law
the Theodosian code
the different laws of the Barbarians, who settled in those parts.

Under the Franks, the Salic law was established for the Franks, and the Theodosian code for the Romans.

How the Romans Raised Themselves to Empire

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Modern Europeans have very near the same arts, the same arms, the same discipline, and the same manner of making war.

The prodigious fortune attained by the Romans seems incredible to us.

Human Intellect

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. Man’s ability to think

God distinguished man from all the other animals by an ability to think.

Perception - that is, consciousness, on the part of the person who perceives, in his essence of things that are outside his essence - is something peculiar to living beings to the exclusion of all other beings and existent things.

Husband and Wife

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Each person is a member of a family which is made up of 3 kinds of relations:

Husband and wife
Parent and child
Master and servant

First of these is husband and wife.

Ideal [Nominal] Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THERE is both real and ideal money.

Civilized nations generally only use ideal money, because they have converted their real money into ideal.

Their real money was initially some metal of a certain weight and standard. But soon dishonesty or lack made them reduce that metal from money, but money retained the same name.

Ideas In General, And Their Original

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Idea is the Object of Thinking.

Every man being conscious to himself that he thinks; and that which his mind is applied about whilst thinking being the IDEAS that are there, it is past doubt that men have in their minds several ideas,—such as are those expressed by the words whiteness, hardness, sweetness, thinking, motion, man, elephant, army, drunkenness, and others: it is in the first place then to be inquired, HOW HE COMES BY THEM?

Impressions of Reflection (Resulting Feelings)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Impressions are Feelings or Sensory Perceptions, Ideas are Thoughts

We should examine our impressions before we accept our ideas, since:

our simple impressions are prior to their correspondent ideas, and
exceptions to this pattern are very rare.

There are 2 kinds of impressions:

Institutions for Commerce= Banks, Freeports, Trade Rules

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 10: Banks

IN economical commercial states, they have luckily established banks which have created a new kind of wealth by their credit. But it would be wrong to introduce banks into governments whose commerce is founded only in luxury.

Involuntary Employment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The struggle over money-wages is often believed to determine the general level of real wages.

Workers have an imperfect mobility.

Wages do not tend to an exact equality of net advantage in different occupations.
Anyone who accepts lower money-wages relative to others, will get lower real wages.
This makes workers resist it.

On the other hand, it would be impracticable to resist every reduction of real wages, due to inflation.

Moral Prejudice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some men try to distinguish themselves by ridiculing everything that was sacred and venerable to mankind.

They rail against Reason, Sobriety, Honour, Friendship, Marriage perpetually. They even regard public spirit and nationalism as fake.

Our Perceptions are just a Representation based on Disposition

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Justification 2: The constancy of our perceptions

The constancy of our perceptions makes us ascribe to them a perfect numerical identity even if:

there are separated by very long period of time
they only have one of the essential qualities of identity: invariableness.

Philosophers distinguish between sensory objects and perceptions which are co-existent and resembling.

Politics May Be Reduced To a Science

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is wrong to say that all governments are alike, and that their only difference is in the character and conduct of the governors. If this were true, then most political disputes would end and there would be just one constitution for all.

Preface

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The science of Political Economy has so much interested thinkers for a century.

It is today more diffused than ever before.

It shares with politics proper the attention of the great journals, which are today the most important means of spreading information.

Residences

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The royal palace, officials’ residences, and great houses all face east.

The palace lies to the north of the gold tower with the gold bridge [Bayon], near the northern gateway.

Rights

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 13

Everyone has the right to:

freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14

Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

Second way of acquiring Property: Accession

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The right of accession is not so much founded in its utility as in the impropriety of not joining it to that object on which it has a dependence.

The milk of a cow I have purchased may not be of great value, but it is very improper that another person should have a right to bring up his calf upon it.

Selling Our Money in the Merchandise Trade increases our Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our annual consumption of foreign goods is £2,000,000. Our sales are £200,000. If we add £300,000 in money to our sales, how can we earn more money?

The Carrying Trade

We can earn more money by bringing in more foreign goods to be re-sold overseas, since we would not need them locally.

Social Education

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Social Welfare Measures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

COMMON OBJECTION to totalitarian societies is that they regard the end as justifying the means.

This objection is illogical.

If the end does not justify the means, what does?

But this easy answer does not dispose of the objection; it simply shows that the objection is not well put.

Socialism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sole Proprietorships

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sole Proprietorships are the most common business organization.

Systems Based on Feelings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

^1-17 Moral systems based on feelings can be divided into 2 classes.

¹⁸

Some think that the principle of approbation is founded on a particular faculty of perception.

This is exerted by the mind at the view of actions or affections.

Taxes on Possessions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

After the appropriation of land property, some lands were commonly assigned to maintain the government. The free states of Greece had land set apart for this purpose.

Aristotle thought that private property should surround the royal lands because:

The Art of War

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷ In a more advanced society, two causes make it impossible for those who take the field to maintain themselves at their own expence:

The progress of manufactures
The improvement in the art of war

⁸ When a husbandman goes to war which starts after seed-time and ends before harvest, his revenue is not reduced with his work’s interruption.

The Athenian Military

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Athens is known to be deficient in heavy infantry even if they more numerous.

(1) But relatively to the allies, who bring in the tribute, their strength even on land is enormous.

The Bedouins

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. Both Bedouins and sedentary people are natural groups

Their differences are from the different ways in which they make their living.

The Benevolent Affections

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part 1: Sympathy

We esteem the benevolent affections.

The epithets sociable, good-natured, humane, merciful, grateful, friendly, generous, beneficent, or their equivalents, are known in all languages. They universally express the highest merit, which HUMAN NATURE can attain.

The City of Iram

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Iram was a city with columns.

Ad b. Us b. Iram had 2 sons who ruled after him:

Shadid
Shaddid

Shadid perished. Shaddad became the sole ruler of the realm, and the kings there submitted to his authority.

The Despotic Government: Fear

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 13: Despotic Power

WHEN the savages of Louisiana want fruit, they cut the tree to the root, and gather the fruit.*

This is an emblem of despotic government.

Chapter 14: How the Laws are relative to the Principles of despotic Government

THE principle of despotic government is fear.

The Dutch Interest Rates

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The education of all children, even the poor.

They teach them writing and arithmetic and merchants accounts.

the well understanding and practice of which, does strangely infuse into most that are the owners of that quality, of either sex, not only an ability for commerce of all kinds, but a strong aptitude, love, and delight in it;

The Economists of the Past

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Air and water were only accurately analyzed less than 40 years ago.

The experiments and demonstrations on them, nevertheless,

The Extent of the Natural Right of Man?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The conventional right of man is his right depending on human laws.

The natural right of man differs from his conventional right in the sense that the natural right is based on the light of reason from its internal evidence. This evidence is independent of all other constraint.

The Feelings from the Imagination

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Romantic love is natural but is not commonly expressed because it might be odious or ridiculous

¹⁵ The habitual feelings from the imagination are perfectly natural. But they are little sympathized with because other people might not have the same habits to be able to sympathize with them.

The Flat Earth; Increase of Spheres; Eccentric Spheres

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Flat Earth

Before the Concentric Spheres system was taught in the world, the earth was regarded as a vast and irregular plain, surrounded on all sides by the ocean.

Its roots extended infinitely deep
The sky was as a solid hemisphere, which covered the earth, and united with the ocean at the extremity of the horizon.
The Sun, the Moon, and all the heavenly bodies rose out of the eastern, climbed up the convex side of the heavens, and descended again into the western ocean.
The Earth was surrounded by the elements of Air and Ether, and covered by 8 polished and cristalline Spheres, each of which was distinguished by one or more beautiful and luminous bodies. These revolved around their common centre, by varied but equable proportionable motions.

This was believed by:

The Funds Which Belong To The Sovereign Or Commonwealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The revenue which pays for national defense and supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate may be drawn:

from some fund of the commonwealth, independent of the revenue of the people; or
from the revenue of the people

Part 1: The Funds Which Belong To The Sovereign Or Commonwealth

² The sovereign funds must consist in stock or land.

The Geocentric Universe

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The first and the second of the cultivated zones have less civilization than the other zones.

The latter:

is interspersed with empty waste areas and sandy deserts
has the Indian Ocean to the east.

Zones 1 and 2 have few nations and populations.

The Islamic Shift

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan remained a relatively liberal and moderate Muslim state until the 1970s.

The loss of the eastern wing in 1971 transformed the Pakistani psyche. Apart from subverting the ’two-nation’ theory, a humiliating military defeat by India took a hefty toll on national pride. Unaccustonied to learning from history and more comfortable with myths of an imagined past, Pakistanis were susceptible to the Islamist charge that the ruling elite’s lack of religiosity had caused the country’s disintegration.

The Laws Depend on the Nature of the People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

As soon as mankind enter into a state of society, they lose the sense of their weakness. Equality ceases, and then commences the state of war.

Each particular society begins to feel its strength. This leads to a state of war between different nations.

The Legislative

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Were the executive power not to have a right of restraining the encroachments of the legislative body, the latter would become despotic. It might arrogate to itself what authority it pleased, it would soon destroy all the other powers.

The Liberty of the Citizen

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Relative to the constitution, political liberty arises from a distribution of the 3 powers.

Relative to the citizen, political liberty is in security.

The constitution might be free, but the subject not.
The citizen might be free, but not the constitution.

When the constitution is free by right and not in fact, the citizen will be free in fact, and not by right.

The Liberty Of Thought And Discussion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The liberty of the press is one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government.

The law of England today on press freedom is as servile as it was in the time of the Tudors. But there is little danger of its being used against political discussion except during insurrection. The governments in constitutional countries do not often attempt to control public expression.

The Luxury of China

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 6: The Luxury of China

SUMPTUARY laws might be necessary in some governments.

The population may grow so large because of the climate. The uncertainty of food might render a universal application to agriculture extremely necessary.

The Medium Of Circulation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A. The Metamorphosis of Commodities

Chapter 2 showed that the exchange of commodities implies contradictory and mutually exclusive conditions.

The difference between commodities and money does not sweep away these inconsistencies. Instead it develops a modus vivendi, a form in which they can exist side by side.

The Mercantile System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Colbert came later than Sully.

He was the first to treat political economy as a science
He reduced it to a body of doctrines as a uniform system of national wealth, probably suggested by merchants

It was called the Mercantile System, also as Colbertism

The Mercantile System:

The Natural Wants of Mankind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cheapness or plenty is the most proper way of procuring wealth and abundance.

Cheapness is the same thing with plenty. Water is so cheap because it is so plentiful. Diamonds are so dear because of their scarcity (Their real use seems not yet discovered).

The Nature Of Government And Its Progress In The First Ages Of Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We shall now explain:

the nature of government,
its different forms,
what circumstances gave occasion for it, and
how it is maintained.

There are 3 forms of government:

Monarchical - the supreme power is vested in one who can do what he pleases, make peace and war, impose taxes, etc. [tyranny]
Aristocratical - the state is run by magistrates chosen by a class of people, such as the wealthy or known families, [oligarchy + aristocracy]
Democratical - the state is run by the people together [democracy]

Aristocratical and democratical governments may be called republican. The division of government is into monarchical and republican.

The Origin of Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is a big difference between the mind’s perceptions:

when a man feels the pain of excessive heat, or the pleasure of moderate warmth
when he afterwards recalls to his memory this sensation, or anticipates it by his imagination.

These faculties may mimic the perceptions of the senses.

The Origin of the Natural Virtues and Vices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Actions Themselves Are Not The Basis Of Morality

We now examine natural virtues and vices which are independent of men’s artifice.

This examination will conclude this system of morals.

The chief actuating principle of the human mind is pleasure or pain. When these sensations are removed from our thought and feeling, we are incapable of:

The Other Qualities of our Idea of Space and Time

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Time is Sensible Only with Changes

Impressions always precede ideas.

Every idea first appears as a correspondent impression.

However, many of our ideas are so obscure that it is almost impossible for the mind to tell their nature and composition.

The People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The one thing people know about southern barbarians is that they are coarse, ugly, and very black.

I know nothing at all about those living on islands in the sea or in remote villages, but this is certainly true of those in the ordinary localities.

The Pleasure of Mutual Sympathy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Pleasure from Mutual Sympathy is not based on Self-Love, but from the similarity of the resonance of feelings

¹⁴ Regardless of the cause of sympathy, we are most pleased when other people have a fellow-feeling with our own emotions.

The Proper objects of Gratitude and Resentment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

^10-12 The gratitude and resentment that I mention is the natural gratitude and resentment and not the fake one.

¹³ We sympathize with the joy of our loved ones when in prosperity.

The Quantity and Quality of Wares

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Quantity of all Wares are known by Weight or Measure.

The cause of Gravity is not understood.

Does it come from the Elastisity of Air? Or the weight of the utmost Sphere or from other Causes?

The Science of War of the Romans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Romans devoted themselves entirely to war, and considered it as the only science. Vegetius says that this inspired them with the idea of the legion.

They judged that it would be necessary to arm the legion’s soldiers with weapons stronger and heavier than those of any other nation.

The Simplicity of criminal Laws in Different Governments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is generally said that justice should be administered with us as in Turkey.

Is it possible, then, that the most ignorant of all nations should be the most clear-sighted in a point which it most behoves mankind to know?

The Spirit of extreme Equality

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

AS distant as heaven is from earth, so is the true spirit of equality from that of extreme equality. The former does not imply that every body should command, or that no one should be commanded, but that we obey or command our equals. It endeavours not to shake off the authority of a master, but that its masters should be none but its equals.

The Stock for Consumption and Fixed Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Stock for Consumption

¹² The first is the part reserved for immediate consumption.

It affords no revenue or profit. It is made up of the stock of food, clothes, furniture, etc. which have been bought but not yet entirely consumed.

The Tao or True Nature is Nothingness

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 4: The Tao is Nirguna or Nothingness

¹ The Tao is like the emptiness of a vessel. In our use of it, we must be on our guard against all fullness. How deep and unfathomable it is, as if it were the Honoured Ancestor of all things!

The wants of the People in the South are different from those of the North

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In Europe, there is a kind of balance between the southern and northern nations.

Southern nations have every convenience of life, and few of its wants. Nature has given them much, and demands but little.

There are No Innate Speculative Principles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How to prove that any Knowledge is not innate.

The understanding has certain INNATE PRINCIPLES; some primary notions, Κοινὰι εὔνοιαι, characters, as it were stamped upon the mind of man.

Use Of Resources

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 8

The resources and facilities of the Bank shall be used exclusively to implement the purpose and functions set forth respectively in Articles 1 and 2 of this Agreement.

Vineyards, Sugar, Tobacco, Potatoes, Oats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Vineyards

³⁷ An undoubted maxim in ancient agriculture and in all the modern wine countries was that the perfected vineyard was the most valuable part of the farm.

Columella says that the ancient Italian husbandmen disputed whether it was advantageous to plant new vineyards. Like a true lover of cultivation, Columella sided with planting new vineyards. He presents it as a very profitable improvement by comparing its costs and profits.

Ways To Pay Public Debts: The Ruler's Personal Treasure or Credit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ Book 3 showed that the person who has a large revenue in the rude state of society can enjoy that revenue only by maintaining as many people as possible. A large revenue then might consist in basic necessities such as:

Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. All wealth consists of desirable things; that is, things which satisfy human wants directly or indirectly: but not all desirable things are reckoned as wealth. The affection of friends, for instance, is an important element of wellbeing, but it is not reckoned as wealth, except by a poetic licence. Let us then begin by classifying desirable things, and then consider which of them should be accounted as elements of wealth. In the absence of any short term in common use to represent all desirable things, or things that satisfy human wants, we may use the term Goods for that purpose. Desirable things or goods are Material, or Personal and Immaterial. Material goods consist of useful material things, and of all rights to hold, or use, or derive benefits from material things, or to receive them at a future time. Thus they include the physical gifts of nature, land and water, air and climate; the products of agriculture, mining, fishing, and manufacture; buildings, machinery, and implements; mortgages and other bonds; shares in public and private companies, all kinds of monopolies, patent-rights, copyrights; also rights of way and other rights of usage. Lastly, opportunities of travel, access to good scenery, museums, etc. are the embodiment of material facilities, external to a man; though the faculty of appreciating them is internal and personal.

What Causes the Increase in Productivity?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵ This great increase in productivity from the division of labour is due to three circumstances=

The increase of dexterity in every worker
The time savings commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another
The invention of many machines which=

facilitate and abridge labour, and
enable one man to do the work of many.

Increase in Skill

⁶ 1. The improvement of the worker’s dexterity increases the amount of the work he can do.

What is Knowledge?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Knowledge is Based on the Resemblance, Contrariety, Quality, and Quantity of Ideas to Each Other

There are 7 kinds of philosophical relation:

Resemblance
Identity
Relations of time and place
Proportion in quantity or number
Degrees in any quality
Contrariety
Causation

These relations are divided into 2 classes:

What is Luxury?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Luxury is an ambiguous word used both in a good and a bad sense. In general, it means great refinement in the gratification of the senses.

Any degree of it may be innocent or blameable, according to the age, country, or condition of the person. Its virtue and vice cannot here be exactly fixed, more than in other moral subjects.

Why Each Moment is a New Reality: Identity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The separation of existences is justified by 4 things:

An explanation of the principle of identity
Why the resemblance of our broken and interrupted perceptions causes us to unify them as a single identity
Proof of the propensity to unite these broken appearances by a continued existence.
An explanation for that force of conception arising from the propensity.

Justification 1: The view of any one object is not enough to convey the idea of identity.

In such a case:

Why Reason Is Not The Basis Of Morality

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Book 2, Part 3, Section 3 has proven that reason:

is perfectly inert, and
can never prevent or produce any action or affection.

Reason is the discovery of truth or falsehood.

Why We Assign a Continued Existence to Things

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Justification 3:

Any contradiction to our feelings gives us an uneasiness, whether it comes externally or internally as

the opposition of external objects
the combat of internal principles

On the contrary, we get pleasure from whatever matches our natural propensities as to:

Young Girls

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When a family is bringing up a daughter, her father and mother are sure to wish her well by saying, “May you have what really matters in future may you marry thousands and thousands of husbands!”

Youth Education

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A boy ceases to be a boy and becomes a youth in a critical period. At this point, the rest of the world proceeds to emancipate their children from the private tutor and the schoolmaster and launch them into absolute independence.

A Question of Size

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Based on a lecture given in London, August 1968, and first published in Resurgence, Journal of the Fourth World, Vol. II, No. 3, September/October 1968.

I was brought up on an interpretation of history which suggested that in the beginning was the family; then families got together and formed tribes; then a number of tribes formed a nation; then a number of nations formed a ‘Union’ or ‘United States’ of this or that; and that finally, we could look forward to a single World Government.

Mandalazation

Wed, 24 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The European colonial model—which dominated the last 500 years—was built on extraction, forced conversion, and violent hierarchy as it was based on the Negative force.

But history also had an example of large scale positive expansion as the Gupta Model.

Effective Demand and Nominal Price

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Before anything is created, there must be a desire for that thing. When this desire becomes more or less constant or persistent then it becomes an effective demand.

The effective demand is the actual demand which is realizable. This is opposed to absolute demand which is latent and not realizable in the foreseeable future.

Market Price

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Barter Trade

Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Circulating Capital

Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

If fixed capital is the engine of production, then circulating capital is its fuel.

In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith presents circulating capital as the active, transient partner to fixed capital—the portion of wealth that must constantly change hands, be consumed, and be replaced to generate income. For Smith, without a healthy circulation of this capital, even the finest machinery and most fertile lands would grind to a halt.

Adam Smith's Doctrine on the Real Price of Corn

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

What will Smith’s proposition lead to?

Let us assume that the real price of corn is unchangeable.*

Superphysics Note!

Here, Malthus falls for the same mistake as Ricardo who thought that the real price of corn is something physical or objective. In reality, Chapter 5 of the Wealth of Nations Book 1 explains that it is a metaphysical subjective measure for mental toil and trouble. Smith uses corn since everyone needs to eat to live, which then leads to all toil and trouble

It will follow that agriculture is immediately excluded from Smith’s principle which says that capital flows from one employment to another, according to the various and necessarily fluctuating wants of society.

The Essence or Dharma of Humanity

Tue, 10 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Pool Clearing and Clearing Funds

Sat, 24 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The points-economy works best for tightly-integrated economies such as a small town or a district of a large city.

Points-banking can then connect these local economies with each other, such as City A with City B.

Financial Crises: The Asian Crisis low G high D

Wed, 01 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The main flaw of money is its static nature. It does nothing by itself, unlike grains that can grow into food by themselves.

Money has to be spent or invested for it to gain dynamism and therefore gain value.

Economic Systems for Other Planets

Sun, 12 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Supereconomics and its sister science called Material Superphysics will work together to help each other in 2 ways:

Supereconomics will help procure the resources to create the experiments for Material Superphysics
Material Superphysics will help Supereconomics by creating new spacetime technologies so that humans can travel to other planets more easily and spread value there.

The first is done through a points-based system that can accept money or barter.

Physical Circulation

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Equation, Defined for Ecommerce

We use the 4th Law of value for Ecommerce as physical transportation of goods:

V_l4,t = k · P_t · γ_t

We redefined these in marketplace terms:

Detailed Description of the Map of the Earth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The map of the earth was done by the author of the Book of Roger.

I will give a detailed description and a general description.

Energy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

True economic development needs a proper energy policy to make it sustainable.

At the moment, the energy policies of most countries follow the Capitalist market model from the 1990s which enshrines shareholder returns.

Equilibrium Of Normal Demand And Supply

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. Supply prices are prices which dealers are willing to accept. What governs supply prices?*

Superphysics Note!

We call this real price

The last chapter looked at the affairs of 1 day.

Modern Industry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The capitalist focuses on centralization. It has:

agglomerated population
centralised the means of production
concentrated property in a few hands.

This necessarily led to political centralisation.

Probability and the Idea of Cause and Effect

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Knowledge is Based on Four Relations, Reason and Understanding is Based on One Relation: Causation

Those 4 relations of resemblance, contrariety, quality, and quantity are the foundation of science.

The other 3 relations do not depend on the idea.

Socialism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Socialism started gaining ground in the 19th century through the inequality that went with the rise of wealth of Europe from the Mercantile system.

The Destruction of the Barmecides

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Eventually, the Barmecides irritated the inner circle. They caused resentment among the elite and aroused the displeasure of high officials.

Jealousy and envy of all sorts began to show themselves, and the scorpions of intrigue crept into their soft beds in the government.

The Names of Simple Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Names of simple Ideas, Modes, and Substances, have each something peculiar.

Though all words, as I have shown, signify nothing immediately but the ideas in the mind of the speaker; yet, upon a nearer survey, we shall find the names of SIMPLE IDEAS, MIXED MODES (under which I comprise RELATIONS too), and NATURAL SUBSTANCES, have each of them something peculiar and different from the other. For example:—

The Substance Of Economics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. Economics is a study of men as they live and move and think in the ordinary business of life.

But it concerns itself chiefly with those motives which affect, most powerfully and most steadily, man’s conduct in the business part of his life. Everyone who is worth anything carries his higher nature with him into business; and, there as elsewhere, he is influenced by his personal affections, by his conceptions of duty and his reverence for high ideals. And it is true that the best energies of the ablest inventors and organizers of improved methods and appliances are stimulated by a noble emulation more than by any love of wealth for its own sake. But, for all that, the steadiest motive to ordinary business work is the desire for the pay which is the material reward of work. The pay may be on its way to be spent selfishly or unselfishly, for noble or base ends; and here the variety of human nature comes into play. But the motive is supplied by a definite amount of money: and it is this definite and exact money measurement of the steadiest motives in business life, which has enabled economics far to outrun every other branch of the study of man. Just as the chemist’s fine balance has made chemistry more exact than most other physical sciences; so this economist’s balance, rough and imperfect as it is, has made economics more exact than any other branch of social science. But of course economics cannot be compared with the exact physical sciences: for it deals with the ever changing and subtle forces of human nature4.

Tobacco Prices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴³ In Virginia and Maryland, tobacco cultivation is preferred as more profitable than wheat.

Tobacco is discouraged in Europe because it is taxed heavily.

Tax collection on tobacco plantations is more difficult than taxing it on its importation at the custom-house.

Where does time come from?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The idea of time arises altogether from how impressions appear to the mind, without time being one of those impressions.

Five notes played on a flute give us the impression and idea of time.

Why Jinnah Matters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The debate about the nature and character of the Pakistani state is most intense today.

Some still voice the demand for a theocratic state. The Pakistani Taliban is the most extreme expression of this. But more mainstream religious groups also call for the rule of the Shari’a.

Chinese Megaprojects

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

China is an easy example of overcapitalization in parts of its economy, most commonly seen in:

1. Bullet trains that transport a few people

Parallel to these concrete jungles is China’s $300 billion high-speed rail network, the largest in the world. While flagship routes between megacities like Beijing and Shanghai are packed and profitable, the story changes drastically on the secondary lines built to connect these new ghost cities to the broader economy.

Overcapitalization in Microeconomics

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Overcapitalization is a problem in countries that reveals itself in the short and medium terms.

This is solved by long term planning, cooperation, and organizational stability.

Dot Com and AI Boom

Overcaptilization was common during the Dot Com Boom and the current AI Boom.

Undercap in Microeconomics

Sun, 16 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Undercapitalization is a problem in organizations and businesses that reveals itself in the medium and long terms.

This is solved by long term planning, cooperation, and organizational stability.

A common undercapitalization is the lack of training of staff because they might use their learnings to apply for a job at a rival company where the cost of training was borne by their current company.

German Ideals

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Because of the growing impatience with the slow advance of liberal policy, the just irritation with those who used liberal phraseology in defence of anti-social privileges, and the boundless ambition seemingly justified by the material improvements already achieved, it came to pass that toward the turn of the century the belief in the basic tenets of liberalism was more and more relinquished. What had been achieved came to be regarded as a secure and imperishable possession, acquired once and for all. The eyes of the people became fixed on the new demands, the rapid satisfaction ofwhich seemed to be barred by the adherence to the old principles. It became more and more widely accepted that further advance could not be expected along the old lines within the general framework which had made past progress pOSSible, but only by a complete remodelling ofsociety. It was no longer a question of adding to or improving the existing machinery, but of completely scrapping and replaCing it. And as the hope of the new generation came to be centred on something completely new, interest in, and understanding of, the functioning of the existing society rapidly declined; and with the decline of the understanding of the way in which the free system worked our awareness of what depended on its existence also decreased.

MATERIAL CONDITIONS AND IDEAL ENDS

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Is it just or reasonable, that most voices against the main end of government should enslave the less number that would be free? More just it is, doubtless, if it come to force, that a less number compel a greater to retain, which can be no wrong to them, their liberty, than that a greater number, for the pleasure of their baseness, compel a less most injuriously to be their fellow slaves. They who seek nothing but their own just liberty, have always the right to win it, whenever they have the power, be the voices never so numerous that oppose it. John Milton.

THE END OF TRUTH

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

It is significant that the nationalisation of thought has proceeded everywhere pari passu with the nationalisation of industry. E. H. Carr.

The most effective way of making everybody serve the single system of ends towards which the social plan is directed is to make everybody believe in those ends. To make a totalitarian system function efficiently it is not enough that everybody should be forced to work for the same ends. It is essential that the people should come to regard them as their own ends.

The Socialist Roots Of Nazism

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

If Sombart’s outburst was at the time too much even for most Germans, another German professor arrived at essentially the same ideas in a more moderate and more scholarly, but for that reason even more effective, form. ProfessorJohann Plenge was as great an authority on Marx as Sombart. His book on Marx und Hegel marks the beginning of the modern Hegel-renaissance among Marxian scholars; and there can be no doubt about the genuinely socialist nature ofthe convictions with which he started.

THE SOCIALIST ROOTS OF NAZISM

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

All anti-liberal forces are combining against everything that is liberal. A. Moeller van den Bruck.

It is a common mistake to regard National-Socialism as a mere:

revolt against reason
irrational movement without intellectual background

If that were so, the movement would be much less dangerous than it is.

The Totalitarians In Our Midst

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

When authority presents itself in the guise of organisation it develops charms fascinating enough to convert communities of free people into totalitarian States. The Times.

The very magnitude of the outrages committed by the totalitarian governments, instead of increasing the fear that such a system might one day arise in this country, has rather strengthened the assurance that it cannot happen here.

Militia

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Moral judgments Are Not Based On Comparisons Or Relations

Fri, 10 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Thus, moral good and bad cannot be based on reason since reason cannot make that distinction.

Reason and judgment can be the intermediate cause of an action by directing a passion.

Capitalism

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Symbiosis of Capitalism, Liberalism, and Neoclassical Economics

We defined Capitalism as an economic system that uses outside ownership to amass private profits.

This requires:

private ownership
free markets to allow trading of ownership
the pursuit of profit

Private ownership naturally begins with civilization.

Civilized Workers

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the Civilized level, the workers are the employees and workers. This is the majority of society.

Historical Notes on the Analysis of Commodities

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The decisive outcome of the research carried on for over a century and a half by classical political economy, beginning with William Petty in Britain and Boisguillebert [1] in France, and ending with Ricardo in Britain and Sismondi in France, is an analysis of the aspects of the commodity into two forms of labour – use-value is reduced to concrete labour or purposive productive activity, exchange-value to labour-time or homogeneous social labour.

Marx' Theory

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marx’ theory has 2 propositions:

The forms or conditions of production are the fundamental determinant of social structures.

These structures in turn breed attitudes, actions and civilizations.

Marx illustrates this as:

Selfishness

Wed, 06 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The main enemy of the Common Interest is Selfish Interest which comes from the Negative Force.

This selfisness is enshrined in Economics, making it a dismal science.

Supply and demand, which science says should be brought to bear on him, have an up-hill task with such a man. The sun is free. Rich soil, in those unpeopled regions, is almost free. These are his supply. He works 30 minutes a day to produce produce pumpkin to match his “demand.” He thus quickly matches supply and demand [and stops working].

Unchecked Population Rises Geometrically

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Population, when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio.

Net Domestic Product

Mon, 27 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Profit Maximization

Mon, 20 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The previous unit explained that marginal utility should not be the basis for judging societal economic value because utility is subjective and personal.

It might be useful to a rich person to destroy a forest which has little use value to him, so he can build homes for fellow rich people who will find use for those homes.

Government Versus Sovereign

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I call public economy as government.

This has only the right of execution, and is binding only on individuals.

I call the supreme authority as Sovereignty.

This has the right of legislation, and in certain cases binds the body of the nation itself

The body politic, taken individually, may be considered as an organised, living body, resembling that of man.

Savage Man

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the operations of the brute, nature is the sole agent, whereas man has some share in his own operations, in his character as a free agent.

The Constituent Principle In The Various Forms Of Government

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To set forth the general cause of the above differences, we must here distinguish between government and its principle, as we did before between the State and the Sovereign.

The body of the magistrate may be composed of a greater or a less number of members. We said that the relation of the Sovereign to the subjects was greater in proportion as the people was more numerous, and, by a clear analogy, we may say the same of the relation of the government to the magistrates.

The Right of the Strongest

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The strongest can only be the master if he transforms:

strength into right
obedience into duty.

This is the basis of the right of the strongest.

Force is a physical power, and I fail to see what moral effect it can have.

The Tribunate

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sometimes:

an exact proportion cannot be established between the constituent parts of the State
causes that cannot be removed continually change the relation of one part to another

To solve this, I propose a body called the tribunate to preserve the laws and legislative power.

Whether The General Will Is Fallible

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The general will:

is always right
tends to the public advantage

But it does not follow that the deliberations of the people are always equally correct.

Our will is always for our own good, but we do not always see what that is.

Energy

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Impact of Wireless Energy Transmission: Nationalization of Energy

The future discovery of long range wireless energy transmission, together with sustainable nuclear fusion and antimatter power, will make power generation fully integrated.

Food and Nutrition

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Food supply chain (production, storage, distribution, retail)

Potable water for agriculture (irrigation)

Food safety inspection (prevention of contamination)

Nutritional support programs (school meals, food banks)

Infant formula / breast milk substitutes (where needed)

Healthcare and Medical Services

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Emergency medical services (ambulances, ERs)

Primary care clinics (general practitioners, nurses)

Hospitals (inpatient, surgical, intensive care)

Maternal and child health services (prenatal, delivery, pediatric)

Vaccination programs

Pharmaceutical supply (prescription and essential medicines)

Department Of Agriculture

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission Statement

The current mission statement as stated by the Biden Administration highlights the broad scope of the USDA:

To serve all Americans by providing effective, innovative, science-based public policy leadership in agriculture, food and nutrition, natural resource protection and management, rural development, and related issues with a commitment to delivering equitable and climate smart opportunities that inspire and help America thrive.

American farmers efficiently and safely produce food to meet the needs of individuals around the globe. Because of the innovation and resilience of the nation’s farmers, American agriculture is a model for the world.

International Trade Administration

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The International Trade Administration is centrally placed to craft and implement U.S. trade policy. Core to ITA’s mission is the expansion of trade and investment and the fostering of job creation, innovation, and economic growth, while also providing research and analysis that support USTR’s trade negotiations.

White House Policy Councils

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

As the federal government has ballooned in size over the past century, it has become increasingly difficult for the President alone to direct his agenda across the executive branch.

Three White House policy councils have come into existence to help the President to control the bureaucracy:

Further Characteristics of the Basic Needs

Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

III. FURTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIC NEEDS

The degree of fixity of the hierarchy of basic needs. – We have spoken so far as if this hierarchy were a fixed order but actually it is not nearly as rigid as we may have implied. It is true that most of the people with whom we have worked have seemed to have these basic needs in about the order that has been indicated. However, there have been a number of exceptions.

What is a Concept?

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

A “concept” is a mental integration of two or more perceptual concretes. These concretes are isolated by abstraction and united by a specific definition.

Every word of man’s language, with the exception of proper names, denotes a concept, as an abstraction that stands for an unlimited number of concretes of a specific kind.

What is Life?

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Metaphysically, life is the only phenomenon that is an end in itself.

It is a value gained and kept by a constant process of action.

Epistemologically, the concept of “value” genetically depend on and is derived from the antecedent concept of “life.”

Resource Mechanisms: Stores of Value

Wed, 24 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 1 explained the origin of nominal price as the need to have a common medium and measure of exchangeable value.

The Separation of Powers

Sun, 30 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 5: The Legislative Department

Composition, Terms of Office, and Qualifications
Legislative Privileges (Immunity from Arrest, Speech and Debate Clause)
The Lawmaking Process: First Reading to Presidential Veto Override

Chapter 6: The Executive Department

Qualifications, Succession, and Presidential Line of Succession
Emergency Powers and Commander-in-Chief Clause
Pardoning Power and Amnesty

Chapter 7: The Judicial Department

Hierarchy of Courts and Judicial Power
Judicial Independence and Security of Tenure
Rule-Making Power of the Supreme Court

Chapter 8: Fiscal Autonomy and Constitutional Commissions

Civil Service Commission: The Merit System
Commission on Elections: Plebiscites, Initiatives, and Referendums
Commission on Audit: Post-Audit and Disallowance Procedures

Secondary Arbitrage

Mon, 27 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Modern Economics only has the concept of secondary arbitrage.

This is the difference between the prices of products in the market, specficially the supply price, which is called the natural price" in Supereconomics, and the demand price, as the market price.

Two DCIT Scenarios

Sat, 25 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Hunter-Gatherer Scenario

Figure 1. A single hunter who consumes all the work of his industry

This scenario illustrates the DCIT model in the simplest form without trade. To meet the hunger (demand) of the hunter, he must gather his equipment and skill (capital) to hunt an animal (industry), which he will consume to satisfy his hunger.

Social Topographic Behavior

Sat, 21 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The Influence of Nature

David Hume explained, in “National Characters”, that the natural environment of a society plays are role in its behavior. If a person were shaped by nature and nurture, then a society’s character is likewise shaped by its natural environment and the social cycles that nurture it.

Human Rights

Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Human Rights arises from Worker mentality, and is frequently oppressed by the other 3 classes.

Politics

Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The warrior classs excels in control and the use of power.

Politics: Hard and Soft Power

Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The warrior classs excels in control and the use of power.

The Essentials of a Civilization

Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

A society-organism is a compound soul made up of a collection of waves which are represented by the soul-wave of every citizen.

The citizens that do not match the overall wave naturally leaves or wants to leave, or forms a mini-society with others of similar waves.

Pointization

Thu, 20 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The previous section explained how points-valuation works by converting the money-price of things into a points-price.

Points facilitate economic democracy by pegging value to the retail price of grains.

However, this creates short term, small-scale volatility since grain prices can change daily, but in small amounts.

Fascism

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Fascism emerged in Italy as a result of the end of World War 1.

Theocracies and State Religion

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

A theocracy is a system of government in which religious law and religious leaders hold supreme authority.

This is a combination of the warrior and thinker classes.

This happens because warriors need to continue their reign beyond the original warrior or king who established a dynasty or government.

The GR Ratio and Interest Rates

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Why are interest rates so important in Neoclassical Economics, but not so important in Classical Economics?

5 Factors That Affect Wages and Profits

Wed, 21 Dec 2016 00:00:00 +0000

According to Adam Smith, there are 5 factors that affect wages and profits:

The Effort Theory of Value

Fri, 30 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The natural and sustainable progress of economies is:

Proto-mercantile: The Rise Of The Merchants (1204-1420)

Sat, 11 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Venetians give Europe the first taste of commerce and manufactures

Year	Event
1204	Constantinople is sacked during the Fourth Crusade and treasures are brought back to Venice, which becomes a European power
1271	Marco Polo, a Venetian, leaves for Asia
1300	The Travels of Marco Polo is published, describing the East
1368	Start of the Ming Dynasty
1405	The Ming show off its wealth and power through its Treasure Fleet
1453	Fall of Constantinople

Economic Governance

Sun, 25 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Great Depression

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Supereconomics Solution to the Great Depression: Essential Barter and Deficit Investment

The Great Depression was caused by the doctrine of profit maximization which was gradually established from the 1870s to the 1890s and later formalized as Neo-Classical Economics.

3 Objections to the Indivisibility of the Atom or Quantum of Space

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Mathematicians Reject the Indivisibility of the Quantum of Space

My system of space and time has 2 parts intimately connected.

Part 1 depends on this chain of reasoning:

The mind’s capacity is not infinite.
Consequently, no idea of space or time consists of an infinite number of parts or inferior ideas.
Consequently, space or time consists of a finite number which are simple and indivisible.
Therefore, space and time can exist conformable to this idea.

If it were possible, then they certainly actually exist since their infinite divisibility is utterly impossible and contradictory.

A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

“Starting from these basic principles, the German workers’ party strives by all legal means for the free state—and—socialist society: that abolition of the wage system together with the iron law of wages – and—exploitation in every form; the elimination of all social and political inequality.”

A Paradox of the Ancients, in Respect to Manners

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Polybius was a judicious writer. He informs us that music was necessary to soften the manners of the Arcadians who lived in a cold gloomy country.

The inhabitants of Cynete slighted music and were the cruellest of all the Greeks. No other town was so immersed in luxury and debauch.

Adam Smith

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith was educated in that school in Scotland which has produced so many scholars, historians, and philosophers, of the highest celebrity. He published his Wealth of Nations in 1776.

Adult Education

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

But if he was thus careful in the education of the stripling, (1) the Spartan lawgiver showed a still greater anxiety in dealing with those who had reached the prime of opening manhood;

All the Arts are Subservient to the Natural Wants of Mankind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Those qualities, which are the ground of preference, and which give occasion to pleasure and pain, are the cause of many insignificant demands, which we by no means stand in need of.

Anticipations and Perpetual Funding

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹³ In Great Britain, the land and malt taxes are regularly anticipated every year by a borrowing clause.

This clause is constantly inserted into the acts which impose those taxes.

At the Straits

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

On Day 22, our General went ashore to the main, and in his company John Thomas, and Robert Winterhie, Oliver the master-gunner, John Brewer, Thomas Hood, and Thomas Drake. And entering on land, they presently met with 3 of the country people.

Babar vs Jinnah

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Babar-poet, autobiographer, loyal friend and devoted father—was perhaps too triumphalist for Mountbatten.

But Mountbatten had made a blunder. In suggesting Akbar, Mountbatten was clearly unaware of the impression he was conveying.

Bedouins are closer to being good than sedentary people

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

4. Bedouins are closer to being good than sedentary people

The 16 reason for it is that the soul in its first natural state of creation is ready to accept whatever good or evil may arrive and leave an imprint upon it.

Can our senses deceive us?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Can our senses deceive us? Where does the error of the senses come from?

We answer the question on external existence, by setting aside the metaphysical question of the identity of a thinking substance.

The Laws of an Aristocracy, Monarchy, Despotism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 10: The Character of the Spaniards and Chinese

The characters of the several nations are formed of virtues and vices, of good and bad qualities. From the happy mixture of these, great advantages result, and frequently where it would be least expected; there are others whence great evils arise — evils which one would not suspect.

Relation between the Weight of Taxes and Liberty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IT is a general rule that taxes:

can be higher the more liberty a person has, and
should be lower the more enslaved a person is.

This has always been and always will be the case. It is a rule derived from nature that never varies.

The Philosophy of Stoicism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁷ A wise man has his passions controlled. To him, the observation of this morality was always easy.

If he were in prosperity, he thanked Jupiter for giving him circumstances where there was little temptation to do wrong.

Circulating Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁸ The third division is the circulating capital.

It only affords a revenue by circulating or changing masters. It has 4 parts:

¹⁹ 1. The money which circulates and distributes the three other stocks to their proper consumers.

Catholicism is Best for a Monarchy, and the Protestant is Best for a Republic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A religion that is successfully adopted in a state is one that matches the plan of its government. This is because those who will follow it only know the current form for government.

The Monarchies we are acquainted with

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE monarchies that we know do not have liberty as their goal. Their only aim is the glory of:

the subject,
the state, and
the sovereign.

But from these come a spirit of liberty, which can achieve great things in monarchial states, similar to liberty itself.

Class Struggle Between Proletariat and Bourgeoisie

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Of all the classes that stand face to face with the capitalists today, the proletariat alone is revolutionary.

The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry
The proletariat is its special and essential product.

The lower middle class is made up the small manufacturer, the shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant.

Coin and Symbols of Value

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Money takes the shape of coin because it is the circulating medium.

The weight of gold represented in imagination by the prices or money-names of commodities, must confront those commodities, within the circulation, in the shape of coins or pieces of gold of a given denomination.

Conquests made by a Monarchy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IF a monarchy can survive before it is weakened by its increase, it will become formidable. Its strength will remain entire while pent up by the neighbouring monarchies.

Thus, a monarchy should not conquer beyond the natural limits of its government.

Consumption Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Taxes on possessions are naturally equal. But taxes on consumptions are naturally unequal. Sometimes they are paid by:

the merchant
the consumer, or
the importer, who must be repaid it by the consumer.

In Holland, all goods are deposited in a public warehouse, one key of which is kept by the commissioner of the customs, and another by the owner of the goods. If the goods are exported, no tax is advanced. But if they go into the country the consumer pays down the price to the merchant and the custom to the commissioner.

Danger of the Corruption of the Principle of Monarchical Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE danger is not when the state passes from one moderate to another moderate government, a republic to a monarchy, or from a monarchy to a republic, but when it switches from a moderate to a despotic government.

Essay On Human Understanding

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

CHAPTER I. KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL

Our Knowledge conversant about our Ideas only.

Since the mind, in all its thoughts and reasonings, hath no other immediate object but its own ideas, which it alone does or can contemplate, it is evident that our knowledge is only conversant about them.

Experiment 5

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Experiment 5

Let us place the passions and objects in all the different positions they are susceptible of.

Let us suppose that:

the same person, in previous experiments, is:
- my son or brother, or
- united to me by a long and familiar acquaintance.
the cause of the passion acquires a double relation of impressions and ideas to this person.

Let us see what the effects are of all these complicated attractions and relations.

Experiment 7

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Experiment 7

Let us here suppose an identity of passions along with a relation of ideas.

A transition of the passions from the one object to the other is here in all reason to be expected.

Experiments To Confirm My System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Everyone will agree to my conclusion on the transition of related impressions and ideas.

I will make some new experiments on:

Foreign Trade is the only way to improve the price of our Lands

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Money supply makes all things dear or cheap. This money is either gotten or lost in foreign trade by the over or under-balancing of foreign trade.

If we melt down our gold into coin, it would create a lot of money for a time. But we would not be richer. This money will be sent overseas if we=

Social Welfare Measures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The humanitarian and egalitarian sentiment helped produce:

the steeply graduated individual income tax
other measures directed at promoting the ‘‘welfare" of particular groups

The most important single set of measures is the bundle misleadingly labeled “social security.”

Household and Family Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Average household size
Single-person households
Multigenerational households
Marriage/divorce rates (affects consumption, savings, housing)
Birth rates (crude birth rate, total fertility rate)
Age at first marriage / first childbirth

How Pointization Counteracts Inflation and Deflation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The weakness of the money system is that it has no foundation or basis.

This is corrected by Pointization where we base the real value of everything on the retail price of the common grain. This leads to the following scenarios:

How Republican Governments were introduced

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Early societies had democratic governments. How were republican governments introduced?

Generally, a country’s location and its improvement in agriculture and trade make it favourable to the introduction of a republican government.

How the Laws Should be in an Aristocracy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IF the people are virtuous in an aristocracy, they enjoy very near the same happiness as in a popular government, and the state grows powerful.

But, as a great share of virtue is very rare where men’s fortunes are so unequal, the laws must tend as much as possible to infuse a spirit of moderation, and endeavour to re-establish that equalit y which was necessarily removed by the constitution.

How the Roman Law kept its Ground in the Demesne of the Lombards

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The law of the Lombards was impartial. The Romans were under no temptation to quit their own for it.

The motive which prevailed with the Romans under the Franks to make choice of the Salic law, did not take place in Italy; hence the Roman law maintained itself there, together with that of the Lombards.

How we judge the feelings of others

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our own feelings is the measure or decider of our sympathy or non-sympathy with the feelings of others

²⁰ When the feelings of the observee perfectly concords with the observer’s sympathies, they appear suitable to the observer.

Improper Customs Destroys Commerce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 13: How Improper Customs Destroys the Freedom of Commerce

WHEREVER commerce subsists, customs are established.

Commerce is the exportation and importation of merchandise with a view to the state’s advantage.
Customs are a right over this exportation and importation, founded also on the state’s advantage.

The state should be neutral between its customs and its commerce. These two should not interfere with each other. After this, the people enjoy a free commerce.

In Monarchies, Ministers Should not sit as Judges

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 6: In Monarchies, Ministers Should not sit as Judges

There are still many states where many judges to decide exchequer causes, and where the ministers judge cases.

In what Governments the Sovereign may be Judge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Machiavelli says:

Florence lost its liberty because its people did not judge cases of high-treason as a body, as was customary at Rome. Instead, they had 8 judges. Those few are corrupted by a few.

Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The good of mankind is the only object of all the laws of justice. Men’s possessions should be separated for the peace and interest of society.

Lecturer at Edinburgh

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

At Oxford

Smith returned to Scotland probably to get a Scotch university chair eventually. But he thought in the meantime to get a job as a traveling tutor to the Duke of Buccleugh, who was a ranking and wealthy young man. It was then a much-desired and a highly-paid job.

Liberty And Necessity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Different stations arise necessarily and uniformly from the necessary and uniform principles of human nature.

Men cannot:

live without society
be associated without government.

Government makes a distinction of property.

Lord Naoshige

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Lord Naoshige once said, “There is nothing felt quite so deeply as giri. There are times when someone like a cousin dies and it is not a matter of shedding tears. But we may hear of someone who lived 50-100 years ago, of whom we know nothing and who has no family ties with us whatsoever, and yet from a sense giri shed tears.”

Membership

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 1

The INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE established by the Charter of the United Nations as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations shall be constituted and shall function in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.

Membership

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 13

The members of the Court shall be elected for nine years and may be re-elected; provided, however, that of the judges elected at the first election, the terms of five judges shall expire at the end of three years and the terms of five more judges shall expire at the end of six years.
The judges whose terms are to expire at the end of the above-mentioned initial periods of three and six years shall be chosen by lot to be drawn by the Secretary-General immediately after the first election has been completed.
The members of the Court shall continue todischarge their duties until their places have been filled. Though replaced, they shall finish any cases which they may have begun.
In the case of the resignation of a member of the Court, the resignation shall be addressed to the President of the Court for transmission to the Secretary-General. This last notification makes the place vacant.

Article 14

Vacancies shall be filled by the same method as that laid down for the first election, subject to the following provision = the Secretary-General shall, within one month of the occurrence of the vacancy, proceed to issue the invitations provided for in Article 5, and the date of the election shall be fixed by the Security Council.

Mill's Assumptions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We keep the first Classical postulate that Wage is equal to the marginal product of labour.

Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Money is not a subject of commerce. It is only the instrument which men have agreed upon to facilitate the exchange of one commodity for another.

Money is not the wheel of trade. It is the oil which renders the motion of the wheels more smooth and easy.

Moral Sentiments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In many instances, the same principle produces our sentiments of morals and beauty.

Justice is the most esteemed virtue.
Injustice is the most detested vice.

There are no qualities which go farther to fix the amiable or odious character.

Motion Transfer in Bodies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We impulsively think of motion in Body 1 as the cause of motion in Body 2.

When we consider these objects with utmost attention, we find only that:

Body 1 approaches Body 2, and
The motion of Body 2 comes from Body 1, but without any sensible interval.

It is in vain to rack ourselves thinking about this.

Nouns and Adjectives

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE assignment of names to denote objects creates nouns substantive. It is one of the first steps towards the formation of language.

Two savages, who had never been taught to speak, but had been bred up remote from the societies of men, would naturally begin to form that language by which they would endeavour to make their mutual wants intelligible to each other, by uttering certain sounds, whenever they meant to denote certain objects.

Operating Principles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 14: Operating Principles

Bank operations will follow these principles:

These are for financing of specific projects, including those forming part of a national, sub-regional or regional development programme.

They may, however, include loans to, or guarantees of loans made to, national development banks or other suitable entities, in order that the latter may finance specific development projects whose individual financing requirements are not, in the opinion of the Bank, large enough to warrant the direct supervision of the Bank;

Other Functions of Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Money is the measure of value and the medium of circulation. Gold (or silver) is therefore money.

A. Hoarding

Buying and selling leads to the continuous circulation of money.

Palembang Sumatra (San Fotsi)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Silver bullion

Sumatra 三佛齊 is between Cambodia and Java. Its territory is over 15 chou provinces.

It is far south of Fujian, China and is reached in the winter by going with the monsoon for over a month, then come to Linga island (Lingyamon) where 1/3 of the passing merchants go before entering Palembang, Sumatra.

Parliaments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Parliaments are the backbone of that conventional democracy prevailing in the world today.

Parliament is a misrepresentation of the people, and parliamentary systems are a false solution to the problem of democracy.

Perfection

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 7: The Impartial Spectator

¹ The Tao thus creates Heaven and earth to last eternally for the sake of the Tao or True Nature, and not for the tao or Mother Nature.

Polygamy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In many countries, men took as many wives as they could maintain.

Voluntary divorce has inconveniences. Yet it is still within justice that a man should divorce his wife and take another for less reasons than adultery, because they make them quite unhappy together though either of them might live well elsewhere.

Principle 2: The imagination is free to transpose and change its ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Idea in Memory is Stronger than Idea in Imagination

When any impression enters the mind, it takes the form of an idea in 2 ways:

Procedure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 39

The official languages of the Court shall be French and English. If the parties agree that thecase shall be conducted in French, the judgment shall be delivered in French. If the parties agree that the case shall be conducted in English, the judgment shall be delivered in English.

Procedure Part 2

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 52

After the Court has received the proofs and evidence within the time specified for the purpose, it may refuse to accept any further oral or written evidence that one party may desire to present unless the other side consents.

Proofs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All the materials of thinking are derived either from our outward or inward feeling.

The mixture and composition of these belongs alone to the mind and will.

All our ideas are copies of our impressions. I have 2 proofs for this.

Public Continency

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

SO many are the imperfections that attend the loss of virtue in women, and so greatly are their minds depraved when this principal guard is removed, that, in a popular state, public incontinency may be considered as the last of miseries, and as a certain fore-runner of a change in the constitution.

Royal Authority Comes Only from Group Feeling

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because military strength is obtained only through group feeling which means mutual affection and willingness to fight and die for each other.

Royal authority is a noble and enjoyable position. It comprises:

Breaches of Moral Rules

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹ Therefore, there were three kinds of breaches of moral duty which came before the confessor’s tribunal, and fell under the casuists’ awareness.

²⁰

Breaches of the rules of justice

These rules are all express and positive. Their violation is naturally attended with=

Simmple Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Uncompounded Appearances.

The better to understand the nature, manner, and extent of our knowledge, one thing is carefully to be observed concerning the ideas we have; and that is, that some of them, are SIMPLE and some COMPLEX.

Skepticism amd Stoicism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I joined the company sitting in CLEANTHES’s library.

DEMEA gave compliments to CLEANTHES on:

the great care which he took of my education
his unwearied perseverance and constancy in all his friendships.

He said that the father of PAMPHILUS was your intimate friend. The son is your pupil which can even be regarded as your adopted son.

Socialism And Communism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Communism is complete. It has:

proletarian ideology
a new social system.

It is most complete, progressive, revolutionary and rational system in human history.

Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 22

Everyone, as a member of society:

has the right to social security
is entitled to realize the economic, social and cultural rights for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

These are done through national effort and international cooperation, according to the organization and resources of each State.

Specialization

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Generally, the work of one man in a rude state of society is the work of several men in an improved one. In every improved society:

the farmer is generally just a farmer, and
the manufacturer is just a manufacturer.

The labour needed to produce any manufacture is almost always divided among many hands.

Sumptuary Laws among the Romans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Public incontinence is the inseparable companion of luxury.

If we leave the motions of the heart at liberty, how shall we be able to restrain the weaknesses of the mind?

Sympathy with Gratitude and Resentment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When there is no approval of the Benefactor’s conduct, there is little sympathy with the Beneficiary’s gratitude. When there is no disapproval of the Erring Person’s motives, there is no sympathy with the Sufferer’s resentment

¹⁵ A benefactor’s action merits little reward if his good motives were misplaced, no matter how beneficial it was.

The Athenian Bureaucracy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Athenian polity, as a democracy, is not to my taste.

But they do seem to me to go the right way to preserve the democracy by the adoption of the particular type (2) which I have set forth.

The Cause of the influence of outcome

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

¹ The morality of any action is due to:

The heart’s intention, or
The resulting physical action caused by the intention or
The consequences which actually result from the action

These 3:

The Competence Of The Court

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 34

Only states may be parties in cases before the Court.
The Court, subject to and in conformity with its Rules, may request of public international organizations information relevant to cases before it, and shall receive such information presented by such organizations on their own initiative.

The Currency of Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The change of C—M—C causes the circulation of the material products of labour. It needs a given value in the shape of a commodity to begin and end the process.

The Degrees Of Our Knowledge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Of the degrees, or differences in clearness, of our Knowledge: I. Intuitive

All our knowledge consists of the ideas of the mind that it is capable of having.

The different clearness of our knowledge seems to me to lie in the different way of perception the mind has of the agreement or disagreement of any of its ideas.

The Development of Militias

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the beginning of society, the state’s defence required no police, nor particular provision for it.

The people rose up to oppose any attempt made against them. The chief in peacetime naturally preserved his influence in wartime.

The Effects of Pool Clearing

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Assume, then, that appropriate limits have been fixed for the deficit any one country will be allowed to incur, and the system is put into operation.

It will work smoothly as long as every nation avoids exceeding the deficit limits. In this respect it would be analogous to a Gold Standard system. It works satisfactorily as long as deficit countries balance their foreign exchange income and expenditure in such a way that their gold reserve remains intact.

The Father’s Consent to Marriage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE consent of fathers is founded on:

their authority as their right of property
their love, reason, and
the uncertainty of that of their children, whom youth confines in a state of ignorance, and passion in a state of ebriety.

In the small republics, or singular institutions already mentioned, they might have laws which gave to magistrates that right of inspection over the marriages of the children of citizens, which nature had already given to fathers. The love of the public might there equal or surpass all other love.

The First Principles of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The most surprizing about human affairs is:

the ease with which the many are governed by the few.
the implicit submission of men to their rulers.

What causes this?

We see:

The Four Kinds of Crimes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

LIBERTY is perfected when:

criminal laws derive each punishment from the nature of the crime.
there are then no arbitrary decisions
the punishment does not flow from the capriciousness of the legislator, but from the very nature of the thing
man uses no violence to man

There are four sorts of crimes:

The Gauls and Pyrrhus: Parallels between Carthage and Rome. The War of Hannibal

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE Romans had several wars against the Gauls. Both nations had:

a thirst of glory
a contempt of death
an inflexible resolution of conquering

But the weapons they used were different.

The inequality of the Natural Rights of Men

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Even in a state of pure nature, or of entire independence, men only enjoy their natural right to things of which they have need, by labour that is, by the exertion necessary to obtain them - thus, the right of all to all, reduces itself to that portion which each can procure, whether they live by the chase, or by fishing, or on the vegetables which nature spontaneously produces. But to make these exertions with success, they must have faculties of body and mind, and means, or proper instruments to act, and to obtain what is necessary to gratify their wants.

The Insufficiency of the Japanese Laws

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

EXCESSIVE punishments may even corrupt a despotic government as seen in Japan.

There, almost all crimes are punished with death because disobedience to the great Japanese emperor is reckoned an enormous crime. The question is not so much to correct the delinquent, as to vindicate the emperor’s authority.

The Interest Rates Overseas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our customs are very much improved, to the ratio of 6:1; which is not so much in advance of the rates of goods, as by increase of the bulk of trade.

The Just Proportion Between Punishments and Crimes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IT is an essential point, that there should be a certain proportion in punishments, because it is essential that a great crime should be avoided rather than a smaller, and that which is more pernicious to society rather than that which is less.

The Middle Class

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Moral of the following Fable will easily discover itself, without my explaining it.

One River met another, who had been long united. He said haughtily:

River 1

“What, Brother! Still in the same State? Still low and creeping? I have become a great river able to rival the Danube or the Rhine if the friendly Rains continue.

The Natural Progress of Opulence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Trade Between the Towns and the Countryside

¹ The great commerce of every civilized society is the one done between the people of the town and those of the countryside.

The Objects and Causes of Pride and Humility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pride [ego] and humility [shame] are:

simple and uniform impressions
directly contrary, but have the self as the object

The self is the succession of related ideas and impressions that we are intimately aware of.

The Opulence from the Division of Labour

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

The beginnings of the Wealth of Nations is from this Chapter to Part 4. We can conclude that the rest is to form his work on Jurisprudence

In an uncivilized nation where labour is undivided, everything is provided for by the natural needs of mankind.

The Origin of Ambition and Distinction of Ranks

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our sympathy with the false idea of the happiness of the rich and the great is the basis of ambition

¹⁶ We parade our riches and hide our poverty because people sympathize more with our joy than our sorrow.

The Philosophy of Aristotle -- Matter

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Aristotle’s Original Substance as a Universal Identity

Several moralists have recommended it as an excellent method of:

becoming acquainted with our own hearts, and
knowing our progress in virtue:
- to recollect our dreams in a morning, and
- examine them with the same rigour that we would apply on our most serious actions.

They say that our character:

The Physiocrats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

After the mid-18th century, Quesnay created his Tableau Economique to oppose the Mercantile System.

It was afterwards:

expounded by Mirabeau and the Abbe de Riviere
enlarged by Dupont de Nemours
adopted by the Economists of France which spread to Italy

Quesnay’s was the second system in political economy called the “territorial system” or “the system of the economists”.

The Principal Difference between the Commerce of the Ancients and the Moderns

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Commerce has changed through time.

European trade is currently carried on principally from the north to the south.

The difference of climate is the cause that the several nations have great occasion for the merchandizes of each other. For example, the liquors of the south, which are carried to the north, form a commerce little known to the ancients. Thus the burden of vessels, which was formerly computed by measures of corn, is at present determined by tons of liquor.

The Raw Produce Which Not Always Affords Rent

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵³ Human food is the only produce of land which always affords some rent to the landlord.

⁵⁴ After food, clothing and lodging are the two great wants of mankind.

The Rent and sale of government lands

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴ Land is a fund more naturally stable and permanent.

The rent of public lands was the main source of the public revenue of many large nations above the shepherd state.

The Roman Catholic Church

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Roman Catholic Church is the most intolerant of churches. They do not admit even the holiest of men to posthumous honours, until all that the devil could say against him is known and weighed.

The Seven Zones

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The ancient philosophers divided the cultivated part of the earth in the north into 7 zones by means of imaginary lines running from west to east. They maintain that these zones have different latitudinal extensions.

The Severity of Punishments in different Governments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE severity of punishments is fitter for despotic governments, whose principle is terror, than for a monarchy or a republic, whose spring is honour and virtue.

In moderate governments, the love of one’s country, shame, and the fear of blame, are restraining motives, capable of preventing a multitude of crimes. Here the greatest punishment of a bad action is conviction. The civil laws have, therefore, a softer way of correcting, and do not require so much force and severity.

The Spirit of the Roman Senate

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

UNDER the consulate of Acilius Glabrio and Piso, the Acilian law was made to prevent the intriguing for places.

Dio says that the senate engaged the consuls to propose it, by reason that C. Cornelius, the tribune, had resolved to cause more severe punishments to be established against this crime; to which the people seemed greatly inclined.

The State of Nature

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 4: The State of Nature

To understand political power and derive it from its origin, we must consider what state all men are naturally in.

This is a state of perfect freedom to act, and dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave or depending on the will of anyone else.

The Stoical System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cleanthes and the other Stoical philosophers had a system of their own.

They:

rejected the doctrine of the Solid Spheres
maintained that the celestial regions were filled with a fluid ether, of too yielding a nature to carry along with it, by any motion of its own, bodies so immensely great as the Sun, Moon, and Five Planets.

These, therefore, as well as the Fixed Stars, did not derive their motion from the circumambient body, but had each of them, in itself, and peculiar to itself, a vital principle of motion, which directed it to move with its own peculiar velocity, and its own peculiar direction.

The Unsocial feelings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hatred, Anger, and Resentment

²¹ Hatred and resentment must always be regulated before we can enter into them.

Our sympathy with them is divided between:

its subject, or the person who feels them, and
its object, or the person whom he is angry at.

The interests of these two are directly opposite.

The Value and Price of Wares

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Value of all Wares arise from their Use.

Things of no Use have no Value – They are good for nothing.

The Use of Things is to supply the Wants and Necessities of Man. There are 2 General Wants that Mankind is born with:

The World that Exists Through Action Materializes through Thinking.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

2. The world of the things that come into being as the result of action, materializes through thinking.

The existent universe comprises:

pure essences, such as the elements
the things resulting from their influence
the 3 things that come into being from the elements:

minerals
plants
animals

All these things are connected with the divine power.

Theoretical Underpinnings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Triffin World

The deep unhappiness with the prevailing economic order is rooted in:

persistent overvaluation of the dollar
asymmetric trade conditions.

Such overvaluation:

There are No Innate Practical Principles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

No moral Principles so clear and so generally received as the forementioned speculative Maxims.

If those speculative Maxims, whereof we discoursed in the foregoing chapter, have not an actual universal assent from all mankind, as we there proved, it is much more visible concerning PRACTICAL Principles, that they come short of an universal reception: and I think it will be hard to instance any one moral rule which can pretend to so general and ready an assent as, “What is, is”; or to be so manifest a truth as this, that “It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be.”

Third way of acquiring Property: Prescription

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Prescription is founded on:

the supposed attachment of the possessor to what he has possessed for a long time, and
the supposed detachment of the old possessor to what he no longer has possessed for a long time.

There are 4 things needed for a right by prescription:

Two Methods of Defense: Militias and Armies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Armies are Dominated by the Soldier Mentality

¹⁵ The state can use two methods for the public defence.

¹⁶ 1. It may enforce military exercises.

It may oblige some citizens of military age to become soldiers, in addition to their current profession. It may do this through a very rigorous police, despite the people’s contrary interest, genius, and inclinations.

What is Utilitarianism?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

People who use utility as the moral basis usually make the ignorant blunder of defining utility as being opposed to pleasure.

Pro-utility writers, from Epicurus to Bentham, defined it not something as different from pleasure, but pleasure itself. It includes an exemption from pain.

Why Interest was lowered one half after the Conquest of the Indies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

According to Garcilasso, interest fell from 10% to 5% in Spain after the conquest of South America.

That conquest brought in a lot of money suddenly into Europe.
Many persons got money and had a need for it.
The price of all things increased, while the value of money declined.
The proportion was then broken, and all the old debts were discharged.

We may recollect the time of the system when everything was at a high price except specie.

Yahya bin Aktham the Gay

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A parallel or similar story is that reported by the historians about Yahya bin Aktham, the judge and friend of al-Ma’mun.

He got drunk with al-Ma’mun one night from a date liquor (nabidh) which in their opinion was not forbidden.

The Greatest Resource -- Education

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Throughout history and in virtually every part of the earth men have lived and multiplied, and have created some form of culture. Always and everywhere they have found their means of subsistence and something to spare. Civilisations have been built up, have flourished, and, in most cases, have declined and perished. This is not the place to discuss why they have perished; but we can say: there must have been some failure of resources. In most instances new civilisations have arisen, on the same ground, which would be quite incomprehensible if a had been simply the material resources that had given out before. How could such resources have reconstituted themselves?

Technocracy

Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Governance Rooted in Science and Expertise

Technocracy is a system of leadership where authority is in experts instead of elected politicians, despots, or traditional dynasties.

This happens when traders dominate and want to maintain their dominance.

The Science of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Section 2: The scientific connotation of socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era

The major political judgment of socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era has rich and profound ideological connotations. In the report of the 19th National Congress of the CCP, Comrade Xi Jinping revealed the scientific connotation of the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics from five dimensions, comprehensively described the beautiful prospects of China in the new era from the perspective of the continuity of history and reality, the combination of goals and approaches, and the connection between domestic and international, and clarified the direction of efforts to win new victories of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

The man of faith and The man of force

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

With very rare and brief exceptions, pre-capitalist societies had no place for creativity.

Reason and its practical expression—free trade—were forbidden as a sin and a crime, or were tolerated, usually as ignoble activities, under the control of authorities who could revoke the tolerance at whim.

Marx The Sociologist

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The stratifying principle consists in the ownership, or the exclusion from ownership, of means of production such as factory buildings, machinery, raw materials and the consumers’ goods that enter into the workman’s budget.

Adam Smith's Proposition

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There are 2 obvious truths in political economy:

Corn might be just as successfully cultivated, and as much capital might be laid out upon the land, at the price of 20 shillings a quarter, as at the price of 100 shillings, provided that every commodity, both at home and abroad, were precisely proportioned to the reduced scale.

Office Of The Vice President (ovp)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The VP helps to promote and execute the President’s agenda.

Recent Presidents have decided to give Vice Presidents space in the West Wing.

The VP’s proximity to the President—as well as to the Chief of Staff and additional senior advisers—makes his or her role a powerful one within the West Wing.

Primary Arbitrage

Tue, 25 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Capital is combined with effort in order to produce real exchangeable value.

Primary Arbitrage is the difference between the real value perceived by the producer with the nominal value perceived by the buyer.

The Stock Exchange

Thu, 20 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Mercantilism created the concept of formal commodities trading, futures trading, and stock trading.

The Consumption Motive

Tue, 07 Apr 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The previous section explained that fellow economic feeling or common economic interest is the glue that:

keeps an economy together
prevents buyers from stealing from sellers by not paying
prevents sellers from running away from buyers after taking their money

But who is more important – the seller or the buyer?

The Culture of Society

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Culture is the expression of the society-organism just as personality is the expression of the individual soul.

This expression includes:

language
clothing
food preparation
music, song, and dance
manners and traditions
festivals
religion

Culture Shock

Not all culture is dharmic. Some means of expression are based on the lower mind. Examples are:

Healthcare Reform

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The current healthcare system focuses mainly on Western Medicine.

Alternative medicine such as Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, and Homeopathy are not seen in the same level as Western medicine.

Supersociology puts Alternative Medicine on the same level as Western Medicine.

Morality as an Effect of the Positive Force

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 2 explained that the Creator of the universe created the universe from Its Own metaphysical ideas and feelings. This is similar to a novelist who writes a novel from a stream of ideas and feelings coming from his metaphysical mind.

Aristotle's Philosophy is False

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are levels of opinions based on the people’s level of reason and knowledge:

the vulgar,
a false philosophy, and
the true.

The true philosophy approaches nearer to the feelings of the vulgar, than to those of a mistaken knowledge.

ECONOMIC GENERALIZATIONS OR LAWS

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. Economics, like every other science, collects facts, arranges and interprets them, and draws inferences from them.

“Observation and description, definition and classification are the preparatory activities. But what we desire to reach thereby is a knowledge of the interdependence of economic phenomena….

Equilibrium Of Normal Demand And Supply

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 4. I am:

investigating the equilibrium of normal demand and normal supply in their most general form
neglecting those features which are special to particular parts of economic science
confining my attention to those broad relations which are common to nearly the whole of it

Thus, I assume that:

General Remarks

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others.

What is this difference of quality in pleasures? What makes one pleasure more valuable than another?

Introduction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The rules which nations should observe, or do observe with one another, cannot be treated so accurately as private or public law.

The rules of property are pretty exactly established in every nation.

Monopoly and Cartel

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Mercantilism and Profit Maximization Reduces Choice

Mercantilism reduced choice by allowing state-run corporations monopolize the entire economy via colonization.

This system was replaced by Capitalism after steam engines, steam trains, and steam boats democratized production, transportation, and trade from the 1830s.

Partnerships

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ponzi Scheme

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Ponzi scheme is a type of investment scam that affects the Worker Class because of its attractive and easy appearances.

It promises high returns with little or no risk to investors.

Production. Consumption. Labour. Necessaries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. Man cannot create material things. In the mental and moral world indeed he may produce new ideas; but when he is said to produce material things, he really only produces utilities; or in other words, his efforts and sacrifices result in changing the form or arrangement of matter to adapt it better for the satisfaction of wants.

Smith the Poet

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith seems to have dreamed of becoming a poet when he was young.

Stewart says:

Solutions to Over-importing

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are 3 solutions to over-importing*:

Superphysics Note!

Over-importing will cause the importing Clearing Authority to be full of local currency and the exporting Clearing Authorities to be starved of cash. This will raise prices of those exports and reduce the price of the goods of the importing country.

1. Loans

The deficit country could be given a loan.

THE NAMES OF MIXED MODES AND RELATIONS

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Mixed modes stand for abstract Ideas, as other general Names.

The names of MIXED MODES, being general, they stand, as has been shewed, for sorts or species of things, each of which has its peculiar essence. The essences of these species also, as has been shewed, are nothing but the abstract ideas in the mind, to which the name is annexed. Thus far the names and essences of mixed modes have nothing but what is common to them with other ideas: but if we take a little nearer survey of them, we shall find that they have something peculiar, which perhaps may deserve our attention.

THE ORDER AND AIMS OF ECONOMIC STUDIES

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. We have seen that the economist must be greedy of facts; but that facts by themselves teach nothing. History tells of sequences and coincidences; but reason alone can interpret and draw lessons from them. The work to be done is so various that much of it must be left to be dealt with by trained common sense, which is the ultimate arbiter in every practical problem. Economic science is but the working of common sense aided by appliances of organized analysis and general reasoning, which facilitate the task of collecting, arranging, and drawing inferences from particular facts. Though its scope is always limited, though its work without the aid of common sense is vain, yet it enables common sense to go further in difficult problems than would otherwise be possible.

The Origin Of Justice And Property

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hume’s Division of Labour

We now examine two distinct questions:

How the rules of justice are established by men’s artifice, and
Why we attribute a moral beauty and deformity to the observance or neglect of these rules.

At first sight, nature seems to have been most cruel to man of all animals, in:

The Spanish Treasure cannot be kept from other Kingdoms by any Spanish prohibition

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The gold and silver mines in the West-Indies owned by the King of Spain have the greatest value of all mines.

This allows the King of Spain to rule over many good Italian states and enlarge his dominions by a continual war through the power of his money. His money is dispersed into so many countries. Yet it is united in supplying his wants both for war and peace in a plentiful manner from all the parts of Christendom. All Christendom therefore are the partakers of his treasure through Commerce. Spanish policy has tried to prevent all other Nations from getting this treasure as much as it could.

The Vain Man and Private Man

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Vain Man

²⁰ But the man of inferior rank cannot hope to distinguish himself by these kinds of accomplishments.

Politeness is so much the virtue of the great, that it will do little honour to anybody but themselves.

Yahya bin Aktham the Beginning of the Shia Dynasty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The silly historians all tell the same story about the beginning of the Shi’ah dynasty.

Abu ‘Abdallah al-Muhtasib went among the Kutamah urging acceptance of Muhammad’s family (the ‘Alids).

Moral judgments Are Not Based On Comparisons Or Relations

Fri, 10 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Some assert that:

the sense of morality consists in the discovery of some distinct relation, and
our enumeration was incomplete when we comprehended all demonstrable relations under 4 general heads . I do not know what to reply to this, until someone can point out to me this new relation.

It is impossible to refute a system which has never been explained yet.

Money Or Simple Circulation

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Gladstone:

spoke in a parliamentary debate on Sir Robert Peel’s Bank Act of 1844 and 1845
observed that:
- even love has not turned more Britons into fools than has meditation upon the nature of money
- the Dutch, on the other hand, possessed a divine sense for money speculation from time immemorial, have never lost their senses in speculation about money.

The commodity is the origin of money.

Marx The Economist

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

AS AN economic theorist, Marx was a very learned man.

I have called Marx a genius and a prophet.

Yet it is important to appreciate it. Geniuses and prophets do not usually excel in professional learning, and their originality, if any, is often due precisely to the fact that they do not. But nothing in Marx’s economics can be accounted for by any want of scholarship or training in the technique of theoretical analysis. He was a voracious reader and an indefatigable worker. He missed very few contributions of significance. And whatever he read he digested, wrestling with every fact or argument with a passion for detail most unusual in one whose glance habitually encompassed entire civilizations and secular developments. Criticizing and rejecting or accepting and coordinating, he always went to the bottom of every matter.

Hierarchy of Needs

Sat, 09 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The 1st Law is based on relational desires as effective demand.

This leads to the concept of human needs.

Selfishness, Utility, Maslow’s Needs

Because of the crudity of Economics being based on selfishness instead of common interest, the human needs are nowadays based on material needs.

Demand Ratios

Mon, 27 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Conventions are the Basis of Authority

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

No man has a natural authority over his fellow. Force creates no right.

Therefore, conventions are the basis of legitimate authority among men.

Grotius says that an individual can:

alienate his liberty
make himself a slave

Why could not a whole people do the same and make itself subject to a king?

The Limits Of The Sovereign Power

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The State is a moral person whose life is in the union of its members.

The most important of its cares is the care for its own preservation.

It must have a universal and compelling force, in order to move and dispose each part as may be most advantageous to the whole.

The Rules of legitimate or popular government and Rule 1

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rule 1. Follow in everything the general will

This is the most important rule.

This requires to know this will, and to distinguish it from the particular will.

We Must Always Go Back To A First Convention

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The first man who enclosed a piece of ground thought himself: “This is mine”.

He found people simple enough to believe him.

He was the real founder of civil society.

Departent of Commerce

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This is charged with promoting economic growth, innovation, and competitiveness while providing the data that American businesses need to succeed.

Intended to serve with clarity of purpose as the voice of business in any President’s Cabinet, the Department of Commerce has suffered from decades of regulatory capture, ideological drift, and lack of focus. One long-standing joke maintains that the department, with its lack of coherence, is a holding company for the parts of the federal government that could not be housed elsewhere. Thus, in the 1990s, calls emerged to abolish the department and either spin off, zero-out, or consolidate its functions among other entities.1 At the same time, the department has a higher profile now than perhaps ever in its history.

Executive Office Of The President

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Article 2 of the Constitution shows “[t]he executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.”1

That enormous power is not vested in departments or agencies, in staff or administrative bodies, in nongovernmental organizations or other equities and interests close to the government. The President must set and enforce a plan for the executive branch.

Recommendations for the Department of Agriculture

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Remove the U.S. from any association with U.N. and sustainable-development food production schemes.

Defend American agriculture and advance the critical importance of efficient and innovative food production, especially to advance safe and affordable food.

Objections 1-4

Fri, 31 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The most material objections I have met with against it are as follows:

Objection 1. Reducing our interest rates will cause lending to England to drop.

The Dutch and other people that have money put out at interest in England will bring home their money. It will consequently create a great scarcity of money amongst us.

The Importance of Public Opinion Rises with Uncertainty

Thu, 24 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

²³ In all cases, the agreement of our feelings and judgments with those of other people is important to us.

This importance is proportional to our own uncertainty of:

A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

“The German Workers’ party, in order to pave the way to the solution of the social question, demands the establishment of producers’ co-operative societies with state aid under the democratic control of the toiling people. The producers’ co-operative societies are to be called into being for industry and agriculture on such a scale that the socialist organization of the total labor will arise from them.”

Articles 1-12

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article: Eligibility

Non-human living beings are entitled to non-human rights.

Article : Conditional Right to Exist

Natural life is the commonly-perceived lifespan and behavior of a living entity.

A living being or species has a right to exist as long as it, by its own nature, does not endanger the continued existence of other living species.

Association of Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is a connection between:

the different thoughts or ideas of the mind
their appearance to the memory or imagination

They introduce each other with method and regularity.

Any thought which breaks in on the regular tract or chain of ideas is immediately remarked and rejected.

Atheism and Francis Bacon

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cleanthes

You and all speculative sceptics have a doctrine that are at variance in:

Borrowing And Other Miscellaneous Powers

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 21: GENERAL POWERS

The Bank shall have the power to:

Borrow funds in member countries or elsewhere, and in this connection to furnish such collateral or other security therefore as the Bank shall determine, provided always that=

a) before making a sale of its obligations in the territory of a country, the Bank shall have obtained its approval
b) where the obligations of the Bank are to be denominated in the currency of a member, the bank shall have obtained its approval
c) the Bank shall obtain the approval of the countries referred to in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph that the proceeds may be exchanged for the currency of any member without restriction; and
d) before determining to sell its obligations in a particular country, the Bank shall consider the amount of previous borrowing, if any, in that country, the amount of previous borrowing in other countries, and the possible availability of funds in such other countries; and shall give due regard to the general principle that its borrowings should to the greatest extent possible be diversified as to country of borrowing.

buy and sell securities the Bank has issued or guaranteed or in which it has invested, provided always that it shall have obtained the approval of any country in whose territory the securities are to be bought or sold;

Chaiya Thailand (Under Sumatra)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chaiya

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

Chaiya (Tanmaling) is under a ruler called Siangkung.

Its city is surrounded by a palisade 6-7 feet thick and over 20 feet high, strong enough to be mounted for fighting purposes.

The Abuse of Liberty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The great advantages of liberty causes that liberty itself to be abused.

A moderate government produces admirable effects and so this moderation is laid aside
A moderate government produces great taxes, and so they want raise even more
They received such gifts from liberty, but they go to slavery who never gives such
- Liberty produces high tax revenues
- The effect of high tax revenues is slavery
- Slavery reduces tax revenues

The eastern monarchs exempt every year some of their provinces from paying tribute as a favour. But in Europe, the edicts of princes are immediately disagreeable because they always mention their own wants, but none of ours.

Suicide to Stoics and Epicureans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁰ The Stoics sometimes talk of leaving life with a gaiety and even with a levity.

Money as Part of the General Stock of Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ Book 1 showed that the price of commodities is made up of rent, wages, and profit.

There are some commodities which has a price made up of wages and profits only.
There are very few in which it consists in wages only.

The price of every commodity resolves itself into some one, or other, or all of these three parts. If it goes neither to rent nor wages, then it goes to somebody’s profit.

Christian Beliefs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All Christians believe that:

the blessed are:
- the poor and humble
- those who are ill-used by the world
it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven
they should judge not, lest they be judged
they should swear not at all
they should love their neighbour as themselves
if one take their cloak, they should give him their coat also
they should take no thought for the morrow
if they would be perfect, they should sell all that they have and give it to the poor.

But in the sense of that living belief which regulates conduct, they believe these doctrines just up to the point to which it is usual to act on them.

Coal

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶¹ The non-food produce of land which afford rent, do not afford it always.

Even in cultivated countries, the demand for other produce does not always afford a greater price than what is sufficient to:

Corruption of Morality by our Admiration Of The Rich

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The similarity between the respect for greatness and respect for virtue corrupts morality.

²⁸ We are disposed to:

admire the rich and the powerful, and
despise the poor

Both of these are necessary to establish and maintain:

Creation and the Two Forces

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 32: The Process of Creation

¹ The Tao or True Nature, considered as unchanging, has no name.

² In its primordial simplicity it may be small. Yet the whole world dares not deal with (one embodying) it as a minister. If a king could guard and hold the Tao, everything would spontaneously submit themselves to him.

Discipline

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When everyone went out, there could be no military discipline.

They were all on the same level. Discipline was unnecessary because their common cause was so well discerned. When the highest orders went out, a principle of honour would supply the place of discipline. But when this office fell on the lowest order, the most severe and rigid discipline became necessary.

Divorce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The unlimited power of divorce in the latter ages of the Republic was productive of the most disorderly consequences, the prevention of which sufficiently atones for any hardships it may occasion.

Equality is Different from Infinity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A few mathematicians defend the hypothesis of indivisible points.

Yet these have the readiest and most proper answer.

They only need to reply that:

lines or surfaces are equal when the numbers of points in each are equal, and
as the proportion of the numbers varies, the proportion of the lines and surfaces also varies.

This answer is proper and obvious.

Existence Does Not Always Need a Cause

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philosophy has a general maxim: whatever exists must have a cause of existence.

This is founded on intuition, which is a kind of conviction.

Formation and Progress of Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Man’s labor and industry lets him satisfy his many wants.

His wealth comes from this industry.

A thing’s existence is more or less durable:

Fourth way of acquiring Property: Succession

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Succession has 2 kinds:

Testamentary

In testamentary succession, the distribution of goods is done according to the will of the deceased.

Legal

In legal succession, the law distributes the goods of the deceased to those whom the deceased is presumed to have chosen, according to some lawyers. But this supposes that testamentary succession came before legal succession, which is contrary to experience.

Glasgow Professor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Edinburgh lectures soon bore fruit.

Mr. Loudon was the Professor of Logic in Glasgow College.

On his death in 1750, Smith was appointed to the vacant chair and began 13 years of active academic work.

It was by far the happiest, most useful, and honourable period of Smith’s life. The appointment was done by a section of the Senatus called the Faculty Professors. Some of them had been Smith’s teachers 10 years before and knew him well. The choice was unanimous.

How Liberty was lost

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We have shown:

how republics arose, and
how they again became democratic.

We next show how:

this liberty was lost, and
how monarchy was introduced.

The republics mentioned must either:

How the Codes of Barbarian Laws, and the Capitularies were lost

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE Salic, the Ripuarian, Burgundian, and Visigoth laws, gradually became disused among the French.

Fiefs became hereditary and arriere-fiefs extended.

Many usages were introduced which made these laws obsolete. Disputes were still regulated by fines. But the value of money changed and so the fines were also changed.

How the Laws are in Monarchies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Honour is the principle of a monarchical government.

This is why the laws should be relative to the principle of honour.

The laws should:

support the nobility; in respect to whom, honour may be, in some measure, deemed both child and parent.
render the nobility hereditary; not as a boundary between the power of the prince and the weakness of the people, but as the link which connects them both.

In this government, substitutions, which preserve the estates of families undivided, are extremely useful, though in others not so proper.

How the Price of Things is fixed in the Variation of the Sign of Riches

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

MONEY is the price of merchandise or manufactures. But how shall we fix this price? By what piece of money is everything to be represented?

If we compare the mass of gold and silver in the whole world, with the quantity of merchandise in it, every merchandize may be compared to a portion of the entire mass of gold and silver. As the total of the one is to the total of the other, so part of the one will be to part of the other.

How we judge Relative to Our Ego

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When can we make moral judgements on others?

³⁰ We may make moral judgments on 2 occasions.

1. When the cause of such feelings are unrelated to us or the other person

³¹ In this case, we ascribe goodness to the other person if his feelings correspond to ours.

Imagination Creates Reality

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philosophers might be able to produce a few convincing arguments that objects can exist without a mind to observe them.

Philosophy tells us that everything we perceive are dependent on the mind.

Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The lowness of interest is the most certain sign of a nation’s prosperity. Lowness of interest is generally ascribed to plenty of money.

Interest Rates are Not Caused by Money Supply

But this is not true since the only effect of the plenty of money is to raise the price of labour. Silver is more common than gold. You receive more of it for the same commodities. But do you pay less interest for it?

Labor Market Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Labor force participation rate (by age, sex, ethnicity)
Employment-to-population ratio
Unemployment rate (by demographic subgroup)
Underemployment rate
Hours worked per week (average, by cohort)
Informal economy participation
Gig / contingent workforce share
Skill composition (low, medium, high-skilled labor)

Land Reform: Usufruct Land Titles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Mercantile period from the 16th to the 18th centuries led to the amassment of land ownership to a few wealthy individuals such as European conquistadors and religious orders. These were often connected to the colonial governments.

Money, Credit and Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Money is a Value made by a Law.

The Difference of its Value is known by the Stamp and Size of the Piece.

One Use of Money is as the Measure of Value.

Monuments and Infrastructure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. Dynasties are prior to towns and cities

Towns and cities are secondary products of royal authority because building and city planning are features of sedentary culture arising from luxury and tranquility.

Origin of Governments: Obedience, Justice, Liberty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A man, who is born in a family, is compelled to maintain society from:

necessity
natural inclination, and
habit

To further progress, he establishes political society in order to administer justice. Without justice, there can be no peace, safety, nor mutual intercourse among them. Therefore, the only purpose of the vast apparatus of our government is to distribute justice, or, in other words, support the 12 judges.

Productivity from the Division of Labor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰ The division of labour greatly increases productivity. This productivity in a well-governed society creates the universal opulence which extends to the poor.

Every worker produces a lot more goods than what he himself needs. This allows all workers to exchange their excess goods among each other, creating a general plenty that diffuses itself through the different ranks of society.

Proletarians and Communists

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Communist Party Versus Labor Parties

What is the relationship between Communists and the proletarians?

The Communist Party is not opposed to the other working-class parties.

Its interest is that of the proletariat as a whole.
It has no sectarian principles of its own, by which to shape and mould the proletarian movement.

The Communists are distinguished from the other working-class parties only in:

Property

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A man’s property is anything which it is lawful for him, and for him alone, to use.

But rule do we use to distinguish these objects?

But their ultimate goal of statutes, customs, precedents, etc is the interest and happiness of human society.

Recap of the foregoing chapters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁸ We only thoroughly sympathize with Person A’s gratitude to Person B if we totally go along with the motives of Person B. We must go along with Person B’s feelings, before we can entirely sympathize with Person A’s gratitude.

Spartan Lifestyle

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the lifestyle which he established for the people, irrespective of age?

Stocks

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Soon after the Revolution, the government needed to borrow money from its subjects at a higher rate than common interest.

It had to be repaid in a few years.

The funds to pay this interest were taxes on certain commodities.

Superiority of Armies vs Militia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁷ History shows the superiority of a well-regulated standing army over a militia.

Philip of Macedon

²⁸ The army of Philip of Macedon is one of the first standing armies documented.

Sympathy and Comparison

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sympathy

I will illustrate my system of morals by:

applying it to particular instances of virtue and vice, such as pride and humility
showing how their merit or demerit arises from 4 sources.

An excessive pride is universally hated.

The 4 Laws of Exchangeable Value

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Integrating Personal and Societal

Superphysics views a society as a metaphysical organism or oversoul that is made up of individual souls, just as a soul is a metaphysical organism made up of many selves.

The Aghlabids

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Dynasty and government serve as the world’s market place, attracting to it the products of scholarship and craftsmanship alike.

The wares on its market are as pure silver and fine gold whenever the established dynasty avoids:

The Amiable Virtues are Social Feelings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁹ A divided sympathy makes anger and resentment so disagreeable. The social and benevolent feelings are opposite to these. They cause a redoubled sympathy which almost always render them agreeable.

The Commerce of the Ancients

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Semiramis had immense treasures which could not be acquired in a day. It means that the Assyrians had pillaged other rich nations, as other nations afterwards pillaged them.

The effect of commerce is riches.
The effect of riches is luxury
The effect of luxury is the perfection of arts

The arts were carried to great perfection in Semiramis’ time. This shows that a considerable commerce was then established.

The Connection of Ideas (Relationality)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Simple Ideas are Connected by Resemblance, Contiguity, and Cause and Effect in order to Create Complex Ideas

All simple ideas may be:

separated by the imagination, and
united again in what form it pleases.

This separation and unity is guided by universal principles which render it always uniform with itself at all times and places.

The Correct Handling Of Contradictions Among The People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We are confronted by 2 types of social contradictions:

those between ourselves and the enemy
those among the people themselves.

These two are totally different in their nature.

On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed… p. 2.

To understand these two different types of contradictions correctly, we must first be clear on what is meant by:

The Discouragement of Agriculture after the Fall of the Roman Empire

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Engrossing of Land through the Law of Primogeniture and Entails

¹ The confusions which followed the defeat of the Western Roman empire defeat to the Germans and Scythians lasted for many centuries.

The Extensive Influence of the Beauty From Utility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ Utility is one of the principal sources of beauty.

A house’s convenience gives regular pleasure to the spectator. He is as much hurt when he sees its inconvenience, such as:

The Extent of the Influence of Outcome

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴ When an action, coming from good intentions:

fails to achieve its expected outcome, our sense of its merit is also reduced
exceeds its expected outcome, our sense of its merit is increased

When an action, coming from bad intentions:

The Four Taxation Maxims

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²³ Book 1 has shown that private revenue comes from rent, profit, and wages.

Every tax must ultimately be paid from any or all of those three kinds of revenue.

The Goals of Political Economy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

For Political Economy to be useful, it should not teach, what must necessarily take place, if even deduced by legitimate reasoning, and from undoubted premises.

It must show how in reality it does take place.

The Immortality Of The Soul

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is difficult to prove the Immortality of the Soul by reason alone. The arguments for it are derived from metaphysical, moral, or physical topics. But in reality, it is the gospel alone that has brought life and immortality to light.

The Law in Geneva and Rhodesia, Commercial Judges

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 16: An excellent Law of Rhodes

Geneva has an admirable law which excludes the children of bankrupts from the magistracy and even from the admittance into the great council until they have discharged their father’s debts.

The Natural Right of Men considered relatively to one another

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Men may be considered either in a state of solitude, or as congregated into societies.

If one views men as dispersed in such a manner as that they ant have no communication with one another, he perceives that they are completely in a state of pure nature, and of entire independence, without any relation either of justice or injustice as respects one another.

The Nature of Prepositions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The invention of prepositions was more difficult.

Every preposition denotes some relation considered in concrete with the co-relative object.

The preposition “above” denotes the concrete relation of superiority.

In “the tree above the cave”, the word “above” expresses a concrete relation between the tree and the cave.

The Party

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The party is:

a contemporary form of dictatorship
the modern instrument of dictatorial government

The party is the rule of a part over the whole.

As a party is not an individual, it creates a superficial democracy by establishing assemblies, committees, and propaganda through its members.

The Philosophy of Descartes -- Imagination

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Descartes has an Irregular Imagination

I am unjust in blaming the for:

using the imagination, and
allowing themselves to be entirely guided by the imagination in their reasonings.

There are two kinds of imagination:

The Principle of Effective Demand

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

In Economic Superphysics, demand is under the 1st Law of Value as Energy Movement

An entrepreneur has 2 kinds of expenses based on employment:

The Principles of Philosophical Enquiries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the first ages of society before the establishment of law, order, and security, people are not so curious to find out those hidden chains of events which bind together the seemingly disjointed appearances of nature.

The Problems of France and England Versus the Problems of Germany

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Once modern politico-social reality is subjected to criticism which rises to truly human problems, then it finds itself outside the German status quo.

Otherwise, it would reach out for its object below its object.

For example, the relation of industry and the world of wealth to the political world is one of the major problems of modern times.

The Protection of Non-Muslims

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Acceptance of minorities is another theme in his speeches.

Jinnah had regularly reminded his Muslim audience of what Islam maintains: ‘our own history and our Prophet have given the clearest proof that non Muslims have been treated not only justly and fairly but generously’.

The Real Meaning Of Sustenance And Profit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Profit is the value realized from human labor.

Man, by nature, needs something to feed him and to provide for him in all the conditions and stages of his life from the time of his (early) growth to his maturity and on to his old age.

The Reliance Of Sedentary People On Laws Destroys Their Fortitude And Power Of Resistance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because not everyone is master of his own affairs. Their leaders are few.

As a rule, man must by necessity be dominated by someone else.

Self-reliance eventually becomes a natural quality to the people if:

The Sinking Fund and Annuities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

To make large number simpler, the shillings and pences have been removed in some amounts.

²⁸ A sinking fund is instituted for the payment of old debts.

The State of Greece, Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt after the Depression of Carthage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hannibal did not abound in witticisms, especially in favour of Fabius and Marcellus against himself.

I am sorry to see Livy strew his flowers on these enormous colossuses of antiquity: I wish he had done like Homer, who neglects embellishing them, and knew so well how to put them in motion.

The System of Copernicus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The ruin of Roman Empire produced the entire neglect of the study of Nature.

The empire of the Caliphs established the peace required by the sciences.

It was under the protection of those generous and magnificent princes, that the ancient philosophy and astronomy of the Greeks were restored and established in the East.

The Ultimate Sanction Of The Principle Of Utility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What are the motives to obey a moral standard? What is the source of its obligation? Whence does it derive its binding force?

Moral standards arise whenever a person is called on to adopt a standard or refer morality to any basis on which he has not been accustomed to rest it.

Theoretical Underpinnings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In Triffin world, the reserve asset producer must run persistent current account deficits as the flip side of exporting reserve assets.

USTs become exported products which fuel the global trade system.

What is the Political Economy?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

¹ Political economy, as a science of a legislator, proposes:

To provide a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people by enabling them to provide it for themselves
To supply the state with a revenue for the public services

It proposes to enrich both the people and the sovereign.

When is War Lawful?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In general, whatever is the foundation of a proper lawsuit may be a just occasion of war.

The lawsuit’s foundation is the violation of some perfect right whose performance may be extorted by force.

World Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Zone 1: Egypt, Yemen, Sri Lanka, Korea

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Canaries from which Ptolemy began the determination of geographical longitude, are in the west. They are not part of the land mass of the first zone.

They lie in the Surrounding Sea. A number of islands constitute them. The largest and best known are three in number. They are said to be cultivated.

The Proper Use of Land

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Among material resources, the greatest, unquestionably, is the land, Study how a society uses its land, and you can come to pretty reliable conclusions as to what its future will be.

The Great Utopia

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

What has always made the state a hell on earth has been precisely that man has tried to make it his heaven. F. Hoelderlin.

That socialism has displaced liberalism as the doctrine held by the great majority of progressives does not simply mean that people had forgotten the warnings ofthe great liberal thinkers of the past about the consequences of collectivism. It has happened because they were persuaded of the very opposite of what these men had predicted. The extraordinary thing is that the same socialism that was not only early recognised as the gravest threat to freedom, but quite openly began as a reaction against the liberalism of the French Revolution, gained general acceptance under the flag ofliberty. It is rarely remembered now that socialism in its beginnings was frankly authoritarian. The French writers who laid the foundations of modern socialism had no doubt that their ideas could be put into practice only by a strong dictatorial government. To them socialism meant an attempt to “terminate the revolution” by a deliberate reorganisation of society on hierarchical lines, and the imposition of a coercive “spiritual power”. Where freedom was concerned, the founders of socialism made no bones about their intentions. Freedom of thought they regarded as the root-evil of nineteenth-century society, and the first ofmodern planners, Saint-Simon, even predicted that those who did not obey his proposed planning boards would be “treated as cattle”.

Ethnic group Unity

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The new era is when all ethnic groups in the country unite and struggle for a better life and gradually realize the common prosperity

The connotation of the new era of this dimension, focusing on the essential requirements of socialism, based on the direction of struggle, makes plans for the future life of the people, clarifies the value orientation of the new era, and highlights the people’s nature in the new era. Socialism is the cause of happiness for the vast majority of people.

Marx The Economist

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marx’ theory of value is unsatisfactory.

The right is not all on one side.

Many faulty arguments have been used by its opponents.

The essential point is not whether labor is the true “source” or “cause” of economic value.

The Rise and Fall of Rent

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the early periods of society, the knowledge and capital of society were employed on fresh and fertile land.

Their surplus produce gives extraordinary high profits, and extraordinary high wages, and appears but little in the shape of rent.

Low Education

Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Language as Social Expression

Sun, 17 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Cartesian Relationality explains the dynamics between the connection between 2 or more entities.

In Material Superphysics, this explains their movement relative to each other.

In Social Superphysics, this explains the movement of ideas between 2 or more entities through different media.

The Human Rights Code

Sun, 30 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

9: Inherent Rights and Liberty

Right to Life, Liberty, and Personal Security
Right to Human Dignity and Bodily Integrity

10: Civil and Political Rights

The Right to Vote and Participate in Public Affairs (Universal Suffrage)
Prohibition of Torture, Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment
Liberty of Movement and the Right to Travel

Right to Work, Just Conditions, and a Living Wage
Right to Adequate Housing, Food, and Continuous Improvement of Living Standards

12: Rights of Vulnerable Populations

Women’s Rights and Anti-Discrimination Acts (Anti-Catcalling, Gender Equality in the Workplace)
Children’s Rights and Juvenile Justice System
Indigenous Peoples’ Rights to Ancestral Domain and Cultural Integrity
Rights of Persons with Disabilities

13: Accountability and Remedies

Writs of Amparo, Habeas Data, and Habeas Corpus
Mandatory Human Rights Impact Assessments
Establishment and Jurisdiction of the National Human Rights Institution

14: Preliminary Provisions and Conflict of Laws

Effectivity of Laws, Ignorance of the Law, and Retroactivity
Rules on Personal Law vs. Territorial Law (Nationality Principle, Lex Rei Sitae)

15: Persons and Family Relations

Civil Personality: Birth, Presumptive Death, and Absence
Marriage: Requisites, Void and Voidable Marriages, Annulment vs. Declaration of Nullity
Divorce, Legal Separation, and Dissolution of Property Regimes
Support and Parental Authority (Surname, Custody, Legitimacy)

16: Property Law

Classification of Property: Movable/Immovable and Public/Private Domain
Ownership and Nuisance: Accession, Hidden Treasure, Easements
Co-ownership: Partition and Rights of First Refusal
Quieting of Title and Accion Publiciana/Reivindicatoria

17: Wills and Succession

Testamentary vs. Intestate Succession
Notarial Wills vs. Holographic Wills
Legitime (Compulsory Heirs) and Rights of Surviving Spouse
Disinheritance: Causes and Formal Requirements

18: Obligations and Contracts

Sources of Obligations: Law, Quasi-Contract, Delict, and Quasi-Delict
Essential Requisites of Contracts: Consent, Object, and Cause
Defective Contracts: Rescissible, Voidable, Unenforceable, and Void
Specific Contracts: Sale, Lease, Agency, Loan, Deposit, Mortgage, and Antichresis

Financial Crises: The 2008 Financial Crisis

Wed, 01 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The mercantile system enshrines money as wealth. This is opposite of the traditional political economy which based wealth of actual goods and services in society. The value of these goods were properly pegged to grains.

The GN Ratio

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The GN ratio is the rise or fall in inflation as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate the dominance of speculation, as a sign of liberal morals

God and Morality

Wed, 09 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The question ‘Does God exist?’ can be answered by ‘Can you perceive Existence?’.

Earlier, we said that:

every physical perception has a metaphysical idea-equivalent
all ideas come from The One by Its Desire
these ideas manifest in a gigantic Mind which houses all Its ideas, one of which is the idea of our current universe and everything inside it

these ideas exist inside the mind for them to be experienced, closing the loop between idea and experience
the journey from idea to experience is powered by feelings, of which desire is the main feeling
all movement is based on the differences of the dharma or true nature of all ideas of The One

Superphysics aims to solve problems, by moving from chronic problem into lasting solution, from suffering and doubt into happiness and knowledge.

Pre-mercantile: Discovery And Conquest For Gold And Silver (1420-1600)

Sat, 11 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Portuguese and Spanish want to join in the Italians’ business through sea exploration, since the way to the East was blockeed by the Arabs through fall of Constantinople

Year	Event
1425	Henry the Navigator develops the caravel to be used to seek a sea route to the East
1488	Portuguese Bartolomeu Dias reaches Cape of Good Hope
1492	Italian Christopher Columbus reaches the Americas through Spanish support
1498	Portuguese Vasco da Gama reaches India
1577	Venice suffers from the Black Death while having lost its Eastern trade to the Portuguese
1588	Spanish Armada defeated by the British

Entails

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How Entails Prevented Alienation

⁵ Entails are the natural consequences of the law of primogeniture.

They were introduced to preserve a lineal succession established by the law of primogeniture.

Father Malebranche

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Demea

I imagine that you Cleanthes were:

France Versus Germany

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Meanwhile, a major difficulty stands in the way of a radical German revolution.

Revolutions require a passive element, a material basis.

Theory is fulfilled in a people only insofar as it is the fulfilment of the needs of that people.

How to Make Society More Harmonious

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁶ But the observer’s feelings will still fall short of what is felt by the sufferer.

Mankind is naturally sympathetic because we can never exactly conceive the feelings in the sufferer.

The Different Kinds of Values

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Principles

Principles	Assertions
Value has a personal and societal perspective	The personal is use value. The societal is exchangeable value.

The previous chapters explained that:

Short-Term Devaluation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

2. Make the Devaluation Short-term Only

Devaluation is the second solution when a debtor country is unable to sell enough to pay for its purchases.

There is normally some level for each currency at which exports and imports will balance.

The Investment And Distribution Of Resources

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. The first difficulty to be cleared up in our study of normal values, is the nature of the motives which govern the investment of resources for a distant return.

The State of Greece, Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt after the Depression of Carthage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The greatest part of Macedonia was surrounded with inaccessible mountains. Its inhabitants were formed by nature for war: courageous, obedient, industrious, and indefatigable.

These qualities must necessarily have been owing to the climate, since the natives of it are, to this day, the best soldiers in the Turkish empire.

When Lord Takanobu

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When Lord Takanobu was at the Battle of Bungo, a messenger came from the enemy camp bearing sake and food. Takanobu wanted to partake of this quickly, but the men at his side stopped him, saying, “Presents from the enemy are likely to be poisoned. This is not something that a general should eat.”

Two Objections To This System

Fri, 10 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Objection 1: Morality does not come from sympathy

We approve of qualities that benefit mankind because it presents the lively idea of pleasure.

Marx The Economist

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In doing so he not only displayed much keener perception of the nature of the problem involved, but he also improved the conceptual apparatus he received. For instance, he replaced to good purpose Ricardo’s distinction between fixed and circulating capital by the distinction between constant and variable (wage) capital, and Ricardo’s rudimentary notions about duration of the processes of production by the much more rigorous concept of “organic structure of capital” which turns on the relation between constant and variable capital. He also made many other contributions to the theory of capital.

We will however confine ourselves now to his explanation of the net return to capital, his Theory of Exploitation.

Marx The Teacher

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

IV. A DMINISTERING C APITALISM?

So far, then, we have not seen any convincing reason why the experiments in political responsibility that socialist parties made after 1918 should not have been perfectly successful. To repeat: in some countries— in Sweden for instance—socialists merely continued to consolidate a power they had acquired before; in others, power had come naturally to them without having to be conquered by revolutionary action; in all countries, they seemed to be much more in a position to grapple with the great problems of the time than was any other party.

As I have put it before, they almost seemed to monopolize the essential conditions for success. Moreover, though most of them had not had any previous experience in office, they had acquired plenty of experience of a most useful sort in 17 This of course particularly applies to the communist group or groups in the United States. The conditions of American politics are not favorable to the growth of an official communist party—a few county treasurerships do not go far from the recruiting standpoint. But the importance of the communist element must not be measured by the membership of the official party. Those intellectuals who are either straight communists or fellow travelers have really no motive to join it. They have every motive to stay out of it, for they are much better able to serve if, without carrying the badge, they conquer positions on opinion-producing committees or in administrative bodies and so on, remaining free to deny, with perfect truth, that they are communists in a party sense. Such invisible groups are incapable of concerted action except for the lead from Moscow.

How Minimum Needs Removes Inequality

Sat, 09 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Instead of marginal utility, Supereconomics uses:

minimum needs, to be explained in Chapter 5
the grain index, explained in Chapter 8.

These concepts will let people spend and invest for the essential sectors or industries of the economy, whether it is profitable or not.

Banking: The different Measurs Done to Preserve and Increase Money

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Measures have been used to preserve and Increase Money, have in some Countries been opposite to what has been used in others: And opposite Measures have been us’d in the same Countries, without any differing Circumstances to occasion them.

Banking: The different Measurs Done to Preserve and Increase Money

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Several Measures now propos’d, consider’d. As, raising or allaying the Money. Coyning the Plate. Regulating the Ballance of Trade. Or, Re-establishing the Bank.

When I use the Words, Raising the Money, I desire to be understood raising it in the Denomination; For I do not suppose it adds to the Value.

How far Trade depends on Money

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Trade is either Domestic, or Foreign.

Domestic Trade is the Imployment of the People, and the Exchange of Goods within the Country.

How Goods are valued. Barter, Silver

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There are several Proposals offer’d to Remedy the Nation’s great Scarcity of Money.

Increasing the Silver Money or Establishing a Credit of Silver Money are ineffectual

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Silver Money has fallen much from the Value it had. That Land is of greater Value. That Silver may lose the additional Value it received from being used as Money.

The Rude State

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the rudest state of mankind, hunting is the principal occupation and the only mode of acquiring food.

Law

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

By the social compact we have given the body politic existence and life.

We have now by legislation to give it movement and will.

For the original act by which the body is formed and united still in no respect determines what it ought to do for its preservation.

Rule 2: Make the Particular Wills Conform with the General Will

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rule 2: If you would have the general will accomplished, bring all the particular wills into conformity with it

Virtue is nothing more than this conformity of the particular wills with the general will, establish the reign of virtue.

The Dictatorship

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The inflexibility of the laws prevents them from adapting themselves to circumstances.

This may render them disastrous and ruinous to the State.

The order and slowness of the forms they enjoin require a space of time which circumstances sometimes withhold.

The Division Of Governments

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Sovereign may commit the charge of the government to the whole people or to the majority of the people, so that more citizens are magistrates than are mere private individuals. This form of government is called democracy.

We Must Always Go Back To A First Convention

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There will always be a great difference between subduing a multitude and ruling a society.

Land Rights

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Language Reform

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Local Language Reform

The medium of instruction should be in the native language until 11 years old. This will strengthen the native culture.

At 12, the language should change to English as a global language

Social Security and Welfare

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Executive Branch

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Executive Branch Represents the Leaders and Warriors.

Bureau Of Industry And Security

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

During the past two decades, technology transfer from America and its allies has helped accelerate adversaries’ technological and weapons capabilities. This technology transfer on a massive scale has occurred because of adversaries’ exploitation of the U.S.’s open economy and education system through both commercial transactions and university and government research programs.

Reduce the premium subsidy rate for crop insurance

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

On average, taxpayers cover about 60% of the premium cost for policies purchased in the federal crop insurance program.

One of the most widely supported and bipartisan policy reforms is to reduce the premium subsidy that taxpayers are forced to pay.

The Core Tradeoff

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The persistent, price-inelastic demand for reserve assets gives the US the burden of an overvalued currency with only the gain of:

modestly cheaper borrowing.
geopolitical advantages of achieving core national security aims at minimal cost via financial extraterritoriality.

This overvaluation erodes the competitiveness of our export sector.

Summary

Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

(1) There are at least 5 sets of goals, which we may call basic needs:

Physiological
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self-actualization

In addition, we are motivated by the desire to achieve or maintain the various conditions upon which these basic satisfactions rest and by certain more intellectual desires.

Rational Versus Irrational

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The Objectivist ethics holds man’s life as the standard of value—and his own life as the ethical purpose of every individual man.

The difference between “standard” and “purpose” in this context is as follows: a “standard” is an abstract principle that serves as a measurement or gauge to guide a man’s choices in the achievement of a concrete, specific purpose.

What is Happiness?

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Happiness is that state of consciousness which proceeds from the achievement of one’s values.

If a man values productive work, then his happiness is in the service of his life.

But if a man values destruction, then his happiness is in the service of his own destruction.

The emotional state of irrationalists cannot be properly designated as happiness or even as pleasure.

A Story of Jewish Politics

Wed, 21 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The Jews at the time of Moses were torn between two sides:

those who wanted to stay comfortably in Egypt as slaves and employees
- These are the left-wing or liberals
those who wanted to be independent and leave Egypt
- These are the right-wing or nationalists

Right-wing Moses

A right-wing leader named Moses emerged and brought them out of Egypt and formed the God Party with its Ten Commandments as its Constitution, guided by the Anunnaki Enki.

The Common Interest as The Conscience of Society

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 1 explained that common interest unifies souls into societies.

A soul manifests in the physical dimension through a physical body which can be thought of as its vehicle. To maintain itself, the soul develops 2 things:

The Government of the Kings of Rome

Sun, 27 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

THE government of the kings of Rome had some relation to that of the heroic Greek kings. It was generally good, but had a defect

In order to give an adequate idea of thi s government, I shall distinguish that of the first five kings, that of Ser vius Tullus, and that of Tarquin.

Praise and Blame

Tue, 22 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

³² Praise and blame actually express praiseworthiness and blameworthiness.

The love of praise is the desire of obtaining our brethren’s favourable sentiments.
The love of praiseworthiness is the desire of rendering ourselves the proper objects of those sentiments.

Those two principles resemble. The dread of blame and that of blame-worthiness has the similar affinity.

Mercantile Period: The Problem Begins (1600-1799)

Sat, 11 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Trade and the Commercial Company Spread Around the World Like a Virus. With the Spanish defeated, other Europeans join in the colonization game with their own merchants through the invention of companies, paper financial products, and commodities trading

A Prince should not engage himself in Commerce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 19: A Prince should not engage in Commerce

Theophilus saw a vessel laden with merchandises for his wife Theodora and ordered it to be burnt. He said= “I am Emperor, and you make me the master of a galley. How shall these poor men gain a livelihood, if we take their trade out of their hands?”

A Royal Family Can Found A Dynasty That Can Dispense With Group Feeling

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because the group feeling in which a member of a royal family shares may have much power over nations and races.

Abolition of the Family and Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Even the most radical flare up at our call to abolish the family.

The capitalist family:

is based on capital and private gain.
will vanish with the vanishing of capital.

We want to stop the exploitation of children by their parents.

Abstract Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract or General Ideas are Specific Ideas Which are Given a Name

Are abstract or general ideas conceived by the mind in a general or particular way?

George Berkeley was a great philosopher. He has asserted that all general ideas are merely specific ideas annexed to a certain term.

At Lima

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We continued our course. We arrived on November 29 at an island called La Mocha where we cast anchor.

Our General went out our boat with 10 of our company to shore.

Changes In Value, Absolute And Relative

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Whenever there is occasion to go back to the fundamental conceptions on which any science rests, and to formulate them with accuracy, we almost always encounter difficulties, which come, sometimes from the very nature of these conceptions, but more often from the imperfections of language.

For instance, in the writings of economists, the definition of value, and the distinction between absolute and relative value, are rather obscure: a very simple and strikingly exact comparison will serve to throw light on this.

The Muslim Conquest and Tax Exemption

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This excess of taxes helped the Muslims carry on their conquests.

The people were subjected to a simple tribute, paid and collected with ease.
They were far happier in obeying a barbarous nation than a corrupt government that enslaved them.

Chapter 17: Troop Increase

The Muslim conquest induced our princes to keep up an exorbitant number of troops. As soon as one prince augments his forces, the others do the same. This leads to the public ruin. Each monarch keeps as many armies as if his people were in danger of being exterminated. They call this this general effort of all against all as “peace”.

The Concept of Suicide in Moral Philosophy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Suicide is rooted on pride

³⁵ Suicide was never very common among the Greeks. I cannot remember any illustrious Greek hero who died by his own hand, other than Cleomenes.

Class

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The political class system is the same as a party, tribal, or sectarian system since a class dominates society in the same way that a party, tribe or sect would.

College Administrator

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A common misconception was that Smith was helpless in business.

One of his Edinburgh neighbours told Robert Chambers that Smith wrote so well on exchange and barter. But that it was strange that he was obliged to get a friend to buy his horse corn for him.

Corporations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Currencies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 23: Determination Of Convertibility

Whenever it shall become necessary under this Agreement to determine whether any currency is convertible, such determination shall be made by the Bank after consultation with the IMF.

Definition Of A Straight Line

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Mathematicians pretend to give an exact definition of a straight line when they say that it is the shortest way between 2 points.

This is more the discovery of one of the properties of a straight line.

Doubts on the Mind's Operations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰ All the objects of human reason is divided into 2 kinds:

Relations of Ideas

This includes Geometry, Algebra, and Arithmetic – every affirmation which is either intuitively or demonstratively certain.

Economic Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This contrariety of passions would have a small danger if it did not concur with our outward circumstances.

Different goods provide us with:

the internal satisfaction of our minds,
- We are perfectly secure in the enjoyment of this.
the external advantages of our body, and
- This may be ravished from us by others.
- But they can get no advantage in doing so.
the enjoyment of those possessions acquired by our industry and good fortune. These are exposed to the violence of others. These may be transferred without suffering any loss or alteration. There are not enough of these goods to supply everyone’s desires and necessities. The improvement of these goods is the chief advantage of society. Their scarcity and the instability of their possession is the chief impediment.

We should not:

Effective Demand and the Demand Motive

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹² The amount of commodities human industry can buy or produce is naturally regulated by the effective demand in every country.

The effective demand is the demand of the people who are willing to pay the rent, labour, and profits needed to make them and bring them to market.

Entails as Testamentary Succession

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Entails engrossed land the most and therefore, it took the longest to be established.

It was very natural to give a man a right to dispose of his property while he lived.

Exchange

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE relative abundance and scarcity of coin in different countries leads to the course of exchange. Exchange is a fixing of the actual and momentary value of coin.

Silver, as metal, has a value like all other merchandise.

French Annuities; British Debt

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁶ In France, the seat of government is not in a great mercantile city. Merchants do not make up the people who advance money to government.

The lenders for all public exigencies are made mostly of:

Geographic and Migration Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Urban vs. rural population share
Population density
Net migration rate (domestic + international)
Remittance flows (by origin/destination)
Regional population concentrations (e.g., coastal vs. inland)
Commuting zones / travel-to-work areas

Heroism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All of us have a wonderful partiality for ourselves.

We establish the rules of good-breeding:

How the Division of Labour Multiplies Productivity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How does this division of labour multiply productivity, or, which is the same thing, how does opulence arise from it?

The effect of the division of labour can be seen in some manufactures. If all the parts of a pin were made by one man, it would take him a whole year to make one pin.

How the Romans Conquered all Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

DURING the course of so mighty a prosperity, in which it is usual for mankind to forget themselves, the senate continued to act with the same depth of judgment.

While their armies were spreading an universal terror, they would not suffer those to rise who were once depressed.

Hume's Physics: Identity and Space for that Identity to Exist

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hume’s Primary Qualities of the Material Universe: Space and Identity

If we remove the sounds, colours, heat, cold, and other sensible qualities of an external object, then we only are left with ‘primary qualities’.

Language and Savages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The country’s language consists of sounds that are its own, and despite being nearby, neither the Chams nor the Siamese can make themselves understood.

The words for numbers are:

mei
bie
bei
ban
bolan
bolanmei
bolanbie
bolanbei
bolanban
ten da

Fathers and paternal uncles are called batou.

Malaysia (Under Sumatra)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

9. Kedah, Langkasuka (Lingyassikia)

Activity	Method
Trade	Bullion

Kedah can be reached from Chaiya by sailing six days. There is also an overland road between the two countries.

Its ruler wears a sarong and goes barefooted. The people cut their hair and also wear sarongs.

Metayers and Sharecropping

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹ A species of farmers known as Metayers in France gradually succeeded the ancient slaves.

They are called Coloni Partiarii in Latin. They were so long in disuse in England that I know no English name for them at present.

Military Monarchy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What form of government succeeded the republican?

When small republics were conquered by another state, monarchy, or whatever government the conquerors wanted was established. They generally followed the model of their own country.

Modes and Substances

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Modes and Substances are Just Simple Ideas Connected Together by the Mind

Some philosophers:

based their reasonings on the distinction of substance and accident, and
imagined we have clear ideas of substance and accident.

Is the idea of substance derived from the impressions of sensation or of reflection?

Money as a store of value and a tool for trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴ The machines and tools which make up the fixed capital of an individual or a society are not included in their gross or net revenue.

The money which circulates the society’s revenue among its members is also not included in that revenue.

Objection 5

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Objection 5. Reducing interest is bad for widows and orphans who do not know how to improve their estates

I answer, that by our law now, heirs and orphans can recover no interest from their parents executors, except it be left fully and absolutely to the executors to dispose and put out money at the discretion of the executors, for the proﬁt and loss of the heirs and orphans.

Only a strong royal authority is able to construct large cities and high monuments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The size of monuments is proportional to the importance of the various dynasties.

Only tribes held together by group feeling can live in the desert

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

God put good and evil into the nature of man.

Thus, He said in the Qur’an:

Other Causes of the Disuse of the Barbarian Laws, Roman Law, and Capitularies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

WHEN the German nations subdued the Roman empire, they learned to write so they imitated the Romans and wrote down their own usages and digested them into codes.

The reign of Charlemagne was followed by:

Parent and Child

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Parentage is the second relation in a family

How did parenting evolve?

The authority of the father over his children, both with respect to liberty and property, was at first absolute. He was at liberty to choose whether he would bring up his children or not, and it was accounted no injustice to refuse to do it.

Personal and Impersonal Verbs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Verbs must necessarily have been coëval with the very first attempts towards the formation of language. No affirmation can be expressed without the assistance of some verb. We never speak but in order to express our opinion that something either is or is not. But the word denoting this event, or this matter of fact, which is the subject of our affirmation, must always be a verb.

Pitfalls in Historiography

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A historian:

Political Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There would be no need for governments or political society if everyone could observe justice and equity and had the strength of mind to resist present pleasure and advantage.

Practical Truths

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Truth, in the great practical concerns of life, is so much a question of the reconciling and combining of opposites.

Very few have minds sufficiently capacious and impartial to make the adjustment with an approach to correctness, and it has to be made by the rough process of a struggle between combatants fighting under hostile banners.

Precious Metals and Stones

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁴ The price of coals in Westmorland or Shropshire can have little effect on their price at Newcastle.

Their price in Lionnois has no effect at all on their price at Newcastle.

The produce of distant coal mines can never compete with one another.

Pride And Heroism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All this is easily applied to the present subject.

We sink very much in our own eyes, when in the presence of:

a great man, or
one of a superior genius.

This humility makes a considerable ingredient in the respect we pay our superiors. (Book 2, Part 2, Sect. 10).

Public Welfare Systems

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹ Those institutions which promote the public welfare are frequently recommended by:

the same principle,
the same love of system, and
the same regard to the beauty of order, art, and contrivance

When a patriot exerts to improve the public police, his conduct does not always arise from pure sympathy with the happiness of those who will benefit of it.

Reception to Copernicus' System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Copernicus completed his Treatise of Revolutions but was afraid of what people might think. And so he kept it in his closet for 30 years.

Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Complex Ideas are Connected by Seven Kinds of Philosophical Relations

The word ‘relation’ is commonly used in 2 different senses*:

A quality which connects 2 ideas

This is the common meaning of ‘relation’ – one idea naturally introduces the other idea.

Simple Ideas of Sense

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Division of simple ideas.

The better to conceive the ideas we receive from sensation, it may not be amiss for us to consider them, in reference to the different ways whereby they make their approaches to our minds, and make themselves perceivable by us.

Speculative And Practical Considerations on Innate Principles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Principles not innate, unless their Ideas be innate

Had those who would persuade us that there are innate principles not taken them together in gross, but considered separately the parts out of which those propositions are made, they would not, perhaps, have been so forward to believe they were innate. Since, if the IDEAS which made up those truths were not, it was impossible that the PROPOSITIONS made up of them should be innate, or our knowledge of them be born with us. For, if the ideas be not innate, there was a time when the mind was without those principles; and then they will not be innate, but be derived from some other original. For, where the ideas themselves are not, there can be no knowledge, no assent, no mental or verbal propositions about them.

Standing Armies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In this way, standing armies came to be introduced.

Armies should be raised:

in the most convenient way, and
with the least possible hurt to the country.

Many standing armies may be exclaimed against. But they must be introduced in a certain period of society. A militia commanded by landed gentlemen in possession of the nation’s public offices would never sacrifice the country’s liberties for anyone.

Stock Market Speculation as Stock-jobbing

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The practice of stock-jobbing is the buying stocks by time.

It also has a very big influence on the rise and fall of stocks.

A man who only has £1,000 subscribes for £100,000, which is delivered:

Territorial Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The riches proceeding from land the most necessary of all because:

they provide food and raw materials.
employ often much more than the half of a nation’s population.

This is why these should be the first topic of an economist or a legislator.

The Amiable and Respectable Virtues

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁰ Two sets of virtues are founded on these 2 efforts:

The observer’s effort to enter into the observee’s feelings

On this effort is founded:

the soft, gentle, amiable virtues, and
the virtues of candid condescension and indulgent humanity.

The observee’s effort to bring down his emotions to what the observer can go along with

From this effort originates the respectable virtues of self-denial and self-control.

The Analysis of the Sense of Merit and Demerit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Sense of Merit arises from sympathy

^22-23 The sense of merit is a compounded feeling made up of 2 distinct feelings:

The Balance Of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Export Bans

Nations who are ignorant of the nature of commerce usually prohibit the exports of valuable and useful commodities.

They do not consider that:

this prohibition acts directly contrary to their intention.
the more they export, the more will be raised at home, of which they themselves wil l always have the first offer

The ancient laws of Athens criminalized the exportation of figs. They deemed it too delicious for the palate of any foreigner. This ridiculous prohibition led to the word sycophants to mean spies from two GREEK words figs and discoverer.

The Cause of the Division of Labour

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Propensity to Trade, Arising from Reason and Speech, Creates the Division of Labour

¹ This division of labour is not originally the effect of any human wisdom. It is the necessary, very slow, gradual, consequence of the propensity in human nature to exchange one thing for another.

The Cause of the Irregularity of our Moral Feelings on the outcome of actions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The irregularity in our moral feelings on the outcome is caused by Nature trying to preserve our physical well-being without the uneeded psychological troubles

Superphysics Note!

This part resembles Socrates’ argument in the Republic

²⁴ Such is the effect of an action’s consequences on its doer and on others.

The Commerce of the Greeks

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE first Greeks were all pirates.

Minos was a pirate who enjoyed the empire of his own isle. But when the Greeks became a great people, the Athenians obtained the real dominion of the sea; because this trading and victorious nation gave laws to the most potent monarch of that time; and humbled the maritime powers of Syria, of the isle of Cyprus, and Phœnicia.

The Communication of Power

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IN a despotic government, the power is communicated entire to the person intrusted with it. The vizir himself is the despotic prince; and each particular officer is the vizir. In monarchies, the power is less immediately applied, being tempered by the monarch as he gives it‡. He makes such a distribution of his authority, as never to communicate a part of it without reserving a greater share to himself.

The Crime against Nature (masturbation, sodomy and bestiality)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Religion, morality, and civil government equally condemn crimes against nature.

The Diversity of Gain by Foreign Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the course of foreign trade, there are three sorts of gain.

The gain of nation

This happens when the merchant (who is the principal Agent therein) loses. A nation may be happy while the merchant is not.

The Doctrine of Leadership

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We may assign the 3 reasons for the prevalance of the doctrine of liberty, however absurd it may be in one sense, and unintelligible in any other.

After we have performed any action, it is difficult for us to persuade ourselves that:

we were governed by necessity
it was utterly impossible for us to have acted otherwise.

The idea of necessity seems to imply something of force, violence, and constraint we are not sensible of.

The Experimental Intellect

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Experimental Intellect and how it comes into One knows from philosophical works the statement that “man is political by nature.”

The philosophers say “man is political by nature” when establishing prophecy and other things.

The Extent Of Human Knowledge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Extent of our Knowledge.

Knowledge, as has been said, lying in the perception of the agreement or disagreement of any of our ideas, it follows from hence, That,

First, it extends no further than we have Ideas.

The Fall of the Western Empire

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The fall of the western empire is the third great revolution in ancient history.

It was caused by the superiority of the militia of a barbarous nation over the militia of a civilized nation.
It is the superiority of the militia of shepherd nations over the militia a nation of husbandmen, artificers, and manufacturers.

The victories gained by militias were, not over standing armies, but over other militias inferior in exercise and discipline. Such were the victories of:

The Fixed Land Tax

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁰ A tax on land rent may be based on a valuation which is fixed and does not change with the actual rent which can fluctuate with the land’s improvement or decline.

The General Theory's Propositions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Resources and costs, income (both money-income and real income) depend on the volume of employment N
The relationship between the society’s Income and its Disposable Income , will depend on the society’s propensity to consume.

The Golden Age Versus the State of Nature

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The open and liberal hand of nature gives us few enjoyments.

We can extract more enjoyments from nature by art, labour, and industry.

Hence the ideas of property become necessary in all civil society.

The Importance of Experience

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Demea

Good God! Where are we?

The Indepdendence of Parliament

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Political writers have a maxim: In contriving any system of government and fixing the checks and controls of the constitution, every man should be supposed a knave, and have only private interest in all his actions.

The Laws of Perfection in Religion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

HUMAN laws are made to direct the will. These should give precepts, not counsels.

Religion is made to influence the heart. It should give many counsels and few precepts. It gives rules:

THE NAMES OF SUBSTANCES

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The common Names of Substances stand for Sorts.

The common names of substances, as well as other general terms, stand for SORTS: which is nothing else but the being made signs of such complex ideas wherein several particular substances do or might agree, by virtue of which they are capable of being comprehended in one common conception, and signified by one name. I say do or might agree: for though there be but one sun existing in the world, yet the idea of it being abstracted, so that more substances (if there were several) might each agree in it, it is as much a sort as if there were as many suns as there are stars. They want not their reasons who think there are, and that each fixed star would answer the idea the name sun stands for, to one who was placed in a due distance: which, by the way, may show us how much the sorts, or, if you please, GENERA and SPECIES of things (for those Latin terms signify to me no more than the English word sort) depend on such collections of ideas as men have made, and not on the real nature of things; since it is not impossible but that, in propriety of speech, that might be a sun to one which is a star to another.

The Natural Right of Men united in Society under a Sovereign Authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Societies are governed by an authority, in its form either monarchical, aristocratical, or democratical, etc. But it is not the different forms of authority which determine the essence of the natural rights of men united in society, for the laws vary a good deal in each of these forms.

The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philosophy first became known to the world via Socrates’ school from Plato and Aristotle. They consolidated the former systems, which were consistent with their own general principles to make their own systems.

The Principles of Pride and Humility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The object of a passion is different from its cause.

Pride [ego] and humility [shame] have the self for their object through a natural and original property.

The relative Scarcity of Gold and Silver

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

BESIDES the positive plenty and scarcity of gold and silver, there is still a relative abundance and a relative scarcity of one of these metals compared to the other.

The avaricious hoard up their gold and silver.

The Selfish Feelings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³² Our grief and joy of our own fortune makes up the feelings which are in between the social and unsocial ones.

The Sense of Justice, Remorse, and the Consciousness of Merit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Justice requires a lowered ego

¹¹ Only the just indignation for evil done to us is the only proper motive for us to=

hurt our neighbour and
incite us to do evil to another

By nature, everyone:

The Spartan Economy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Lycurgus views ran counter to those commonly accepted.

In other states, a citizen is master over his own children, domestics, goods and chattels, and belongings generally.

But Lycurgus’ aim was to secure to all the citizens a considerable share in one another’s goods without mutual injury.

The State of War

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 16. THE state of war is a state of enmity and destruction: and therefore declaring by word or action, not a passionate and hasty, but a sedate settled design upon another man’s life, puts him in a state of war with him against whom he has declared such an intention, and so has exposed his life to the other’s power to be taken away by him, or any one that joins with him in his defence, and espouses his quarrel; it being reasonable and just, I should have a right to destroy that which threatens me with destruction: for, by the fundamental law of nature, man being to be preserved as much as possible, when all cannot be preserved, the safety of the innocent is to be preferred: and one may destroy a man who makes war upon him, or has discovered an enmity to his being, for the same reason that he may kill a wolf or a lion; because such men are not under the ties of the commonlaw of reason, have no other rule, but that of force and violence, and so may be treated as beasts of prey, those dangerous and noxious creatures, that will be sure to destroy him whenever he falls into their power.

The Supreme Tao or the One

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 14: The Supreme Tao or the One has Physical and Metaphysical Dimensions

¹ We look at it, and we do not see it, and we name it ’the Uniformity.'

The Use and Benefit of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Use of Trade is to make, and provide things Necessary or useful for the Support, Defence, Ease, Pleasure, and Pomp of Life. Thus:

the Brewers, Bakers, Butchers, Poulterers, Cocks, with the Apothecaries, Surgeons, and their Dependencies provide Food, and Medicine for the support of Life
the Cutlers, Gun-smiths, Powder- makers, with their Company of Traders, make things for Defence
the Shoo-makers Sadlers, Couch, and Chair-makers, with abundance more for the Ease of Life
the Perfumers, Fidlers, Painters, and Booksellers, and all those Trades that make things to gratifie the Sense, or delight the Mind, promote Pleasure.

But those Trades that are employed to express the Pomp of Life are Infinite.

The Utility of Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

PART 1

Justice is useful to society. This gives it its merit.

The Ways Of Making A Living

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Livelihood (ma’ash) means the desire for sustenance and the effort to obtain it. It is a maf’al formation from ‘aysh’ or ’life’.

The idea is that ‘aysh “life” is obtained only by making a living. It is called “the place of life”.

Introduction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

MY LORD,

Your lordship is known to have so far advanced your speculations in the most abstract and general knowledge of things, beyond the ordinary reach or common methods, that your allowance and approbation of the design of this Treatise will at least preserve it from being condemned without reading, and will prevail to have those parts a little weighed, which might otherwise perhaps be thought to deserve no consideration, for being somewhat out of the common road. The imputation of Novelty is a terrible charge amongst those who judge of men’s heads, as they do of their perukes, by the fashion, and can allow none to be right but the received doctrines.

War and Peace

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

War is the highest form of struggle for resolving contradictions when they have developed to a certain stage, between classes, nations, states, or political groups

War has existed ever since the emergence of private property and classes.

What is Lawful in War?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is not easy to determine how far a nation may push its resentment against another nation which has injured it.

The practice of ancient and modern nations differs extremely. In general, resentment is necessary and just when an injury:

What is Wealth?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Civilized nations are still unenlightened and ignorant!

The word “wealth” designates an indefinite quantity of objects bearing inherent value such as:

What Proofs are Needed by The Principle Of Utility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ordinarily, ultimate ends do not admit of proof. To be incapable of proof by reasoning is common to all first principles; to the first premises of our knowledge, as well as to those of our conduct.

Why Pakistan Will Survive

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I don’t dispute that these are hard times.

Thousands of us died last year in terrorist attacks.
Hundreds of thousands were displaced by military operations.
Most of us don’t have access to decent schools.
Inflation is squeezing our poor and middle class.
Millions are, if not starving, hungry.

Even those who can afford electricity don’t have it half the day.

Zone 2: Ghana, Kashmir, China

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Zone 2

This is contiguous with the northern boundary of the first zone.

Opposite its western limit in the Surrounding Sea are two of Canary Islands. At the southernmost part of the first and second sections of the second zone, there is the land of Qamnuriyah.95

Marx The Economist

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The doctrine of surplus value does not make it any easier to solve the problems above.

Those problems are created by the discrepancy between the labor theory of value and the facts of economic reality.

The Flaws of Silver Money

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As the Quantity of Money has encreas’d since that time, much more than the Demand for it; and as the same Quantity of Silver has receive’d a higher Denomination, so of Consequence Money is of lesser value: A lesser Interest is given for it: A greater Quantity of it is given for the same Quantity of Goods, and the Land is worth more years purchase.

Should we continue the corn laws?

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Should we continue the corn laws?

The answer depends on 3 points:

Would Great Britain and Ireland grow an independent supply of corn if corn importation and exportation were made totally free?

The Currency Ratio

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The Currency Ratio is the ratio of a currency against 3 currencies of its top trading partners.

The GD Ratio

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The GD ratio is the rise or fall in public debt as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope indicates debt-driven GDP Growth, as a sign of liberal morals.

Pre-capitalist Period: Utility And Money For Pleasure And Industrial Development (1800-1889)

Sat, 11 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Greed Virus Takes Root. The too-big-to-fail commercial company model proves unsustainable. The Industrial Revolution peaks, leading to new material experiences to gratify the senses. The word ‘scientist’ replaces ’natural philosopher’. Big non-corporate companies are established to build steel plants and railroads.

Exchange

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A prince may amass great wealth in his dominions. Yet coin may be really scarce, and relatively common.

For instance, if France is indebted for many merchandizes to a foreign conntry, the exchange will be low even if specie is scarce.

Narutomi Hyogo said

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Narutomi Hyogo said, “What is called winning is defeating one’s allies. Defeating one’s allies is defeating oneself, and defeating oneself is vigorously overcoming one’s own body.

“It is as though a man were in the midst of ten thousand allies but not a one were following him. If one hasn’t previously mastered his mind and body, he will not defeat the enemy.”

Questions of Identity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Recently, I’ve heard it said that the insurmountable problem with Pakistan is that we don’t have a national identity.

I think national identity is overrated.

I chose to move back to Pakistan after many years abroad.

Services Given by Farmers

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁷ Aside from paying the rent, the farmers were anciently bound to perform many services to the landlord.

These services were seldom specified in the lease nor regulated by any precise rule.

Individualism And Collectivism

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The socialists believe in two things which are absolutely different and perhaps even contradictory: freedom and organisation. Elie Halevy.

Before we can progress with our main problem, an obstacle has yet to be surmounted. A confusion largely responsible for the way in which we are drifting into things which nobody wants must be cleared up. This confusion concerns nothing less than the concept of socialism itself It may mean, and is often used to describe, merely the ideals of social justice, greater equality and security which are the ultimate aims of socialism. But it means also the particular method by which most socialists hope to attain these ends and which many competent people regard as the only methods by which they can be fully and quickly attained.

The Earth Constitution

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Part 2 explained that all constitutions have 5 parts:

The Popular Sovereignty Clause (The Root System)
The Separation of Powers (The Division of Labor)
A Bill of Fundamental Rights (The Immune System)

Retail Trade

Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Section 3: The great significance of socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The 19th National Congress of the CCP pointed out: “The entry of socialismwith Chinese characteristics into a new era means that the Chinese nation, which has suffered for a long time in modern times, has ushered in a great leap from standing up, getting rich to becoming strong, and ushered in the bright prospect of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation;

Theories of the Standard of Money

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Commodities are only nominally converted in the form of prices into gold and hence gold is only nominally transformed into money led to the doctrine of the nominal standard of money.

Marx The Teacher

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the Marxian argument sociology and economics pervade each other.

The Time Value of Life

Sun, 10 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The previous sections explained the differences between Economics and Supereconomics

Idea	Economics	Supereconomics
Self	Selfishness	Fellow-feeling
Importance	Utility	Minimum Needs
Goal	Profit Maximization	Gross National Happiness
Store of Value	Money	Grains
Poverty Solution	Universal Basic Income, Microfinance	Basic Points Revenue

Replacing the Time Value of Money with the Time Value of Life

Part of the upgrade of human mentality to rise above crude matter into the subtle spirit or consciousness is the replacement of money with actual real exchangeable value in goods and services.

The proposal by Dr. H. C. examined

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Several people think that the Dr’s proposal is not practicable.

Economic Karma

Sun, 19 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 1 explained the concept of Svadharma which is being aligned to one’s own dharma.

We define dharma as the inherent, metaphysical nature of any discrete identity with reference to the creator of that identity.

GA Ratio

Sun, 19 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The GA ratio is the rise or fall in agriculture as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope indicate increased investments in agriculture as opposed to services or manufacturing and could also be a sign of austere morals or of the rise of the laborer class

Aristocracy

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The government and the Sovereign are 2 distinct moral persons, with 2 general wills.

The Sovereign will is related to all the citizens
The government will is only for the members of the administration.

The government may regulate its internal policy as it pleases. But it can never speak to the people save in the name of the Sovereign, that is, of the people itself, a fact which must not be forgotten.

Preface

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Of all human sciences the most useful and most imperfect appears to me to be that of mankind: and I will venture to say, the single inscription on the Temple of Delphi contained a precept more difficult and more important than is to be found in all the huge volumes that moralists have ever written. I consider the subject of the following discourse as one of the most interesting questions philosophy can propose, and unhappily for us, one of, the most thorny that philosophers can have to solve.

Rule 3: Provide for the public wants

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rule 3. Provision for the public wants is an obvious inference from the general will

The subsistence of citizens should also be considered.

The Censorship

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The law is the declaration of the general will.

The censorship is the declaration of the public judgment.

Public opinion is the form of law which the censor administers, and, like the prince, only applies to particular cases.

The Legislator

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A superior intelligence beholding all the passions of men, without experiencing any of them, is needed to discover the rules of society best suited to nations.

This intelligence would have to be wholly unrelated to our nature, while knowing it through and through;

The Sovereign

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This formula shows that:

the act of association comprises a mutual undertaking between the public and the individuals
each individual, in making a contract, with himself, is bound in a double capacity

As a member of the Sovereign, he is bound to the individuals. As a member of the State, he is bound to the Sovereign.

Ecommerce and XCommerce: Last Mile

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aside from retail, supply can be delivered to Demand through the system of commerce.

“Commerce” comes from the Latin word “commercium” which means to trade.

Historically, commerce involved both barter and money exchanges. It meant bringing products from one place to another.

Music as Social Musical Expression

Sun, 17 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

We use the principles of Cartesian Music, as discussed in “Compendium Of Music” to explain the different musical styles of different cultures.

This will help us get into the gravitational signature or essence of each society-organism.

Budget Of The Federal Government

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The US today owes USD31 trillion.

The OMB Director should present a fiscal goal to the President early in the budget development process to address the federal government’s fiscal irresponsibility.

National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Break Up NOAA

The single biggest Department of Commerce agency outside of decennial census years is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which houses the National Weather Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, and other components. NOAA garners USD6.5 billion of the department’s USD12 billion annual operational budget and accounts for more than half of the department’s personnel in non-decadal Census years (2021 figures). NOAA consists of six main offices:

Return To The Original Purpose Of School Meals

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Federal meal programs for K–12 students were created to provide food to children from low-income families while at school.81 Today, however, federal school meals increasingly resemble enti- tlement programs that have strayed far from their original objective and represent an example of the ever-expanding federal footprint in local school operations.

Tariffs

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

President Trump used successfully and extensively in 2018-2019 in trade negotiations with China.

Basic Points Revenue

Wed, 24 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 2 explained the concept of minimum needs which is a key effect of the 1st Law of Value.

The previous unit explained points-valuation as the conversion of nominal value into common food commodities as a common store of value.

Money as a Store of Value

Wed, 24 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Gradually, as humans became more civilized, they chose precious coins as their tool. The preciousness is the qualitative way.

Coins standardized the value and prevented fraud:

Mints are institutions exactly of the same nature as the aulnagers and stampmasters of woollen and linen cloth. Through a public stamp, they ascertain the amount and uniform goodness of those commodities when brought to market. The first public stamps affixed to precious metals were intended to ascertain the goodness or fineness of the metal.

The Labor Code and Social Justice

Sun, 30 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

22: Pre-Employment and Conditions of Work

Recruitment and Placement (Local and Overseas); Prohibition of “Labor-Only Contracting”
Apprentices and Learners Programs
Minimum Wage Fixing Mechanism; Wage Boards

23: Working Conditions and Rest Day

Hours of Work: Overtime, Night Shift Differential, Premium Pay
Holiday Pay, Service Incentive Leaves, and Service Charges

24: Collective Bargaining and Industrial Peace

Right to Self-Organization and Unfair Labor Practices (ULPs)
Grievance Machinery and Voluntary Arbitration
Strikes, Lockouts, and Assumption of Jurisdiction Powers

25: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

General Duty Clause; Workplace Preventive Services
Reporting and Investigation of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

The Corporation Code and Business Regulation

Sun, 30 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

19: Corporate Formation and Personality

Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws
Doctrine of Corporate Entity and Piercing the Corporate Veil
Nationality Rules and Anti-Dummy Laws

20: Corporate Governance

Board of Directors: Independent Directors, Fiduciary Duty, and Business Judgment Rule
Stockholders’ Meetings and Derivative Suits
Minority Shareholder Protection and Appraisal Rights

21: Securities and Insolvency

Public Offerings and Insider Trading Regulations
Mergers, Consolidations, and Tender Offers
Corporate Rehabilitation (Court-Supervised vs. Pre-Negotiated) and Liquidation

Three Modes of Exchange or Tools of Trade

Wed, 29 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 1 explained the 2 stores of value:

DSIT and Historical Economic Problems

Sat, 25 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The DSIT shows that the imbalances of the real values in capital, industry, and trade, in relation to demand, result in economic problems:

The Great Depression: High Value, Low Trade

Figure 1. The Great Depression

Improvements in technology increased the productive capital (Bar 1) in the 1920’s, creating industries that led to the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties.

Self-Regulation Requires Fellow-Feeling

Wed, 21 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Many liberals advocate the self-regulation as an alternative to regulation by governments and institutions. They usually borrow passages from Adam Smith who said that the government should not lay its hand on the freedom of individuals to act as they see fit. They say that invisible hand of self-interest is much better at regulating the self:

The Fourth Branch of Government

Wed, 26 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Ever since the French Revolution, there have been three branches of government:

Legislative - this branch is the most important branch as it creates the laws
Executive - this branch executes laws and is the most visible one
Judicial - this branch settles legal conflicts

If we view society as a family and the government as the parents, then the legislative and executive are the father, while the judicial is the mother. The former requires wisdom and intellect, while the latter requires love and conscience. As you can see, the two fatherly branches of the government outweigh the single motherly branch.

The Four Revenues: Rent, Wages, Profits, Donations

Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0000

An important feature of Smith’s Political Economy (and the science of Superphysics which we created from it) is the classification ofall revenue into either rent, wages, and profit.

Classification is Essential in the ANI of Superecononics

Such classification is not so important to Economics which focuses on the quantity or dollar value of revenue instead of its quality.

Alexander the Great

Sun, 27 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Alexander started his expedition after he had secured Macedonia against the neighbouring barbarians and completed the reduction of Greece.

He:

rendered the jealousy of the Spartans of no effect
attacked the maritime provinces
caused his land forces to keep close to the sea coast, that they might not be separated from his fleet
made an admirable use of discipline against numbers
never lacked provisions because victory gave him everything

In the beginning, he trusted very little to chance. But when his reputation was established by a series of prosperous events, he sometimes had recourse to temerity.

How the Distribution of the three Powers began to change, after the Expulsion of the Kings

Sat, 26 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Four things greatly prejudiced Rome’s liberty.

The patricians had engrossed to themselves all public employments. An exorbitant power was annexed to the consulate. The people were often insulted and had no influence left in the public suffrages. These four abuses were redressed by the people.

The Influences and Authority of Conscience

Fri, 18 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

⁴³ The approbation of man’s own conscience can content his own weaknesses only during some extraordinary occasions.

The impartial spectator alone cannot always support him. But its authority is always very great.

Dharma as the Natural Organizing Principle

Wed, 09 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Svadharma: The True Metaphysical Nature of an Entity

For this “true nature” to be a viable foundation for a socio-political science and system*, it must have been likewise advocated by other cultures. Luckily, we find that Hinduism has such a concept as svadharma and Taoism has the concept of the Tao.

GP Ratio

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The GP Ratio is the ratio between the real economy and the real population.

When plotted linearly, it will show the population size per rise or fall in the economy.

How Modern Education Corrupts Knowledge with Shallow Reasoning

Mon, 21 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0000

In course of creating the new economic science, I’ve always wondered how the false beliefs of the Marginal Revolution were able to formalize themselves into the corrupted, dismal science called Modern Economics.

Abstract Ideas and Generalizations Come From the Mind Connecting Ideas Readily

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Proposition 2: The creation of ideas beyond their nature comes from our collecting all their possible qualities and quantities in such an imperfect manner for the purposes of life.

When we find a resemblance* [Footnote 2] among several objects that often occur to us.

Alexander's Conquest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

FOUR great events happened in the reign of Alexander, which entirely changed the face of commerce:

The taking of Tyre
The conquest of Egypt
The conquest of India
The discovery of the Indian Ocean

The empire of Persia extended to the Indus. Darius, long before Alexander, had sent some vessels down this river and passed even into the Red sea.

Among Glasgow Folk

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In Glasgow, Smith was a teacher and a learner. The conditions of time and place were most favourable for his instruction.

Had he remained at Oxford, he would probably never have been an economist. had he not spent so many of his best years in Glasgow, he would never have been such an eminent one. He grew into a great economist amid=

Augustus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sextus Pompeius:

possessed Sicily and Sardinia
was master at sea
saw himself at the head of many fugitives and persons devoted to death by proscriptions, whose last hopes depended on their valour.

Octavius contended with him in 2 very laborious wars.

Beyond The Crisis State

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan is at the crossroads of its political destiny. It can either remain trapped in a quagmire of weak governance, politics-as-usual, economic stagnation and crumbling public faith in state institutions; or it can take advantage of social changes underway to chart a new course.

Brahma

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 24: Brahma

¹ There was something undefined and complete, coming into existence before Heaven and Earth.

It was still and formless, standing alone, and undergoing no change. It reaches everywhere yet in no danger of being exhausted! It may be regarded as the Mother of all things.

Bullion and the Mercantile Republic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁸ Besides the three kinds of gold and silver mentioned above, there is a lot of bullion alternately imported and exported for foreign trade in all great commercial countries.

Causes Need to be Perceived

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Inference to a Cause Eventually Requires Evidence of that Cause

In its reasonings on [real] causes or effects, the mind carries its view beyond the objects it perceives or remembers.

Mortal Sins

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IT appears from a passage of the books of the pontiffs, quoted by Cicero*, that they had amongst the Romans unpardonable crimes.

it is on this that Zozymus founds the narration so proper to blacken the motives of Constantine’s conversion; and Julian, that bitter raillery on this conversion in his Cæsars.

Summary of Stoicism and other Propriety-based Moral Philosophies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁶ The Stoics believed that those who had not attained perfect virtue might have some proficiency in virtue.

They organized those proficiencies into different classes, according to their level of advancement.

Is Tax Farming Or Commission Better?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE managing of the revenues by commission is like the conduct of a good father of a family, who collects his own rents himself with economy and order. It:

allows the prince to press or retard the levy of the taxes, either according to his own wants or to those of his people
saves the state the immense profits of tax collectors [tax farmers], who impoverish it a thousand ways
lets the prince prevent the people from being mortified with the sight of sudden fortunes
lets the public money pass through few hands, go directly to the treasury, and consequently makes a quicker return to the people.
lets the prince avoid an infinite number of bad laws, extorted from him by the avarice of the collectors who pretend to offer a present advantage for regulations pernicious to posterity.

The moneyed man is always the most powerful. The tax collector renders himself arbitrary even over the prince himself. He is not the legislator, but he obliges the legislator to give laws.

City-planning and the Neglecting of It

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Towns are dwelling places that nations use when they have reached the desired goal of luxury and of the things that go with it. Then, they prefer tranquility and quiet and turn to using houses to dwell in.

Commercial Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

By labour man drew his first wealth from the earth, but scarcely had he satisfied his primitive wants, when desire made him conceive other enjoyments, not to be obtained without the aid of his fellows. Exchanges began. They extended to whatever had any value, to whatever could produce any.

Darkness is not space. It is just the Negation of Light

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Idea of Space is Just Made Up of Points

The second part of my system is that the idea of space is just the idea of visible or tangible points distributed in a certain order.

Debasing our Money cannot enrich the Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The nation’s money can be commonly altered in three ways:

When the value of the coins are altered
When the weight of the coins are altered, yet retain their former rates
When the standard is debased or enriched in the fineness of the gold and silver, yet the money continues in their former values.

We always see people trying to supply the want for money, while keeping its plenty.

Differences between the Salian Franks, the Ripuarian Franks, and other barbarous Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Negative Proof

Negative proof is a person accusing someone and being burdened to prove it beforehand.

The law of the Ripuarian Franks allowed negative proofs.

The accused could clear himself by swearing among witnesses that he had not committed the crime.

Difficulties on Love and Hate Solved

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is superfluous to examine all the causes of love and hatred after so many undeniable proofs drawn from daily experience.

Therefore, I shall use this part to:

Remove some difficulties on specific causes of love and hate

Distinctive Properties of a Republic and Monarchy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 16: Distinctive Properties of a Republic

This is natural for a republic which to have only a small territory. Otherwise, it cannot long subsist.

Division of Labour is Limited by the Size of the Market

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Market Size is The Most Important Factor that Leads to the Division of Labour in Society

¹ Since the power of exchanging creates the division of labour, the extent of the market must always limit that division.

Doubts on the Mind's Operations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

PART 2

²⁸ But we have not yet attained any tolerable satisfaction with regard to the question first proposed. Each solution still gives rise to a new question as difficult as the foregoing, and leads us on to farther enquiries.

Fascist State As A Spiritual Force

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Fascist State, as a higher and more powerful expression of personality, is a force, but a spiritual one. It sums up all the manifestations of the moral and intellectual life of man.

Fifth way of acquiring Property: Voluntary Transference

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Two things are required in voluntary transference=

A declaration of the intention of the transferer, and of the transferee
The actual delivery of the thing.

In most cases, the first of these is not binding without the latter, because there is no right without possession.

Freelance Work

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Further Objections

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I intended this work for some honourable and ingenious friends of the present parliament. They thought that its principles were strange. I expect others to find it strange as well until they spend some time in thinking on them.

Group Feeling and Purity of Lineage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

9. Purity of lineage is found only among the savage

This is because of the poor life, hard conditions, and bad habitats that are peculiar to the Arabs.

They are the result of necessity that destined (these conditions) for (the Arabs), in as much as their subsistence depends on camels and camel breeding and pasturage.

How Catholicism Changed the Rules of War

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This superior degree of humanity in war was introduced during the time of Popery.

Superphysics Note!

Catholicism

We never find it among the Greeks and Romans, despite all their attainments.

How Military Monarchy was Dissolved

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We have considered:

how the dissolution of small states was brought about, and
what form of government succeeded them,
how an imperial government was introduced into conquering republics, and
what kind of administration this was.

How was this military monarchy was dissolved?

How Mithridates Could Resist the Romans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

AMONG the several kings whom the Romans invaded, Mithridates was the only one who made a courageous defence, and exposed them to danger.

His dominions were situated to wonderful advantage for carrying on a war with them.

How Rome Devalued their Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our 2 successive ministers exerted much authority over our French coin. But this was vastly exceeded by the Romans after they conquered Italy and had war with the Carthaginians when they raised their coin:

Idea of Solidity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We receive this Idea from Touch.

The idea of SOLIDITY we receive by our touch: and it arises from the resistance which we find in body to the entrance of any other body into the place it possesses, till it has left it. There is no idea which we receive more constantly from sensation than solidity. Whether we move or rest, in what posture soever we are, we always feel something under us that supports us, and hinders our further sinking downwards; and the bodies which we daily handle make us perceive that, whilst they remain between them, they do, by an insurmountable force, hinder the approach of the parts of our hands that press them. THAT WHICH THUS HINDERS THE APPROACH OF TWO BODIES, WHEN THEY ARE MOVED ONE TOWARDS ANOTHER, I CALL SOLIDITY. I will not dispute whether this acceptation of the word solid be nearer to its original signification than that which mathematicians use it in. It suffices that I think the common notion of solidity will allow, if not justify, this use of it; but if any one think it better to call it IMPENETRABILITY, he has my consent. Only I have thought the term solidity the more proper to express this idea, not only because of its vulgar use in that sense, but also because it carries something more of positive in it than impenetrability; which is negative, and is perhaps more a consequence of solidity, than solidity itself. This, of all other, seems the idea most intimately connected with, and essential to body; so as nowhere else to be found or imagined, but only in matter. And though our senses take no notice of it, but in masses of matter, of a bulk sufficient to cause a sensation in us: yet the mind, having once got this idea from such grosser sensible bodies, traces it further, and considers it, as well as figure, in the minutest particle of matter that can exist; and finds it inseparably inherent in body, wherever or however modified.

Imperialism And All Reactionaries Are Paper Tigers

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All reactionaries are paper tigers. In appearance, the reactionaries are terrifying. But in reality they are not so powerful.

From a long-term point of view, it is the people who are really powerful, not the reactionaries.

Impudence and Modesty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The common complaints against Providence are ill-grounded.

Good or bad fortune is caused by the good or bad qualities of people. There are many instances to the contrary. But these are few, relative to the actual distribution of prosperity and adversity and to the common course of human affairs.

Income and Wealth Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Income quintiles / deciles
Gini coefficient (by population subgroup)
Median household income
Wealth percentiles (net worth, assets, debt)
Poverty headcount ratio (by age, family type, region)
Intergenerational income mobility
Social class self-identification (working, middle, upper)

Individuality, As One Of The Elements Of Well-being

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Those are the reasons why humans should be free to:

form opinions
express their opinions without reserve

But should humans be also free to act them out?

Actions should not be as free as opinions.

Is The British Government An Absolute Monarchy Or a Republic?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It affords a violent prejudice against almost every science, that no prudent man, however sure of his principles, dares prophesy concerning any event, or foretel the remote consequences of things.

Kinds of Paper Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Bank Notes

²⁷ There are many kinds of paper money.

The circulating notes of banks are the best known and best adapted as paper money.

²⁸ When people have such confidence in a banker, they believe that he is always ready to pay upon the presentation of his promissory notes.

Master and Servant is the Third Relation of a Family

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The same principle which gave the husband authority over the wife, also gave the father authority over the son. The husband’s power was softened through his wife’s friends. She could complain to them. The father was softened by the same means.

Money supply

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹ People say that:

People

Consumable commodities are soon destroyed, but gold and silver are more durable. If not continually exported, gold and silver could be accumulated for ages to increase the country’s real wealth.

Nature Uses Our Feelings to Create Morality to Sustain Life

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Notes for this chapter

To most people, ascribing the sense of the demerit to a sympathy with the sufferer’s resentment is a degradation of that sense.

This is because people will think it impossible that the sense of the demerit of vice is based on resentment.

They prefer that our sense of the merit of good actions is based on a sympathy with the beneficiaries’ gratitude.

New Consequences of the Principles of the three Governments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 19: New Consequences of the Principles of the three Governments

Question 1: Should the laws oblige a subject to accept of a public employment?

They should in a republic, but not in a monarchical government.

Organization And Management

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 26: STRUCTURE

The Bank shall have

a Board of Governors
a Board of Directors
a President
one or more Vice-Presidents
other officers and staff

Article 27: BOARD OF GOVERNORS= COMPOSITION

Each member shall be represented on the Board of Governors and shall appoint one Governor and one alternate.

Each Governor and alternate shall serve at the pleasure of the appointing member. No alternate may vote except in the absence of his principal. At its annual meeting, the Board shall designate one of the Governors as Chairman who shall hold office until the election of the next Chairman and the next annual meeting of the Board.

Part 2a-Expenses on Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁴ The sovereign’s second duty is to protect every member of society from the injustice or oppression of others.

The administration of justice requires very different costs in the different periods of society.

Feelings in Non-Property-Owning Societies

⁴⁵ A nation of hunters has:

Property and Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The ideas of justice and injustice, as well as those of property, right, and obligation immediately arise after:

this convention concerning abstinence from the possessions of others is entered into, and
everyone has acquired a stability in his possessions.

This is unintelligible without first understanding the abstinence.

Religious Propaganda Adds To Group Feeling

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because religious coloring:

Ricardo's Doctrine

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ricardo’s doctrine fundamentally believes that:

the aggregate demand function can be safely neglected
it is impossible for effective demand to be deficient.

Malthus vehemently opposes this.

Self-love

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

PART 2

Self-love is a principle in human nature of such extensive energy.

In general, each individual’s interest is so closely connected with that of the community.

This made philosophers think that our concern for the public came from a concern for our own happiness and preservation.

Socialist and Communist Literature

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. Reactionary Socialism

A. Feudal Socialism

The French and English aristocracies wrote pamphlets against modern capitalist society. They fell to capitalism in the:

French Revolution of July 1830, and
the English reform agitation[A]

This ended any hope of serious political struggle. Only a literary battle remained possible.

Sunda (Western Java)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

The kingdom of Sunda (Sinto) has a harbor with a depth of 60 feet.

The people are given to agriculture. They live along the shores wit houses made of poles stuck in the ground, roofed over with the bark of the coir-palm. The partitions are made with wooden boards tied with rattan.

The 4 Kinds of Servants

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Being a servant is not a natural way of making a living

The ruler must use the services of men, such as soldiers, policemen, and secretaries., in all the departments of political power (imarah).

The Chief Causes of the Decay of Trade in England, and Fall of the Rents of Land

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Two Chief Causes of the Decay of Trade are:

The many Prohibitions
High Interest

The Prohibition of Trade, is the Cause of its Decay. All Forreign Wares are brought in by the Exchange of the Native Wares.

The coherence and constancy of impressions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The opinion of the continued existence of body depends on the coherence and constancy of certain impressions.

Our internal impressions are fleeting.

The Commerce of the Greek Kings after the Death of Alexander

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When Alexander conquered Egypt, they only had an imperfect idea of the Red sea and none of the Indian ocean. They thought it impossible to sail around the Arabian peninsula.

The Connection Between Justice And Utility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

One of the strongest obstacles to the doctrine that Utility or Happiness is the criterion of right and wrong.

This has been drawn from the idea of Justice which is the powerful sentiment that resembles instinct.

The Corruption of the Romans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The sect of Epicurus began to be propagated at Rome towards the end of the republic. It think that it was very prejudicial to the minds and genius of the people.

The Different Kinds of Industry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Production is the creation of utility, not matter.

It is not to be estimated by the length, the bulk, or the weight of the product, but by the utility it presents.

The Difficulties of Raising a Large Dominion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Difficulties of Raising a Dominion of very Large Extent; especially in Europe, are Many.

Europe is grown more Populous than before.

It has more Fortified Towns and Cities, than during the time of the Roman Empire which was the last extended Dominion. Therefore, Europe is not easily Subjected to the Power of any one Prince.

The English Language versus the French and Italian

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Language became more complex in its composition because of the mixture of several languages from the mixture of different nations.

The Evils of Funding

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁵ During Mr. Pelham’s prudent and patriotic administration [1743-1754]:

the interest of the public debt was reduced from 4% to 3%.
the sinking fund was increased
some of the public debt was paid off.

Date	Funded Debt	Unfunded Debt	Notes
1755 before the recent war	£72,289,673
January 5, 1763 after peace	£122,603,336	£13,927,589
January 5, 1764	£129,586,789	£9,975,017	Increased by a new loan funding a part of the unfunded debt according to the author of the Considerations on the Trade and Finances

The expence created by the war did not end with the peace.

The Goths, Burgundians, and Franks

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

GAUL was invaded by German nations.

The Visigoths took possession of the province of Narbonue, and of almost all the south.

The Burgundians settled in the east; and the Franks subdued very near all the rest.

The Influence of Commerce on Manners

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How does commerce influence the people’s manners?

Whenever commerce is introduced into any country, probity and punctuality always accompany it. These virtues are almost unknown in a rude and barbarous country.

The Jealousy of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is very common for commercial states to:

The Morality from Utility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹² The following can affect the happiness of a person and society

the characters of people
contrivances of art
the institutions of government

A good person promises prosperity and satisfaction to himself and others connected with him.

The Origin of Free-Traders

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ After the fall of the Roman empire, the people of cities and towns were not more favoured than those of the countryside.

The Problems with Aristotle and the Stoics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is a natural notion that those things, out of which any object is composed, must exist antecedent to that object.

This notion seems to have misled those early philosophers. But the things out of which all particular objects seem to be composed, are=

The Proprietor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 5. The position of a peasant proprietor has great attractions. He is free to do what he likes, he is not worried by the interference of a landlord, and the anxiety lest another should reap the fruits of his work and self-denial. His feeling of ownership gives him self-respect, and stability of character, and makes him provident and temperate in his habits. He is scarcely ever idle, and seldom regards his work as mere drudgery; it is all for the land that he loves so well.

The Reality Of Knowledge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Objection. ‘Knowledge placed in our Ideas may be all unreal or chimerical’

I DOUBT not but my reader, by this time, may be apt to think that I have been all this while only building a castle in the air; and be ready to say to me:—

The Rich and Powerful

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁴ The rich and the great can set or lead fashion because of our disposition to admire and consequently to imitate them.

Their dress is the fashionable dress.
Their language of conversation is the fashionable style.
Their air and deportment is the fashionable behaviour.
Even their vices and follies are fashionable.

Most people are proud to imitate and resemble them in the very qualities which dishonour them.

The sciences of human beings and the sciences of angels

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Through sound intuition, we observe in ourselves the existence of three worlds.

The world of the senses or sensual perception.

We become aware of it through the perception of the senses, which the animals share with us.

The Severity of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 11: The Severity of Government

MEN who have absolutely nothing, such as beggars, have many children.

This proceeds from their being in the case of a rising people.
It costs the father nothing to give his art to his offspring, who even in their infancy are the instruments of this art.

These people multiply in a rich or superstitious country because they do not support the burden of society.

The Spartan Economy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are yet other customs in Sparta which Lycurgus instituted in opposition to those of the rest of Hellas, and the following among them.

In the generality of states, everyone devotes his full energy to making money.

The Utility of the sense of justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Society requires the virtue called Justice which is sustained by the utility afforded by society

¹⁵ It is thus that man, who can subsist only in society, was fitted by nature to that situation for which he was made. Everyone in society needs each other’s assistance and protection. The society flourishes and is happy if the necessary assistance is reciprocally afforded from love, gratitude, friendship, and esteem. All its members are:

The variations of the ratos between the Values the of Food and Non-Food Rude Produce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁹ The increase of food from the increasing cultivation increases the demand for the non-food produce of land. This demand will then be applied to use or to ornament.

Thoughts and Indiscreet Speeches

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

MARSYAS dreamt that he had cut Dionysius’s throat.

Dionysius put him to death, pretending that he would never have dreamt of such a thing by night if he had not thought of it by day.

Two Objections To This System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Men seldom love what:

lies far from them, and
does not contribute to their benefit.

It also rare to meet persons who can pardon another who opposes their interest, even if that opposition is morally correct.

Tycho Brahe' System of Astronomy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Tycho Brache was the great restorer and advancer of Astronomy.

He spent his life and wasted his fortune on it.
His observations were both more numerous and more accurate than those of all the astronomers who had gone before him.
- He himself was so much affected by objections to the point that he could not embrace the system of Copernicus

He admired Copernicus and all his astronomical observations tended to confirm his system. They demonstrated, that:

Variable Land Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁶ The cost of levying a variable land-tax would be greater than levying a fixed land-tax.

Some additional costs would be incurred by=

the register offices which would be established in the different districts of the countryside,
the different valuations of the lands which the proprietor chose to occupy himself.

All this cost might be below the cost incurred by many other taxes which bring a smaller revenue.

What Causes the Division of Labour

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The division of labour cannot be the effect of human prudence. The Sesostris made a law that every man should follow the employment of his father. But this:

is not suitable to the dispositions of human nature and
can never long take place.

Everyone is fond of being a gentleman, whatever his father’s employment. The strongest and those above the weak in society must have as many under as to defend their station. From necessary causes, there must be as many in the lower stations as needed. There must be as many up as down.

Why Utility Pleases

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part 1

It is natural to praise the social virtues for their utility.

This is why moral writers everywhere use utility as the chief foundation of their reasoning.

In common life, utility is always appealed to.

Zone 3

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Zone 3

This is contiguous with the northern boundary of Zone 2.

Section 1

This is about 1/3 of the way from the southernmost part of the zone, contains the Atlas Mountain 1 07 which runs from the western part of the first section at the Surrounding Sea to the eastern end of the section.

Resources for Industry

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Long quotation from Prospect for Coal by E. F. Schumacher, published by the National Coal Board, London, April 1961. The most striking thing about modern industry is that it requires so much and accomplishes so little. Modern industry seems to be inefficient to a degree that surpasses one’s ordinary powers of imagination. Its inefficiency therefore remains unnoticed.

The Witch Doctor

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

An animal has no critical faculty.

To an animal, whatever strikes his awareness is an absolute that corresponds to reality.

Reality, to him, is whatever he senses or feels.

Marx The Teacher

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marx’s synthesis embraces:

all those historical events—such as wars, revolutions, legislative changes
all those social institutions—such as property, contractual relations, forms of government

Non-Marxian economists are treat these as disturbing factors or as data, which means that they do not propose to explain them but only to analyze their modi operandi and consequences.

Adam Smith's Proposition

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Will an artificial independent supply policy really desirable?

The general principles of political economy teach us to buy all our commodities where we can have them the cheapest.

Grains as the Store of Value

Wed, 24 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The previous section explained that:

paper money caused inflation
paper stocks caused crashes
paper checks caused bouncing checks

This was because paper lets people write any number that might not match the real value of the thing it was representing.

Nazism

Sun, 09 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The defeat of Germany in World War 1 made a deep impact on the mind of Adolf Hitler.

The Inca System: Usufruct Economy

Sun, 12 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) flourished along the Andes mountains from the early 13th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century.

It developed one of the most remarkable and unique economic systems in human history.

Profit Maximization and the Cycle of Poverty

Fri, 15 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Part 2, Chapter 1 explained how profit maximization creates poverty through high selling prices.

When implemented as an economic system, it creates a cycle of poverty

Selfish-interest by the Trading Class (Businessmen, Merchants, Investors, Speculators, etc.) causes them to amass profits at the expense of wages for the Working class and taxes for the government (Ruling Class).

7 Barter Disadvantages Addressed

Sat, 18 Apr 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The following are the common disadvantages of barter:

1. Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants

Persons must have matching requirements for barter to work

Currency Exchange Rates

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

In the modern global economy, the foreign exchange market is the largest casino on Earth.

Over $7 trillion changes hands daily, yet less than 5% of this volume is tied to the actual trade of real goods and services.

Labor is the source of wealth and all culture

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

First of all, according to II, the German Workers’ party strives for “the free state”.

Free state — what is this?

It is by no means the aim of the workers, who have got rid of the narrow mentality of humble subjects, to set the state free. In the German Empire, the “state” is almost as “free” as in Russia. Freedom consists in converting the state from an organ superimposed upon society into one completely subordinate to it; and today, too, the forms of state are more free or less free to the extent that they restrict the “freedom of the state”.

Libertarianism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Libertarianism is a political and social philosophy centered on the principle of maximum individual freedom and minimal state power. At its core, it holds that every person owns their own life, and that individuals should be free to make their own choices—so long as they do not harm others or violate their rights.

Love And Marriage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Why do women complain so much about everything that goes wrong in a marriage?

Do they mean, that they are the parties principally concerned, and that if a backwardness to enter into that state should prevail in the world, they would be the greatest sufferers?

Particles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Particles connect Parts, or whole Sentences together.

Besides words which are names of ideas in the mind, there are a great many others that are made use of to signify the CONNEXION that the mind gives to ideas, or to propositions, one with another. The mind, in communicating its thoughts to others, does not only need signs of the ideas it has then before it, but others also, to show or intimate some particular action of its own, at that time, relating to those ideas.

Social Welfare Measures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Minimum wage laws Minimum wage laws are about as clear a case as one can find of a measure the effects of which are precisely the opposite of those intended by the men of good will who support it. Many proponents of minimum wage laws quite properly deplore extremely low rates; they regard them as a sign of poverty; and they hope, by outlawing wage rates below some specified level, to reduce poverty.

In fact, insofar as minimum wage laws have any effect at all, their effect is clearly to increase poverty. The state can legislate a minimum wage rate. It can hardly require employers to hire at that minimum all who were formerly employed at wages below the minimum. It is clearly not in the interest of employers to do so. The effect of the minimum wage is therefore to make unemployment higher than it otherwise would be. Insofar as the low wage rates are in fact a sign of poverty, the people who are rendered unemployed are precisely those who can least afford to give up the income they had been receiving, small as it may appear to the people voting for the minimum wage.

The Increase of National Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The increase of population and national wealth does not necessarily extend the market.

A manufacturer worth 1 million employing 1,000 workers who are reduced to the bare necessaries of life is not more advantageous for the nation than 100 manufacturers of far less worth, but employ 10 workers each that are better off.

The Investment And Distribution Of Resources

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 4. This principle of substitution is closely connected with, and is indeed partly based on, that tendency to a diminishing rate of return from any excessive application of resources or of energies in any given direction, which is in accordance with general experience.

The Inevitability Of Planning

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We were the first to assert that the more complicated the forms of civilisation, the more restricted the freedom of the individual must become. B. Musso/ini.

It is a revealing fact that few planners are content to say that central planning is desirable. Most of them affirm that we can no longer choose but are compelled by circumstances beyond our control to substitute planning for competition. The myth is deliberately cultivated that we are embarking on the new course not out of free will but because competition is spontaneously eliminated by technological changes which we neither can reverse nor should wish to prevent. This argument is rarely developed at any length-it is one ofthe assertions taken over by one writer from another till, by mere iteration, it has come to be accepted as an established fact. It is, nevertheless, devoid of foundation. The tendency towards monopoly and planning is not the result of any “objective facts” beyond our control, but the product of opinions fostered and propagated for half a century till they have come to dominate all our policy.

Military Dictatorship

Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This is an economic system ruled by the armed forces (or military-backed leaders).

It typically suffers from:

overregulation which violates Law 3
overcapitalization of the military which violates Law 2
undercirculation which violates Law 1

It often persists because it focuses on Law 1, except in North Korea where the people have starved.

In the “Notes on Martial Laws”

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the “Notes on Martial Laws” it is written that: The phrase, ”Win first, fight later, ” can be summed up in the two words, “Win beforehand.” The resourcefulness of times of peace is the military preparation for times of war. With five hundred allies one can defeat an enemy force of ten thousand.

Late night idle talk

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

As a retainer of the Nabeshima clan, one should have the intention of studying our province’s history and traditions, but provincial studies are made light of nowadays. The basic reason for this study is to understand the foundation of our clan, and to know that the clan’s forefathers established its perpetuity by means of their suffering and compassion. The fact that our clan has perpetually continued in an unrivaled manner up to this very day is due to the humanity and martial valor of Master Ryuzoji Iekane, the charity and faith of Master Nabeshima Kiyohisa, and the appearance of Lord Ryuzoji Takanobu and Lord Nabeshima Naoshige and their might.

The Marxist theory of Imperialism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Two examples will illustrate the merits and the demerits of the Marxian synthesis as a problem-solving engine.

The Marxist theory of Imperialism

Vienna was its center; Otto Bauer, Rudolf Hilferding, Max Adler were its leaders.

The Proposal

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To supply the nation with money, I propose that 40 commissioners be appointed by parliament, answerable to parliament for their administration, and the administration of the officers under them.

The nomination of these officers being left to the commissioners.

Essay on the Principle of Population

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In examining the next state of mankind with relation to the question before us, the state of mixed pasture and tillage, in which with some variation in the proportions the most civilized nations must always remain, we shall be assisted in our review by what we daily see around us, by actual experience, by facts that come within the scope of every man’s observation.

Large Countries are Relatively Weaker

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nature has set bounds to the stature of a well-made man.

In every body politic there is a maximum strength which it cannot exceed and which it only loses by increasing in size.

Mixed Governments

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a simple government. An isolated ruler must have subordinate magistrates; a popular government must have a head.

There is therefore, in the distribution of the executive power, always a gradation from the greater to the lesser number, with the difference that sometimes the greater number is dependent on the smaller, and sometimes the smaller on the greater.

Real Property

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Each member of the community gives himself to it, at the moment of its foundation, just as he is, with all the resources at his command, including the goods he possesses.

The People

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Before putting up a large building, the architect surveys and sounds the site to see if it will bear the weight.

The wise legislator also investigates the fitness of the people before imposing laws.

The People

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A body politic may be measured in 2 ways:

The extent of its territory
Its population

The men make the State. The territory sustains the men.

Virtue is Needed for Public Finance

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It is particularly in this delicate part of the administration that virtue is the only effective instrument, and that the integrity of the Magistrate is the only real check upon his avarice.

Remove Obstacles For Agricultural Biotechnology

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Innovation is critical to agricultural production and the ability to meet future food needs. The next Admin- istration should embrace innovation and technology, not hinder its use—especially because of scare tactics that ignore sound science. One of the key innovations in agriculture is genetic engineering. According to the USDA, “[C]urrently, over 90 percent of U.S. corn, upland cotton, and soybeans are produced using GE [genet- ically engineered] varieties.”112

Tariffs

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

While the macroeconomic data appear consistent with the currency offset theory, academics studying goodslevel microdata take a harsher view of this experience.

Cavallo, Gopinath, Neiman and Jang (2021) study detailed microdata of goods imported by retailers.

The Force of Capital: Opportunity Cost

Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The Effort Theory of Value revealed that it is the passion or interest of a person that drives his industry and prompts him to get the skills and abilities to realize that interest.

Mercantilism

Fri, 17 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Mercantilism is an economic policy that emphasizes government intervention to increase the nation’s revenue through artificial monopolies, subsidies, and trade wars.

It had its roots with the silk road between Venice and China.

Ways to Get the NDP

Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The previous unit explained that the NDP allows people to compare societies more fairly, just like how the Big Mac Index compares cost.

There are 2 ways to get the NDP, just as there are 2 ways to get the GDP:

The GIt Ratio

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The GIt ratio is the rise or fall in imports as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate a service country.

The Sad Moralists

Fri, 18 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁷ Self-love suggests to us to prefer the interest of one to the interest of many.

But when the happiness or misery of others depends on our conduct, we dare not follow this.

Capitalism: Microeconomics, Banks, And Big Business (1890-1944)

Sat, 11 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Wealth Virus Creates War. The corporate ‘firm’ and banks pick up what the mercantile companies left behind. Economics is formalized. By now Western moral philosophy has died, leading to world wars.

GF Ratio

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The GF Ratio is the ratio between the real economy and the female population.

When plotted linearly, it will show how much of the economy is from females.

A slope that is too low indicates gender inequality.

At the Arctic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

On June 5, we were in 43 degrees towards the pole Arctic. We found the air so cold, that our men being grievously pinched with the same, complained of the extremity thereof.

Ceylon (Lanwuli under Sumatra)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

The exports of Ceylon are:

sapan-wood
elephants’ tusks
white rattan

The people are warlike and often use poisoned arrows.

With a north wind one comes within 20 days of Ceylon which under the Chalukya (Nanpi).

The Laws of an Aristocracy, Monarchy, Despotism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 13: The Behaviour of the Chinese

China is the place where the customs of the country can never be changed.

Their women being absolutely separated from the men. Their customs, like their morals, are taught in the schools.

Systems which make Virtue consist in Prudence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵⁵ Epicurus’ system is the most ancient one that renders virtue as prudence.

His enemies allege him to have borrowed his philosophy’s leading principles from his predecessors, particularly from Aristippus. Despite this, it is very probable that at least his way of applying those principles was original.

The Laws of an Aristocracy, Monarchy, Despotism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 3: The laws of an Aristocracy

In an aristocracy, the supreme power is in a few persons who have both legislative and executive authority.

The rest of the people are the same as the subjects of a monarchy relative to them.

They do not vote here by lot as it would be inconvenient.

Civil government and the Superiority of birth and fortune

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁶ “Civil government supposes a certain subordination.”

The necessity of civil government gradually grows up with the acquisition of valuable property. Likewise, the principal causes which naturally introduce subordination gradually grow up with the growth of that valuable property.

Clarifications On The Self

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I had hoped that no matter how deficient our theory of the intellectual world might be, it would be free from those contradictions and absurdities in every explanation of the material world.

Cleanthes' 2 Suppositions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cleanthes

It became necessary for Copernicus and his first disciples to prove the similarity of the terrestrial and celestial matter.

Computing the Net Domestic Product

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁷ When we compute the amount of industry which a society’s circulating capital can employ, we must account only the provisions, materials, and finished work.

The circulating capital which consists in money, and which only circulates those three, must always be deducted. Three things are needed to mobilize industry=

Dare to Struggle, Dare to Win

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

People of the world:

unite and defeat the U.S. aggressors and all their running dogs!
be courageous, dare to fight, defy difficulties and advance wave upon wave.

Then the whole world will belong to the people. Monsters of all kinds shall be destroyed.

Definition of Shape

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To define the word ‘shape’, we may:

create in our mind the ideas of circles, squares, triangles of different sizes and proportions, and
not rest on one image or idea.

We form the idea of individuals which we can seldom or never exhaust.

Digression on the Variations in the Value of Silver During the Last Four Centuries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

First Period 1262-1570

⁹⁶ In 1350 and for some time before, the average price of the quarter of wheat in England was not lower than 4 ounces of silver Tower-weight, equal to 20 shillings today.

Disadvantages Created by the Commercial System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Disadvantages Created by the Commercial System

However, there are some inconveniences arising from a commercial spirit.

It confines the views of men.

When the division of labour is perfected, every man only has a simple operation to perform.

Each dynasty has a certain amount of provinces and lands, and no more

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because the group to which a given dynasty belongs and the people who support and establish it, must of necessity be distributed over the provinces and border regions which they reach and take into possession.

Edinburgh Activities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

During his stay in Glasgow, Smith maintained intimate relations with his old friends in Edinburgh.

He often visited them by coach even if the journey took 13 hours before the road was improved. He spent most of his many successive vacations among them.
He actively promoted some literary, scientific, and social improvement projects then widespread in Scotland.
His patron was Henry Home.

In 1752, Mr. Home was raised to the bench as Lord Kames. He did works of criticism and speculation which soon gave him European fame. David Hume had settled for a time as a librarian to the Faculty of Advocates after his own defeat at Glasgow. He was writing his History of England in the Canongate.

Five ways to become a slave

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Slaves may be acquired 5 ways.

By being captives in war.

If the conqueror does not kill them, he has a right to make them slaves.

By being children of slaves.
By being guilty of crimes.

They becames slaves to the person injured or to the public.

By being in debt in the ancient state of the Roman Republic.

If they could not pay their debt, it was thought reasonable they should work for it. This still takes place in all countries where slavery is established.

By selling oneself

This is a sort of voluntary slavery.

When a person sells himself for any sum, this very sum becomes the property of his buyer. But when a person was in debt and obliged to become a slave for it, he would not choose to be his creditor’s slave for fear of abuse. He would sell himself to another person, on condition that he would pay his debt.

From Free Cities to Independent Republics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Weakness of the King (Conservatives) Led to the Rise of the Free Traders (Liberals)

⁹ The kings who hated their barons gave the most liberal grants to their burghs.

German or 'True' Socialism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

We replace ‘bourgeoisie’ with capitalist. We define capitalist as someone who uses outside ownership to amass private profits. This is common in cities or burghs, where the word bourgeoisie comes from. For example, a rich urbanite acts as a middle-man between rural farmers and urban consumers.

C. German or “True” Socialism

The Socialist and Communist literature of France began as a fight against the capitalists in power.

Goodness And Benevolence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Virtuous Motive

I have explained the origin of praise and approbation in everything we call great in human affections.

I now:

give an account of their goodness, and
where its merit comes from

After we have gained a competent knowledge of human affairs, we perceive that men’s generosity:

Governance Challenges

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chronic instability and an oligarchic-dominated political order impeded the evolution of modern governance.

Patronage-based politics practiced by democratic and military governments alike relied on working networks of influential political families, clans or kinship groups (biradaries) to maintain themselves in power.

History of Jerusalem

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Jerusalem is “the Most Remote Mosque.”

It began in the time of the Sabians as the site of a temple to Venus.

The Sabians used oil as a sacrificial offering and poured it upon the rock that was there.

How Dangerous Being Too Severe in punishing the Crime of High-Treason

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

AS soon as a republic has compassed the destruction of those who wanted to subvert it, there should be an end of terrors, punishments, and even of rewards.

Great punishments, and consequently grea: t changes, cannot take place without investing some citizens with an exorbi: tant power. It is therefore more adviseable, in this case, to exceed in lenity, than in severity; to banish but few, rather than many; and to leave them their estates, instead of making a vast number of confiscations. Under pretence of avenging the republic’s cause, the avengers would establish tyranny.

How the Emperors Devalued their Coin

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Roman republic devalued their coin by adding alloys because of the unwise spending of their leaders. They even plated or covered cheap metals like copper with a thin plate of silver. This money is mentioned in the 77th book of Dio.

Individuality, As One Of The Elements Of Well-being

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Individuality is the same thing with development.

It is only the cultivation of individuality which produces, or can produce, well-developed human beings.

Human affairs should bring human beings nearer to the best thing they can be.

Kepler's System of Astronomy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In Italy, the unfortunate Galileo added so many probabilities to the system of Copernicus.

In Germany, Kepler corrected and improved it.

Kepler had great genius but none of the taste or order and method of Galileo.

Leadership cannot be handed to those not of the same descent

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because leadership exists only through superiority, and superiority only through group feeling. 61

Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Wealth incessantly circulates from producers to consumers through money.

All kinds of exchange are done through money.

More Objections

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sight and Touch Alone Cannot Convey the Idea of a Vacuum

The following produce the only perceptions which we can judge of the distance:

the angles of the rays of light flowing from them, forming with each other,
the motion required in the eye, in its passage from one to the other, and
the different parts of the organs affected by them.

Each of these perceptions are simple and indivisible.

On the night of the thirteenth day

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

On the night of the thirteenth day of the ninth month in the fourth year of Teikyo, there was a group of ten No actors moon-viewing at the house of Nakayama Mosuke, a foot soldier, in Sayanomoto. Beginning with Naotsuka Kanzaemon they all began to make fun of the foot soldier Araki Kyozaemen because he was so short.

Particular Notions of our Ancestors

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IT is astonishing that our ancestors should:

rest the honour, fortune, and life of the subject, on things that depended less on reason than on hazard, and
incessantly make use of proofs incapable of convicting, and that had no manner of connexion either with innocence or guilt.

The Germans were never subdued and so enjoyed excessive independence.

Plebiscites

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Plebiscites are a fraud against democracy.

Those who vote “yes” or “no” do not express their free will. Instead, they are silenced by the modern conception of democracy as they are not allowed to say more than “yes” or “no”.

Political Parties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Of all men, that distinguish themselves by memorable achievements, the first place of honour seems due to LEGISLATORS and founders of states, who transmit a system of laws and institutions to secure the peace, happiness, and liberty of future generations.

Protectionist Policies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

These different expedients for the protection of commerce, are now generally decried.

Though almost all governments agree in repelling from their states the produce of foreign manufactories, or at least in loading it with heavy duties, to give the national produce an advantage.

Scientific Instruction and the kinds of intellect

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

6. Man is essentially ignorant. He becomes learned through acquiring knowledge

There are various kinds of intellect:

The discerning intellect

This lets us arrange our actions in an orderly manner

Servitudes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The second kind of real rights is servitudes. These are burdens which one man has on another person’s property. These rights were at first personal.

They were entered into by a contract between the persons. I need to have a road to the market town. If a man’s estate lies between me and the town, I must bargain with him to have a road through it.

Simple Ideas of Diverse Senses

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

These are the Ideas received both by seeing and touching.

The ideas we get by more than one sense are, of SPACE or EXTENSION, FIGURE, REST, and MOTION. For these make perceivable impressions, both on the eyes and touch; and we can receive and convey into our minds the ideas of the extension, figure, motion, and rest of bodies, both by seeing and feeling. But having occasion to speak more at large of these in another place, I here only enumerate them.

Skeptical Solution to these Doubts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The passion for philosophy, like that for religion, aims at:

the correction of our manners and
extirpation of our vices.

But imprudence can push the mind towards that side which already draws too much.

Slavery

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 22

THE natural liberty of man is:

to be free from any superior power on earth
not to be under the will or legislative authority of man
to have only the law of nature for his rule.

The liberty of man, in society, is to be under no other legislative power, but that established, by consent, in the commonwealth; nor under the dominion of any will, or restraint of any law, but what that legislative shall enact, according to the trust put in it.

Social Morals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A creature, absolutely malicious and spiteful, were there any such in nature, must be worse than indifferent to the images of vice and virtue.

All his sentiments must be inverted, and directly opposite to those, which prevail in the human species.

Taxes on the Produce of Land

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵⁷ Taxes on the produce of land are really taxes on rent.

They are finally paid by the landlord even if they are originally paid by the farmer. When a part of the produce is paid as tax, the farmer computes the yearly value of that part.

The Allodial Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The government which succeeded the fall of the Roman Empire was similar to Mongols. Germans and other groups conquered the the western countries. Compared to the Mongols, they=

The Bad Effects of Funding

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵⁴ Land and capital stock are the two original sources of all private and public revenue.

Capital stock pays the wages of productive labour, whether employed in agriculture, manufactures, or commerce. The management of those two original sources of revenue belong to two sets of people:

The Balance Of Power

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Is the idea of the balance of power created by modern policy? Or is it a new invention?

Xenophon’s Institution of Cyrus writes about the combination of the Asiatic powers from a jealousy of the encreasing force of the Medes and Persians. This proves that the balance of power was a prevailing notion in the ancient times.

The Choice of Units

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

In Economic Superphysics, units are under the 1st Law of Value as Energy Manifestation

Chapters 4 to 7 are a digression on three perplexities:

The Circuit of Africa

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Before the discovery of the compass, four attempts were made to sail round the coast of Africa.

Necho and Eudoxus of the Phoenicians fled the wrath of Ptolomy Lathyrus

They set out from the Red sea, and succeeded

Sataspes was sent by Xerxes from Gibraltar and failed

The Communists

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some Communists consider it unjust that the produce of the labour of the community should be shared only based on exact equality.

The Division Of Labour Must Be Proportional To The Extent Of Commerce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The division of labour must always be proportioned to the extent of commerce.

If 10 people only want a certain commodity, its manufacture will never be as divided as one that had 1,000 wanting it.

The Divisions which always in Rome

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

While Rome was conquering the world, a hidden war was carrying on within its walls.

These fires were like those of volcanos, which break out the instant they were sed by some combustible substance.

The Empire of China

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our missionaries inform us that:

the Imperial Chinese government is admirable
it has a proper mixture of fear, honour, and virtue.

Consequently, I must have given an idle distinction, in establishing the principles of the three governments.

The Entropy of the Mind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Mathematics has several loose standards of equality.

We correct these standards by connecting them together.

We then imagine that the resulting standard is exact.

This is because when the imagination (Part 2, Section 4) is set into any train of thinking, it tends to continue even when its object fails.
The imagination continues its course without any new impulse, like a galley put in motion by the oars.

The same principle is why we apply continued existence to body.

The History of the Ka'bah

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The mosques and venerated buildings of the world

God singled out some places of the earth for special honor and made them the homes of His worship.

THE INFLUENCING MOTIVES OF THE WILL

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The combat of passion and reason is the most usual talk in philosophy and common life.

Reason is preferred.

Philosophers assert that men are virtuous if they conform to reason.

The Jurhum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Jurhum, as descendants of the maternal uncles of the children of Ishmael, continued their administration of the House after them.

Eventually, the Khuza’ah ousted them and remained there after them, as long as God wanted them to remain.

The Nature of Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Stewart was the leading advocate of the mercantile system. Its maxim is: The wealth of one set of men is derived from the impoverishment of another.

The Origin and Use of Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Money was invented to facilitate trade

¹ When the division of labour is established, the labour of each man can only supply a very small part of his own needs.

The Parts of the Brahma

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 11: The Aether

The 30 spokes of a wheel unite in the one hub. A wheel’s usefulness is in this empty space in the hub.

The Qualities of a Perfect Foreign Trade Merchant

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

title= “Allowing Foreign Coins to enter at higher rates relative to our Standard will not Increase our Treasure” heading= “Chapter 9 "

description= “According to Mun, buying and selling of foreign coins will not increase national wealth”

The Relations Of Impressions And Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We have established 2 truths easily:

The causes of pride and humility are natural
Each different cause is adapted to its passion by a similar principle

How can we:

reduce these principles fewer
find among the causes some common origin of their influence?

The following properties of human nature influence our passions.

The Rights of Neutral Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Third, we next show what is due to neutral nations from the belligerent powers.

The rule of justice with respect to neutral nations is, that they should suffer no injury as they have offended no party.

The Simplification of Languages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In this way, language becomes simpler in its principles, just as it grows more complex in its composition, and the same thing has happened in it, which commonly happens with regard to mechanical engines.

The Spartan Discipline

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is no state (1) in the world in which greater obedience is shown to magistrates, and to the laws themselves, than Sparta.

But, for my part, I am disposed to think that Lycurgus could never have attempted to establish this healthy condition, (2) until he had first secured the unanimity of the most powerful members of the state. I infer this for the following reasons. (3) In other states the leaders in rank and influence do not even desire to be thought to fear the magistrates.

The State Of Nature; And Common Interest As The Origin Of Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The state of nature is:

the imaginary state which preceded society
a mere fiction, like the golden age invented by poets.
full of war, violence and injustice.

Whereas, the golden age is the most charming and peaceable condition imaginable.

The Study of History

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I fully recommend the study of history as an occupation to my female readers. It is:

the best suited to their sex and education
much more instructive than their ordinary books of amusement
more entertaining than those serious compositions in their closets

History can teach them two important truths that can give them peace:

The Useful Virtues

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰ Humanity, justice, generosity, and public spirit, are the qualities most useful to others.

I have shown how much our approbation of humanity and justice depended on the concord between the affections of the agent and the spectators.

There was a certain retainer

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There was a certain retainer of Ikeda Shingen’s who started an argument with a man, grappled him to the ground, thrashed him soundly, and trampled on him until his companions ran up and pulled them apart. The elders conferred over this and said, “The man who was trampled should be punished.” Shingen heard this and said, “A fight is something that goes to the finish.

Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³¹ The importation of gold and silver is not the sole benefit from foreign trade. All nations derive two benefits from it:

It carries out their surplus produce which has no demand at home
It brings back something else for which there is a demand.

Foreign trade gives a value to their nations’ superfluities by exchanging them for something else.

Treasure Hunting is not a natural way of making a living

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Many weak-minded persons in cities hope to discover hidden treasure and profit from it.

Truth In General

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Truth is a right joining or separating of signs, i.e. either Ideas or Words.

Truth is THE JOINING OR SEPERATING OF SIGNS, AS THE THINGS SIGNIFIED BY THEM DO AGREE OR DISAGREE ONE WITH ANOTHER.

Voting

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 33 VOTING

The total voting power of each member shall consist of the sum of its basic votes and proportional votes.

2.1. The basic votes of each member shall consist of such number of votes as results from the equal distribution among all the members of twenty (20) per cent of the aggregate sum of the basic votes and proportional votes of all the members. 2.2. The number of the proportional votes of each member shall be equal to the number of shares of the capital stock of the Bank held by that member.

When Shimomura

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When Shimomura Shoun was on service at the castle, Lord Naoshige said, “How wonderful it is that Katsushige is so vigorous and powerful for his age. In wrestling with his peers he even beat those who are older than he is.”

Withdrawal And Suspension Of Members, Temporary Suspension And Termination Of Bank Operations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 41: WITHDRAWAL

Any member may withdraw from the Bank at any time by delivering a notice in writing to the Bank at its principal office.
Withdrawal by a member shall become effective, and its membership shall cease, on the date specified in its notice but in no event less than six (6) months after the date that notice has been received by the Bank. However, at any time before the withdrawal becomes finally effective, the member may notify the Bank in writing of the cancellation of its notice of intention to withdraw.

Zone 4

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is contiguous with the northern part of Zone 3.

Its first section, in the west, contains a portion of the Surrounding Sea which, oblong in shape, extends from the southern to the northern boundary of the section. The city of Tangier is situated on it in the south. North of Tangier, the Mediterranean branches off from this portion of the Surrounding Sea in a narrow straits that is only twelve miles wide, Tarifa and Algeciras (lying) to the north of it and Qasr al-Majaz 143 and Ceuta to the south of it.

Nuclear Energy -- Salvation or Damnation?

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Based on The Des Voeux Memorial Lecture, 1967, “Clean Air and Future Energy – Economics and Conservation,” published by the National Society for Clean Air, London, 1967.

The main cause of the complacency – now gradually diminishing – about future energy supplies was undoubtedly the emergence of nuclear energy, which, people felt had arrived just in time. Little did they bother to inquire precisely what it was that had arrived. It was new, it was astonishing, it was progress, and promises were freely given that it would be cheap. Since a new source of energy would be needed sooner or later, why not have it at once?

Nominal Price

Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nominal price is based on the common medium and measure of exchangable value, based on effective demand.

It is the start of formal supereconomic activity.

This medium can be classified into two:

Medium of Exchange

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The establishing of prices lets commodities acquire the form that lets them enter circulation.

This circulation exposes the contradictions latent in the exchange of commodities.

The real exchange of commodities is the social metabolic process.

The Marxist theory of Imperialism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marxian synthesis has 2 fundamental premises:

The Proposal Continued

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It may be objected, that paper went because silver could be got for it when demanded, or at a certain time.

That was very reasonable, but would not be so in this case: the security pledg’d for that paper money, was silver. the security pledg’d for this paper money, is land. this money has no relation to gold or silver, more than to other goods. and it were more extravagant to say, I won’t take a 100 lib. of such paper money for the goods I sell, because I am not sure if 6 months hence it will buy me such a quantity of silver; for silver may grow dearer: as it would be to say now, I won’t take a 100 lib. in silver for the goods I sell; because I am not sure if 6 months[Pg 180] hence, it will buy me such a quantity of wine, for wine may grow dearer.

The Local Government Code

Sun, 30 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

26: Decentralization and Devolution

Structure of Autonomous Regions, Provinces, Cities, Municipalities, and Barangays
Inter-Local Government Cooperation and Metro-Manila Development Models

27: Powers and Functions of Local Units

Police Power, Eminent Domain, and Local Taxation Powers
Reclassification of Lands and Zoning Ordinances
The Sanggunian: Enactment of Ordinances, Local Initiatives, and Recall

28: Fiscal Autonomy and Shares

Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) Formula
Indebtedness, Budgeting, and Procurement at the Local Level
Real Property Assessment and Taxation

Avarice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Comic writers exaggerate every character.

This moral kind of painting for the stage has been often compared to the painting for cupolas and cielings, where the colours are over-charged, and every part is drawn excessively large, and beyond nature.

Changes in the State

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To prevent the continual treasons of the army:

the Roman emperors associated into the government proper persons in whom they might confide.
Dioclesian, under pretext of the weight and multiplicity of the public affairs, established a law, that there should always be two Emperors and as many Cæsars.

He judged that this would make the four main armies being possessed by the partners in the empire, would naturally intimidate one another, and that the inferior armies being too weak to have any thoughts of raising [124] their chiefs to the imperial dignity, their custom of election would be gradually discontinued, and entirely abolished at last.

Critical Thinking Versus Memorization

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Judge Abu1-Qasim bin Zaytun

After the destruction of the dynasty in Marrakech, in the mid-13th century, Judge Abu1-Qasim b. Zaytun traveled from Ifrigiyah to the East.

He made contact with the pupils of the imam Ibn alKhatib.
He studied with them and learned their method of instruction.
He became skilled in intellectual and traditional matters.

Then, he returned to Tunis with a great deal of knowledge and a good method of instruction.

Custom

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Custom is the great guide of human life.

It is alone that principle which:

renders our experience useful to us
makes us expect, for the future, a similar train of events which have appeared in the past.

Without the influence of custom, we should be entirely ignorant of every matter of fact beyond what is immediately present to the memory and senses.

Disorders in the Eastern Empire

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE Persians, during this period, were in a much better situation than the Romans.

They had little reason to fear the northern people because mount Taurus, which extends between the Caspian and Euxine seas, separated them.
They effectively closed a very narrow pass which was the only way for the cavalry.

In every other part, the Barbarians had to descend from frightful precipices and leave their horses.

Income

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 2 explained the sources of income, which is a material and consumable thing that springs from labour.

It is destined for enjoyment.

It is exactly of the same nature with the advances in wages and raw material laid out by the manufacturer; and money is but the sign and the measure of it.

Justinian's Conquests and Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The barbarians broke all at once like a flood into the empire. They fought each other. The politics of those times set them against each other. This was easy to accomplish becaus of their avarice and fierce dispoposition.

Private Property

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 32

The chief matter of property is not the fruits of the earth and the beasts that subsist on it, but the land itself.

As that which takes in and carries with it all the rest; I think it is plain, that property in that too is acquired as the former.

Some new maxims received by the Romans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

SOMETIMES the pusillanimous spirit of the emperors † , and frequently the defenceless state of the empire made the people employ their money to appease the nations that threatened to invade them.

Status, Immunities, Exemptions And Privileges

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is to enable the Bank effectively to fulfill its purpose. The status, immunities, exemptions and privileges set forth in this Chapter shall be accorded to the Bank in the territory of each member.

The Emperors From Caius, Calicula, to Antoninus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

CALICULA succeeded Tiberius.

He was said to be the best slave and the worst master.

This is correct because the same turn of mind which inclines a person to be strongly affected at unlimited power in his sovereign, makes him to be no less in love with it, when he rises to empire himself.

The Grandeur of Attila and Why the Western Empire was overturned before the Eastern

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Christianity was established when the empire was declining.

The Christians reproached the Pagans for that decay. The Pagans retorted the charge on Christianity.

The Christians replied that Dioclesian ruined the empire by having 3 emperors.

The Iconoclast

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the Glorious Revolution, Cromwell’s army resembled the Arabians, while the Irish and Scottish forces were like the Greeks.

A gross superstition which debases the mind as effectually as true religion exalts it, had reduced all virtue and devout confidence in the deity, to a stupid veneration for images.

The State of the Empire from Antoninus to Probus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IN this period, the Stoics propagated their doctrines in the empire with great popularity.

It seems as if nature herself had been industrious to produce this admirable sect, which resembled those plants the earth causes to spring up in places never visited by the sunbeams.

The Wars that Rome Sustained

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Another consequence of the maxim of waging perpetual war was that the Romans only made peace when they were victorious.

Why would they make an ignominious peace with one nation, and afterwards go and invade another?

The Weakness of the Eastern Empire

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Amidst the general confusion of affairs, Phocas became unsettled in his new dignity.

Heraclius came from Africa and murdered him.

He found the provinces invaded and the legions destroyed.

As soon as he remedied these disasters, the Arabians extended the Islamic empire founded by Mohammed.

Tiberius

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A river sometimes, slowly and silently, undermines the banks that restrain its current. When it succeeds, it floods the fields they formerly preserved.

In the same way, the supreme authority, which gained an insensible growth under Augustus, bore down all before it in the succeeding reign of Tiberius.

Trajan

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Nerva adopted Trajan, who proved the most accomplished prince in all history.

His reign blessed the empire with more prosperity and true glory than it had ever enjoyed before.

PLANNING AND DEMOCRACY

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The statesman who should attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume an authority which could safely be trusted to no council and senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who had folly and presumption enough to fancy himselffit to exercise it. Adam Smith.

Section 4: The new era is the age of strivers

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Always maintain the fundamental motivation to never forget the original intention and keep the mission in mind

To carry out great struggles, build great projects, advance great causes, and realize great dreams require long-term struggle, relay struggle, and common struggle. Comrade Xi Jinping stressed: “The original aspiration and mission of the Chinese communists is to seek happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation. This original intention and mission is the fundamental motive force that motivates the Chinese Communists to keep advancing.” 1

The Marxist theory of Imperialism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Modern economists with Marxist sympathies really should know better than to say that even now their bourgeois colleagues do not see the relation between the trend toward protectionism and the trend toward big units of control, though these colleagues may not always think it necessary to stress so obvious a fact.

The low condition this country is reduced to, notwithstanding its natural advantages.

Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The natural advantages the Dutch have for trade, are, their situation at the mouths of the rivers of Germany, and being near the bulky trade.

Their natural disadvantages are, smallness of territory, barrenness of soil, producing little but what’s forc’d; want of mines; long winters; unwholsome air; marishy, so oblig’d to great expence for foundation to their buildings, in making and keeping up the high-ways, and in draining the country yearly; a dangerous coast; difficult entry to their rivers; the sea to defend against on one side, and powerful neighbours on the other; and heavy taxes, the consequence of these other disadvantages.

The Evils of the Corn Trade

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

What are the evils from the corn trade?

They say that security is still more important than wealth.

A great country will likely excite the jealousy of others if it becomes dependent on them for foreign corn.
It risks having corn cut off at its greatest need.

I reply that such a risk is not very great.

The Evils of the Corn Trade

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The freedom to import, therefore, is a question of contending advantages and disadvantages.

Wait and See

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sometimes, it is needed to tax a home commodity. But this disuturbs the local level of industry. Smith observes that taxing foreign imports in to the same level restores the local industry to before the tax.

Excess Capacity

Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Taxation

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The invention of artillery and fortifications has forced the princes of Europe, in modern times, to return to the use of regular troops, in order to garrison their towns; but however lawful their motives, it is to be feared the effect may be no less fatal.

The Various Systems Of Legislation

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Every system of legislation should aim for the greatest good of all as:

Liberty

This is because all particular dependence means so much force taken from the body of the State.

Shelter and Housing

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The current crisis in housing arises from the commoditization of real estate by the institution of private property.

Before the Europeans colonized native countries, the land was owned communally, with management being done by the chieftain.

Virtue and the Impartial Spectator

Sun, 17 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The sense of crime, therefore, has a parallelism with the concept of virtue and vice. The idea of virtue and vice is different in different countries.

Bureau Of Economic Analysis And The Office Of The Undersecretary For Economic Affairs

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Office of the Undersecretary for Economic Affairs is charged with:

conducting economic analysis
promoting business and commerce
guiding data-driven decision-making and evidence-building activities
increasing access to government data while ensuring privacy and confidentiality.

The office coordinates economic analysis needs across the Department of Commerce, leads the department’s initiatives and programs related to data, data policy, and data management, and provides policy direction and oversight for the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and the Census Bureau.

Department Of Education

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

MISSION

Federal education policy should be limited and, ultimately, the federal Depart- ment of Education should be eliminated. When power is exercised, it should empower students and families, not government. In our pluralistic society, fami- lies and students should be free to choose from a diverse set of school options and learning environments that best fit their needs. Our postsecondary institutions should also reflect such diversity, with room for not only “traditional” liberal arts colleges and research universities but also faith-based institutions, career schools, military academies, and lifelong learning programs.

Incidence, Revenue, and Trade Flows

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Like inflation, the question of who bears the burden of the tariff will depend on what prices adjust.

But there are more nuances.

In a world of perfect currency offset, the effective price of imported goods doesn’t change, but since the exporter’s currency weakens, its real wealth and purchasing power decline.

National Economic Council (nec)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The National Economic Council is one of the policy councils serving the President along with the NSC and the Domestic Policy Council (DPC). The Director serves as principal adviser to the President on domestic and international economic policy and communicates the President’s economic message to the media.

National Security Council (nsc)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The National Security Council (NSC) was established by statute to support the President in developing and implementing national security policy by:

coordinating across relevant departments and agencies
integrating authorities and resources toward common ends
objectively assessing progress toward established goals

Led by the National Security Advisor (NSA), the NSC staff will be successful in implementing the President’s national security goals only if it is made up of personnel with technical expertise and experience as well as an alignment to the President’s declared national security policy priorities.

The legislative Power in the Roman Republic

Tue, 25 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

THERE were no rights to contest under the decemvirs; but, upon the restoration of liberty, jealousies revived; and, so long as the patricians had any privileges left, they were sure to be st ripped of them by the plebeians.

Circulating Capital

Thu, 30 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The third division is the circulating capital. It only affords a revenue by circulating or changing masters

Money

Thu, 30 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Money is a kind of circulating capital.

The GXt Ratio

Sun, 03 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000

The GXt ratio is the rise or fall in exports as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate a manufacturing or agri country.

Direct and Indirect Misfortunes

Wed, 16 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Misfortunes make our feelings extreme

⁵⁴ There are 2 kinds of private misfortunes which make our feelings go beyond the bounds of propriety:

Those that affect us only indirectly.

They affect other persons dear to us such as our parents, children, brothers and sisters, intimate friends.

Flow Taxation

Sun, 25 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Taxation is the main revenue source of the society organism, as a state.

Ideally, this revenue should be voluntary donations in line with the natural revenue of the Thinker class which represents the Fourth Law.

GY Ratio

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The GY Ratio is the ratio between the real economy and the population aged 13-24.

When plotted linearly, it will show how much of the economy is from the youth.

Industry Ratios

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

This is based on industry ratios.

Industry Ratio	Description
GO	the rise or fall in government as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may likewise indicate the spread of austere morals as state control, as opposed to liberalism
GS	the rise or fall in services as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope may indicate investments in services and a probable rise in liberal morals and the merchant class
GA	the rise or fall in agriculture as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope indicate increased investments in agriculture as opposed to services or manufacturing and could also be a sign of austere morals or of the rise of the laborer class
GM	the rise or fall in manufacturing as the society gets wealthier. A rising slope indicate investments in manufacturing and likewise a probable rise in austere morals or of the rise of the intellectual class

Abstract and Concrete Terms

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract Terms predicated one on another and why.

The ordinary words of language, and our common use of them, would have given us light into the nature of our ideas, if they had been but considered with attention. The mind, as has been shown, has a power to abstract its ideas, and so they become essences, general essences, whereby the sorts of things are distinguished.

British Political Parties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The British government is a source of division and party.

Carthage and Marseilles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE law of nations which obtained at Carthage, was very extraordinary. All strangers, who traded to Sardinia and towards Hercules’s pillars, this haughty republic sentenced to be drowned.

Her civil polity was equally surprizing. She forbid the Sardinians to cultivate their lands, upon pain of death.

Cash Accounts and Discounted Bills of Exchange

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cash Accounts

⁴⁴ Scotland’s commerce is not very great at present. It was smaller when the first two banks were established. Those banks would have had little trade had they confined their business to discounting of bills of exchange.

How the Laws of Religion correct the Inconveniencies of a political Constitution

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

ON the other hand, religion may support a state, when the laws themselves are incapable of doing it.

Thus, when a kingdom is frequently agitated by civil wars, religion may do much, by obliging one part of the state to remain always quiet. Among the Greeks, the Eleans, as priests of Apollo, lived always in peace.

Systems which make Virtue consist in Benevolence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷² The system which makes virtue consist in benevolence is very ancient, but not as ancient as those of the Greeks.

It was the doctrine of most of the Eclectics, after the age of Augustus. They pretended to follow the opinions of Plato and Pythagoras. Thus, they are commonly known as Platonists.

Clientelist Politics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The personalised nature of politics is closely related to the dominant historical position by a narrowly-based political elite that was feudal and tribal in origin.

It shares power with well-to-do urban groups, epitomised by the rise of Mian Nawaz Sharif who came from a mercantile background.*

Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The first direct attempts of the proletariat to attain its own ends was during the overthrow of feudal society. It failed because of the:

Custom

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴² We may add force to these experiments by others of a different kind, in considering the effects of contiguity as well as of resemblance.

Distance diminishes the force of every idea, and that, upon our approach to any object; though it does not discover itself to our senses; it operates upon the mind with an influence, which imitates an immediate impression.

Demea Versus Cleanthes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cleanthes

DEMEA, you are so sincere in the cause of religion. But I find it strange that you still maintain the mysterious, incomprehensible nature of the Deity, and insist that he has no resemblance to human creatures.

Going Beyond the Natural Capacity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

As output increases, a firm’s additional labour will add less productivity relative to the hourly-common-wage paid to it.

We subsume the non-homogeneity of equally paid work in the equipment. We regard it as less and less adapted to employ the available labour units as output increases. This is the opposite of regarding the available labour as less and less adapted to use a homogeneous capital equipment.

Guardian and Ward, Domestic Punishments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When a father dies leaving his children young, they should be taken care of. Even in the times of exposition, when an infant was some time kept, it was thought cruel to put him to death:

How the Custom of judicial Combats gained Ground

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We can infer from Agobard’s letter to Lewis the Debonnaire that the custom of judicial combats was not established among the Franks.

After having represented to that prince the abuses of the law of Gundebald, he desires* that private disputes should be decided in Burgundy by the law of the Franks.

How the Exchange is a Constraint on Despotic Power

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Moscow would have descended from its despotic power, but could not.

The establishment of commerce depended on that of the exchange, and the transactions were inconsistent with all its laws.

Ideas from Memory are Stronger than Ideas from Imagination

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We use mixed and heterogeneous materials when we think of causes.

These materials are essentially different from each other no matter how connected they are.

All our arguments on causes and effects consist of:

Islamic Infrastructure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

7. There are few cities and towns in Ifriqiyah and the Maghrib.

This is because these regions belonged to the Berbers for thousands of years before Islam, as a Bedouin civilization.

Java (Shopo) Indonesia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Copper money

The kingdom of Java is also called Pukialung. It is southeast of Canton and can be reached within a month.

East of Java is the sea where the waters flow downward and there is the kingdom of women.

Justice Fees from Gifts to Gratis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵⁵ The second period of society is the age of shepherds where the inequality of fortune first begins.

This inequality:

introduces a new degree of authority and subordination through a civil government

contributes very much to maintain and secure that authority.

The rich need to secure their own advantages and so they support a government.

Karma and Ego

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 36: Karma

¹ Before a man:

inhales, he must first exhale.
weakens another, that other must be strong first.
overthrows another, that other must be raised first.
despoils another, that other must have gifts first.

This is called ‘Hiding the light of his procedure.’

Mistakes in Judging Wheat and Silver Prices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹⁰ Many authors on prices thought that from the time of Julius Cæsar’s invasion to the discovery of American mines, silver value was continually decreasing.

They based this opinion from:

Monetary Devaluation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Money Adulteration and Augmentation

⁶¹ The raising of the coin’s denomination has been the most usual way a real public bankruptcy is disguised under the appearance of a pretended payment.

Natural Agents That Assist in the Production of Wealth, Specially of Land

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Industry receives aid from capital as the products of her own previous creation. These products create other products which aid industry through the agency of a variety of agents not of her own creation, but offered spontaneously by nature.

No to Intellectual or Racial Superiority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The inhabitants of the East are more firmly rooted in the craft of scientific instruction and in all the other crafts than Maghribis.

Many Maghribis who have traveled to the East in quest of knowledge, have noted that the intellect of the people of the East is more perfect than that of the Maghribis. They have:

Only Those Who Share In The Group Feeling Can Have 'House' and Nobility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This nobility is in the basic and real sense. Others will have nobility only in a metaphorical and figurative sense.

This is because nobility and prestige are the result of personal qualities.

Our Simple Ideas of Sensation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Positive Ideas from privative causes.

Concerning the simple ideas of Sensation; it is to be considered,—that whatsoever is so constituted in nature as to be able, by affecting our senses, to cause any perception in the mind, doth thereby produce in the understanding a simple idea; which, whatever be the external cause of it, when it comes to be taken notice of by our discerning faculty, it is by the mind looked on and considered there to be a real positive idea in the understanding, as much as any other whatsoever; though, perhaps, the cause of it be but a privation of the subject.

Paternal Power

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 52

Some words and names used in the world are wrong.

New words could be offered when the old ones lead men into mistakes.

An example is the concept of paternal power.

Pledges and Mortgages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pledges and mortgages are certain securities for the payment of debts.

At first, they could not be claimed as real rights. Afterwards, the law considered them as such.

Pledges properly regard moveable subjects, and mortgages immoveable. If a pledge be not redeemed at a certain time, it is forfeited.

Probability

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is no such thing as Chance, only our ignorance of the real cause of any event.

There is certainly a probability, which arises from a superiority of chances on any side; and according as this superiority encreases, and surpasses the opposite chances, the probability receives a proportionable encrease, and begets still a higher degree of belief or assent to that side, in which we discover the superiority.

Qualities Useful To Ourselves

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

PART 1

Where a quality or habit is subjected to our examination, if it appear in any respect prejudicial to the person possessed of it, or such as incapacitates him for business and action, it is instantly blamed, and ranked among his faults and imperfections.

Ranks are useful in securing property

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The person of rank who is highly esteemed is materially wealthier than a person who has no rank.

This is because the person of rank is served by the labor of others.
- They try to approach him with their labor, since they need his protection.
- People help him with their labor in all his needs

The value from all such labor becomes part of his profit.

Social Welfare Measures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Will a subsidy from the general taxpayer could be justified if it is required. I see no grounds on which such a subsidy can be justified. We may wish to help poor people. Is there any justification for helping people whether they are poor or not because they happen to be a certain age? Is this not an entirely arbitrary redistribution?

Taxation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The object of all governments has been to:

participate in the national wealth, and
acquire the disposal of a greater share of the nation’s annual revenue.

Princes loaded their people with the heavy taxes because of:

Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is a prevailing maxim that:

every new tax creates a new ability in the subject to bear it
each encrease of public burdens proportionally encreases the people’s industry

This maxim is most likely to be abused. It is so much more dangerous, because it cannot be denied. It has some foundation in reason and experience when kept within certain bounds.

Taxes on House and Ground Rent

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶⁶ House rents have 2 parts:

Building-rent
Ground-rent

⁶⁷ The building-rent is the interest or profit on the capital spent in building the house.

To put the builder’s trade at level with other trades, this rent should be enough to= Pay him the same interest which he would have gotten if he lent out his capital Maintain the house or to replace the capital employed in building it within a certain term of years

The Continual Cultivation Of Virtue

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

That too was a happy enactment, in my opinion, by which Lycurgus provided for the continual cultivation of virtue, even to old age.

By fixing (1) the election to the council of elders (2) as a last ordeal at the goal of life, he made it impossible for a high standard of virtuous living to be disregarded even in old age.

The Development of European Manufacturing

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁶ A taste for the finer and more improved manufactures was introduced by foreign commerce into countries which had no such works.

When this taste created a big demand, the merchants naturally tried to establish the same manufactures in their own country to save transportation costs.

The essential ingredients in the sentiment of justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The 2 essential ingredients in the sentiment of justice are:

The desire to punish a person who has done harm
The knowledge or belief that there is some definite individual/s to whom harm has been done.

The desire to punish a person who has done harm to some individual, is a spontaneous outgrowth from 2 sentiments:

The Feudal System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How was the allodial government overturned to give way to the feudal system?

These great lords were continually making war on one another. In order to keep their tenants, they gave them annual land leases. This lease was later held by them for life.

The Flow from One Idea to Another is Caused by Animal Spirits

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I establish a general maxim in this science of human nature: wherever there is a close relation between 2 ideas, the mind tends to mistake them and use the one for the other in all its reasonings.

The greatness, territorial size, and length of a dynasty depend on the numbers of its supporters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because royal authority exists only through group feeling.

Representatives of group feeling are the militiamen who settle in the territories of the dynasty. The more numerous the tribes and groups of a large dynasty, the stronger and larger are its and lands. Their royal authority, therefore, is wider.

The Law Of Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is invalid and undemocratic:

The Love Of Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I have explained why actions that cause a real pleasure or uneasiness do not excite love or hatred towards the actors

Where does the pleasure or uneasiness of the objects which produce these passions come from?

The Observations of Cassini

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The truth of both these analogies, intricate as they were, was at last fully established by the observations of Cassini.

Kepler first discovered:

that the moons of Jupiter and Saturn revolved round Jupiter and Saturn according to the same laws which Kepler had observed in the revolutions of planets around the Sun
that the revolution of the Moon around the earth had described equal areas in equal times
- the squares of their periodic times were as the cubes of their distances

These two last abstruse analogies were initially but little regarded. But when they were found to take place in the revolutions of the four moons of Jupiter, and in the five moons of the Five of Saturn, they confirmed Kepler’s doctrine and added a new probability to the Copernican hypothesis.

The Origin of Coinage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁹ The inconvenience and difficulty of weighing those metals precisely gave rise to to the institution of coins.

The stamp entirely covers both sides of the coin and sometimes the edges. It was supposed to ascertain the metal’s fineness and weight. Therefore, such coins were received by tale as today, without the trouble of weighing.

The People's War

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The revolutionary war is a war of the masses.

Be Concerned with the Well-Being of the Masses, Pay Attention to Methods of Work" (January 27, 1934), Selected Works, Vol. I. p. 147.*

The true bastion of iron is the masses, the millions upon millions of people who genuinely and sincerely support the revolution. It is absolutely impossible for any force on earth to smash that real iron bastion.

The Restraints on foreign imports which can be produced at home

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The monopoly of domestic industry is secured through high duties or import bans of foreign goods which can be produced at home.

The ban on importing foreign live cattle or foreign salt secures the monopoly of the home market for meat to British graziers.

The rightful limit to self-interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the rightful limit to self-interest?

Where does the authority of society begin?

How much of human life should be assigned to individuality, and how much to society?

The Rights of Ambassadors

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When nations came to have a lot of business one with another, it became necessary to send messengers between them. They were the first ambassadors.

Anciently, there was little commerce between nations and ambassadors were only sent on particular occasions.

The rules of justice are established merely by interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

2. The rules of justice are established merely by interest, but their connection with interest is singular and different each time.

A single act of justice is frequently contrary to public interest.

The Second Objection To This System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The second remarkable circumstance is that when a person is naturally beneficial, we:

call him virtuous, and
are delighted with his character, even though particular accidents:
- prevent its operation, and
- incapacitate him from being serviceable to his friends and country.

Virtue in rags is still virtue.

The Select Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Select Society imitated the academies which were then common in the larger French towns. It was partly:

a debating society for discussing topics of the day
a patriotic society for promoting Scotland’s arts, sciences, and manufactures.

The idea was first mooted by Allan Ramsay, the painter.

The Select Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In September 1759, on the death of Mr. Townshend’s brother, Smith wrote him the following letter:

Sir—

It gives me great concern that the first letter I ever have done myself the honour to write to you should be upon so melancholy an occasion. As your Brother was generally known here, he is universally regretted, Your friends are sorry that, amidst the public rejoicings and prosperity, your family should have occasion to be in mourning. Everybody here remembers you with the greatest admiration and affection. Nothing that concerns you is indifferent to them. There are more people who sympathise with you than you are aware of. It would be the greatest pedantry to offer any topics of consolation to you who are naturally so firm and so manly. As your Brother dyed in the service of his country, you have the best and the noblest consolation: That since it has pleased God to deprive you of the satisfaction you might have expected from the continuance of his life, it has at least been so ordered that ye manner of his death does you honour.

The Statute of Employments by Foreigners cannot Increase our Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Keeping our money in the nation is just as useless as debasing our money because the causes of their preservation and production are the same in nature. The statute to allow free importation aims to employ foreign goods into our commodities. They say that the statute’s intent is for encourage imports to be employed in our commodities which will then be exported at a higher value than imports. It might seem as a good policy to increase our wealth.

To what Nations Commerce is prejudicial

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 23: To what Nations Commerce is prejudicial

Riches consist either in lands, or in moveable effects.

The soil of every country is commonly possessed by the natives. The laws of most states render foreigners unwilling to purchase their lands; Only the presence of the owner improves them: this kind of riches therefore belongs to every state in particular. But moveable effects, as money, notes, bills of exchange, stocks in companies, vessels, and all merchandises, belong to the whole world in general. In this respect it is composed of but one single state, of which all the societies upon earth are members. The people who possess more of these moveable effects than any other on the globe, are the most opulent.

UNIVERSAL PROPOSITIONS: THEIR TRUTH AND CERTAINTY

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Treating of Words necessary to Knowledge.

THOUGH the examining and judging of ideas by themselves, their names being quite laid aside, be the best and surest way to clear and distinct knowledge: yet, through the prevailing custom of using sounds for ideas, I think it is very seldom practised. Every one may observe how common it is for names to be made use of, instead of the ideas themselves, even when men think and reason within their own breasts; especially if the ideas be very complex, and made up of a great collection of simple ones. This makes the consideration of WORDS and PROPOSITIONS so necessary a part of the Treatise of Knowledge, that it is very hard to speak intelligibly of the one, without explaining the other.

What Regulates the Price of Commodities?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Every commodity has two different prices which are apparently independent, but connected:

The natural price
The market price

These are regulated by certain circumstances.

The Natural Price

People must make as much by their employment to maintain them while they are employed. An arrow-maker must be sure to exchange as much surplus product to maintain him for the time he took to make the arrows.

Zone 5

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Most of the first section of the fifth zone is covered by water, except a small portion of the south and of the east. In this western region, the Surrounding Sea enters into the fifth, sixth, and seventh zones from the circle it describes around the zones.

Industry Efficiency

Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Industry Efficiency is how an economy is properly maximizing its capital to meet its demand.

Marx The Teacher

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

PART II Can Capitalism Survive?

PROLOGUE

CAN capitalism survive? No. I do not think it can. But this opinion of mine, like that of every other economist who has pronounced upon the subject, is in itself completely uninteresting. What counts in any attempt at social prognosis is not the Yes or No that sums up the facts and arguments which lead up to it but those facts and arguments themselves. They contain all that is scientific in the final result. Everything else is not science but prophecy. Analysis, whether economic or other, never yields more than a statement about the tendencies present in an observable pattern. And these never tell us what will happen to the pattern but only what would happen if they continued to act as they have been acting in the time interval covered by our observation and if no other factors intruded. “Inevitability” or “necessity” can never mean more than this.

All Forms Of Government Do Not Suit All Countries

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Liberty not being a fruit of all climates, is not within the reach of all peoples. The more this principle, laid down by Montesquieu, is considered, the more its truth is felt; the more it is combated, the more chance is given to confirm it by new proofs.

Civil Religion

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

At first, men had no kings other than the gods, and no government other than theocracy.

Back then they reasoned like Caligula and reasoned aright.

It takes a long time for feeling so to change that men can make up their minds to take their equals as masters, in the hope that they will profit by doing so.

The Fallacy of Liquidity Preference

Thu, 30 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The most common suffering imposed by Neoclassical Economics on the people, aside from recessions and financial crises, is inequality.

This inequality manifests as:

underemployment where people have to work in 2 or more jobs
lack of career growth
bullshit jobs

How Neoclassical Economics Causes Inequality

The Marginal Revolution enshrined profit maximizatin in the 1870s. This doctrine favors the Business or Trader class over the Worker, Warrior, and Thinker.

Diet Reform

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Planetary Health Diet

The Planetary Health Diet—rooted in mostly whole plant foods, moderate whole grains and healthy fats, and far less red meat and processed food—was designed to protect both people and the planet.

The Moral Sense

Tue, 17 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The previous section defined the impartial spectator as the higher mind, as opposed to the lower mind.

Both minds perceive reality through inherent detectors:

The lower mind has a detection system based on the 5 senses, primarily through the brain.
The higher mind has a detection system based on intuition, primarily through the heart.

Morals are Sensed by the Moral Sense as Conscience and the Common Interest

The detection of good and bad is therefore done by the higher mind through the heart, specifically the heart chakra.

Global Capitalism: (1944-2020)

Sat, 11 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The US emerges from the ashes of both world wars and the Cold War to impose its own system of global capitalism. The firm evolves into huge corporations, a type of which is the too-big-to-fail bank which can crash the global economy by itself. The Wealth Virus is Stopped by a Real Virus.

Descartes' System of Astronomy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Descartes was the first who tried to ascertain precisely this invisible chain that Kepler said to link the planets to the sun.

He explained that the real inertness of matter was:

Equilibrium Of Normal Demand And Supply With Reference To Long And Short Periods.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. The variations in the scope of the term Normal, according as the periods of time under discussion are long or short, were indicated in Chapter III. We are now ready to study them more closely.

Raising The Natural Price Artificially

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Whatever police tends to raise the market price above the natural, tends to reduce public opulence.

Dearness and scarcity are the same thing. When commodities are abundant, they can be sold to the inferior ranks of people.

The Idea of the Self

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The idea of ourselves:

is always intimately present to us.
conveys a sensible degree of vivacity to the idea of any other object, to which we are related.

This lively idea changes by degrees into a real impression.

The sciences are numerous only in large, sedentary civilizations with a culture highly developed

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because scientific instruction is one of the crafts, and crafts are numerous only in cities.

The quality and the number of the crafts depend on the greater or lesser extent of civilization in the cities and on the sedentary culture and luxury they enjoy, because (highly developed crafts) are something additional to just making a living.

The Select Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Select Society was more than a debating club.

It aimed to promote the arts, sciences, manufactures, and agriculture in Scotland.

After 10 months, it established a well-devised and extensive scheme of prizes for meritorious work, supported by voluntary subscriptions.

Two Causes which destroyed Rome

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

While the sovereignty of Rome was confined to Italy, it was easy for the commonwealth to subsist.

Every soldier was also a citizen. Every consul raised an army, and other citizens marched into the field under his successor.

The Circulation of Money

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the first instance real circulation consists of a mass of random purchases and sales taking place simultaneously. In both purchase and sale commodities and money confront each other in the same way; the seller represents the commodity, the buyer the money.

Marx The Teacher

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Perhaps some readers feel that a proviso should be added about the distribution of the total monetary income. Until about forty years ago, many economists besides Marx believed that the capitalist process tended to change relative shares in the national total so that the obvious inference from our average might be invalidated by the rich growing richer and the poor growing poorer, at least relatively.

The positive checks to population

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The positive check to population that represses an increase which is already begun, is confined chiefly to the lowest orders of society.

Rent

Sun, 09 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The appropriation of land leads to the creation of rent.

Will these create differences in the relative value of commodities independently of labour for production?

What is the nature of rent? What laws regulate its rise or fall?

How Likely is Currency Offset to Occur?

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The economic and market consequences of tariffs hinge on the extent to which they are matched by offsetting changes in currencies, so it is important to consider the likelihood that currencies do adjust. In the U.S.-China trade war of 2018-2019, currency offset was effective. However, there were several crosscurrents at the time that make the comparison cloudy.

National Space Council (nspc)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The National Space Council is responsible for providing advice and recommen- dations to the President on the formulation and implementation of space policy and strategy. It is charged with conducting a whole-of-government approach to the nation’s space interests: civil, military, intelligence, commercial, or diplomatic. Historically, it has been chaired by the Vice President at the President’s direction, and its members consist of members of the Cabinet and other senior executive branch officials as specified by the President in Executive Order 13803.32 The NSpC’s purpose is to ensure that the President’s priorities relative to space are carried out and, as necessary, to resolve policy conflicts among departments and agencies that are related to space.

Program And Office Prioritization Within The Department Of Education

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

NEEDED REFORMS

Federal intervention in education has failed to promote student achievement.

After trillions spent since 1965 on the collective programs now housed within the walls of the department, student academic outcomes remain stagnant. On the main National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), reading out- comes on the 2022 administration have remained unchanged over the past 30 years. Declines in math performance are even more concerning than students’ lack of progress on reading outcomes. Fourth- and eighth-grade math scores saw the largest decline since the assessments were first administered in 1990. Average fourth-grade math scores declined five points, and average eighth-grade math scores declined eight points. Just one-third of eighth graders nationally are proficient in reading and math. Just 27 percent of eighth graders were pro- ficient in math in 2022, and just 31 percent of eighth graders scored proficient in reading in 2022.

Taxation Maxims

Wed, 20 Dec 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Four Taxation Maxims

Adam Smith gave 4 maxims on taxation in The Wealth of Nations that have been largely forgotten today. Taxes should be fair, non-arbitrary, cost-effective and convenient.

We implement his maxims in our proposed “Flow” Taxation system which is based on points.

The Influences and Authority of Conscience

Fri, 18 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

⁶² In all other private misfortunes which affect ourselves immediately and directly, we can very seldom offend by appearing to be too little affected.

We frequently remember our sensibility to the misfortunes of others with pleasure and satisfaction.

A dynasty rarely establishes itself firmly in lands with many different tribes and groups

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because the differences in opinions and desires. Behind each opinion and desire, there is a group feeling defending it.

At any time, therefore, there is much opposition to a dynasty and rebellion against it, even if the dynasty possesses group feeling, because each group feeling under the control of the ruling dynasty thinks that it has in itself (enough) strength and power.

Adam Smith's World Government

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⁶⁸ The revenue might be very much increased without increasing the burden on the people through:

a more equal land-tax,
a more equal tax on house rents, and
changes in the current customs and excise system, as those mentioned in (Chapter 2n)

It would distribute the burden more equally on all. This increase would not totally liberate the public revenue.

Amendments, Interpretation, Arbitration

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Article 59: AMENDMENTS

This Agreement may be amended only by a resolution of the Board of Governors approved by a vote of 2/3 of the total number of Governors, representing not less than three-fourths of the total voting power of the members.

At Moluccas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

On November 14, we fell in with the islands of Maluco.

At night, having directed our course to run with Tidore, we coasted along the island of Mutyr which belonged to the king of Ternate. His vice-king met us with his canoe without all fear, and came aboard.

Chalukya India (Nanpi)

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Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

Chalukya is in the extreme southwest of Canton. It can be reached from Palembang in a little more than a month.

Its capital is Mieamo which has the same meaning as the Chinese expression li-ssi.

Licentious Systems

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⁹³ All these systems suppose that there is an essential distinction between vice and virtue. There is a real and essential difference between:

the propriety and impropriety of any feeling,
benevolence and any other principle of action, and
real prudence and shortsighted folly or precipitate rashness.

All of them mainly contribute to:

New Methods of preserving a Conquest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Mongols, who now govern China, has ordained that every military corps in the provinces, as well as the courts of judicature, should be composed half of Chinese and half Mongols. Their goal is to:

Exclusive Privileges

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Exclusive privileges are the last division of real rights. Among these is the right of inheritance. This is not a creature of the civil law, but arises from nature.

The heir has a privilege of demanding what belonged to the deceased. After he is admitted heir, it is his real property. If a person starts to chase a wild beast, he has an exclusive privilege of pursuing it. Whoever comes in on the chase can be punished because he breaks the exclusive privilege.

Expectation Determines Output and Employment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The goal of aLL production is to satisfy a consumer.

Time elapses after the producer incurs costs and before the ultimate consumer purchases the output.

Meanwhile, the entrepreneur, producer, and the investor have expectations on [1] what the consumers will pay when the product is ready.

Free importation

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¹⁶ Merchants and manufacturers derive the greatest advantage from this monopoly of the home-market.

The high duties on foreign wheat amount to a prohibition in times of moderate plenty.

Ground Rents

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⁷⁴ Ground-rents are a better tax subject than house-rents.

A tax on ground-rents would not raise house-rents.

It would all fall on the owner of the ground-rent.

He always acts as a monopolist.
He exacts the highest rent for the use of his ground.

Its value varies with the wealth or poverty of his competitors. The most rich competitors are in the capital. Thus, highest ground-rents are always found there.

Historical Errors

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Another illustration of this kind of error is the baseless conclusion

The critical readers of historical works make a conclusion from:

the position of judges
the leadership in war
the command of armies that judges (formerly) exercised.

Their misguided thinking leads them to aspire to similar positions.

How the Commerce of the Towns Improved the Countryside

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Benefits of Trade and Manufactures

¹ The increase and riches of commercial and manufacturing towns contributed to the improvement and cultivation of their countries in three ways.

² They afforded a great and ready market for the country’s rude produce.

Indolence

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Indolence disables a man from making a figure in life.

Indolence does not deprive a man of his parts and capacity.

It only suspends their exercise without any inconvenience to himself, since it is from his own choice.

Justice Fees from Gifts to Gratis

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⁶³ The whole expence of justice might be easily defrayed by the fees of court.

The public revenue might thus be discharged from a small incumbrance without exposing justice to corruption.

Mistakes in Judging Wheat and Silver Prices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹²⁰ The most judicious writers inferred the high value of silver in ancient times not so much from the low price of wheat, but from other rude produce.

In those rude ages, wheat was a sort of manufacture.

Money as the Measure of Value and Medium of Exchange

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Measures of value and measures of quantity

We now consider money as:

The measure of value, and then
The medium of exchange.

When people deal in many kinds of goods, one of them must be considered as the measure of value. Suppose there were only three commodities, sheep, corn, and oxen.

Natural Abilities

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Natural Abilities And Moral Virtues

The distinction between natural abilities and moral virtues is the most usual in all systems of ethics.

Natural abilities are:

placed on the same footing with bodily endowments, and
supposed to have no merit or moral worth annexed to them.

A dispute on this would be merely a dispute of words.

Objections by Mathematicians

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Mathematicians will not be satisfied with these answers.

They will immediately propose new objections.

They will probably say I explain only how objects affect the senses, not their real nature and operations.

Persons dealing with religious matters are not very wealthy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Examples are judges, muftis, teachers, prayer leaders, preachers, muezzins.

This is because profit is the value realized from labor. This value differs according to the need for labor.

Certain types of labor may be necessary. Their value is greater. The need for them more urgent.

Physical Beauty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All ancient moralists say that physical beauty is like a beautiful mind. We both praise a handsome man and a man with a beautiful mind.

Population

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Political economists must always take 2 elements together:

Public Credit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In ancient times, the common practice was to hoard up treasures during peacetime for paying conquest or defence during wartime. They did not resort to taxation or borrowing in times of disorder and confusion.

Public Debts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

SOME have imagined that it was advantageous for a state to be indebted to itself.

They thought that this multiplied riches, by increasing the circulation. They confounded a circulating paper which represents money or profits with a paper which represents a debt.

Spartan Military Service

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The above form a common stock of blessings, open to every Spartan to enjoy, alike in peace and in war.

But if any one desires to be informed in what way the legislator improved upon the ordinary machinery of warfare and in reference to an army in the field, it is easy to satisfy his curiosity.

Strange Rituals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The common sort of people, leaving the king and his guard with our General, scattered themselves together with their sacrifices among our people, taking a diligent view of every person:

Suicide

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philosophy is the sovereign antidote to superstition and false religion.

Plain good-sense and the practice of the world can serve most purposes of life, but are ineffective against them.

Supereconomics Versus Economics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Supereconomics is concerned with the material well-being of society.

It is the revival of Classical Economics, backed up by actual data which spans 2,500 years, from Xenophon’s The Economist up to the latest GDP data.

Superstition and Enthusiasm

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is a maxim that says that the corruption of the best things produces the worst things. This is true in the corruptions of true religion into superstition and enthusiasm.

The Communists and Various Opposition Parties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Communists:

The Dangers of Overcirculation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁹ A bank’s common expenses are:

the cost of house-rent
wages of servants, clerks, accountants, etc.

It also spends to keep a large amount at all times in its coffers for answering the occasional demands of the holders of its notes.

The English Parliament

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We shall next show:

how each person got a share in the government
what share of it was allotted to each of them.

Every person who had an estate great or small, had a right=

The Four Generation Rule

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Prestige lasts at best four generations in one lineage

The world of the elements and all it contains comes into being and decays. This applies to both its essences and its conditions.

The Idea of Consequential Connection

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Math’s great advantage over the moral sciences is that its ideas are sensible.

This makes them always clear and determinate.

The smallest distinction between them is immediately perceptible.

The same words express the same ideas, without ambiguity or variation.

The Inference from the Impression to the Idea

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Constant Conjunction Between Cause and Effect Comes from Experience

We infer the existence of one object from the existence of another object only through experience.

The Influence of Customs on Beauty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The custom and fashion also have a big influence on our moral sentiments. They are the chief causes of many irregular moral opinions in different ages and nations. They dominate even our judgments concerning beauty.

The Isle of Delos and Mithridates

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

UPON the destruction of Corinth by the Romans, the merchants retired to Delos island, which was a place of safety. It was extremely well situated for the commerce of Italy and Asia, which, since the reduction of Africa, and the weakening of Greece, was grown more important.

The Mode in Which Industry, Capital, and Natural Agents Unite in Production

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Industry and capital are likewise competent to produce by themselves, when that industry is employed upon products of foreign growth, procurable by capital only; as in the European manufacture of cotton and many other articles.

The moral vices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The moral vices are:

the pride which derives gratification from the abasement of others
the egotism which thinks self and its concerns more important than everything else, and decides all doubtful questions in its own favour

These constitute a bad and odious moral character. These are unlike the self-regarding faults previously mentioned, which are not immoralities. They might be proofs of folly or lack of personal dignity and self-respect.

The Nature of Passion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A passion is an:

original existence or
modification of existence.

It does not contain any representative quality which renders it a copy of any other existence or modification.

When I am angry, I actually have the passion.

The People's Army

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Without a people’s army the people have nothing.

"On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 296-97.

This army is powerful because all its members have a conscious discipline; they have come together and they fight not for the private interests of a few individuals or a narrow clique, but for the interests of the broad masses and of the whole nation. The sole purpose of this army is to stand firmly with the Chinese people and to serve them whole-heartedly.

The Politics of 'Borrowed Growth'

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This has been the inescapable consequence of rule by an oligarchic elite that has been unwilling to mobilise resources, preferring ‘pain-free’ ways of managing public finances.

The successive civilian and military governments have lived beyond their means. They are a privilegentsia that is averse eroding its position or corporate interests.

The Prince's Clemency

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

CLEMENCY is the characteristic of monarchs. In republics, whose principle is virtue, it is not so necessary.

In despotic governments, where fear predominates, it is less customary, because the great men are to be restrained by examples of severity. It is more necessary in monarchies, where they are governed by honour, which frequently requires what the very law forbids. Disgrace is here equivalent to chastisement; and even the forms of justice are punishments. This is because particular kinds of penalty are formed by shame, which on every side invades the delinquent.

The Real and Nominal Price of Commodities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

The core of the misunderstanding of Smith’s Labour Theory of Value is the ambiguity of the word ’labour’. Here, we replace it with ’toil and trouble’ to equate it more to psychology, emotions, and subjectiveness, instead of physical force or objectiveness. Toil and trouble is more related to suffering and non-suffering. A link to the original translation with the word ’labour’ will be posted in the bottom.

Toil and trouble is the real measure of Exchangeable Value

¹ A person’s wealth depends on the degree by which he can afford to enjoy the necessaries, conveniencies, and amusements of human life. These necessaries and enjoyments come from the work of other people. His wealth depends on the amount of that work which he can command or buy.

The Relations of Pride [Ego] and Humility [Shame] to the Self

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

My principles are based on experience.

The causes of pride [ego] and humility [shame] concur to produce pain and pleasure, independent of pride and humility [shame].

The Select Society Dies Because of English

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

But, useful and active and celebrated as it was, the Select Society died after 10 years it started because of Charles Townshend’s sarcasm.

Townshend was brought to hear one of the wonderful debates, which were thought to reflect a new glory on Edinburgh.

The Third Element: Matter

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The particles of the 1st Element can fill up the interstices of the 2nd ELement. Among this 1st Element, there are many which get an angular form from the pressure of the 2nd Element globules around them.

The undervaluing of our Money by Bills of Exchange cannot decrease our treasure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Merchant’s Exchange by Bills lets them send money from one country to another country and receive it again at certain times at agreed rates. The lender and borrower do not need to transport metal money from state to state. These Exchanges are made between man and man.

The various sciences that exist in contemporary civilization

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The sciences in cities are of 2 kinds:

The philosophical sciences

These are natural to man.

Man is guided by his own ability to think this.

This makes man aware of the distinction between:

The wealth and economic activity between cities depend on their population size

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because each person cannot obtain all the necessities of life by himself. For instance, no one, by himself, can obtain the wheat that he needs for food.

Theory of Moral Sentiments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith enjoyed a very high Scotch reputation long before his name was known to the public by any literary contribution.

But in 1759 he gave his Theory of Moral Sentiments to the press.

Things that strike at Liberty in Monarchies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

LIBERTY often has been weakened in monar chies by a thing of the least use in the world to the prince. This is the naming of commissioners to try a private person.

Types of People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 38: Benevolence, Righteousness, Propriety

¹ Those who possessed in highest degree the attributes of the Tao did not seek to show them. Therefore, they possessed them in the fullest measure.

Utility is an uncertain standard

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Utility is an uncertain standard which every different person interprets differently. There is no safety but in the immutable, ineffaceable, and unmistakeable dictates of Justice, which carry their evidence in themselves, and are independent of the fluctuations of opinion.

Who Supervises The Conduct Of Society?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The question arises: who has the right to supervise society, and to point out deviations that may occur from the laws of society? Democratically, no one group can claim this right on behalf of society. Therefore, society alone supervises itself.

Why the Salic and Roman Laws and the Capitularies were Disused

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The principal cause for the disuse of the Salic and Roman laws, and the Capitularies was the great extent given to judiciary combats.

The Salic laws did not admit of this custom and so they became useless and fell into oblivion. The Roman laws also rejected this custom. Their whole attention was then taken up in establishing the law of judicial combats, and in forming a proper digest of the several cases that might happen on those occasions.

Zone 6

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 1

Half of this section is mostly covered by the sea, which stretches eastward in a curving line along the northern part, then runs southward along the eastern part, and ends near the southern part of the section.

Technology with a Human Face

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Based on a lecture given at the Sixth Annual Conference of the Teilhard Centre for the Future of Man, London, 23rd October 1971. The modern world has been shaped by its metaphysics, which has shaped its education, which in turn has brought forth its science and technology. So, without going back to metaphysics and education, we can say that the modern world has been shaped by technology. It tumbles from crisis to crisis; on all sides there are prophecies of disaster and, indeed, visible signs of breakdown.

Planning And The Rule Of Law

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Recent studies in the sociology of law once more confirm that the fundamental principle of formal law by which every case must be judged according to general rational precepts, which have as few exceptions as possible and are based on logical subsumptions, obtains only for the liberal competitive phase of capitalism. K. Mannheim.

Is it correct for the United States to abduct Maduro?

Thu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The recent abduction of Venezuela’s leader, Nicolás Maduro, by Donald Trump has prompted a debate on the legality of such an action.

In Favor

Those in favor of the abduction point to the organized crime enabled by Maduro’s regime.
Others argue it is preferable for the U.S. to influence Venezuela rather than cede influence to China or Russia.
Some, like Senator Marco Rubio, contend it would weaken the Communist regime in Cuba by removing a key ally.
Still others believe that stabilizing Venezuela would reduce the flow of Venezuelan migrants to the United States.

Against

Those against the abduction argue such unilateral actions normalize power grabs and violate national sovereignty.
Others state that Trump’s actions disregard the U.S. Congress and therefore undermine democratic principles at home.

Yet if such an event were so clearly bad, why would Venezuelans abroad be celebrating?

Marx The Teacher

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

These results each time consist in an avalanche of consumers’ goods that permanently deepens and widens the stream of real income although in the first instance they spell disturbance, losses and unemployment.

The Evils of the Corn Trade

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Commerce and manufactures are hindered by:

a comparatively low value of the precious metals or
a high nominal price of corn and labour

Yet these permanently beneficial to those who live by wages.

Transportation and Mobility

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Road networks (including bridges, tunnels)

Public transit (buses, trains, subways, trams)

Pedestrian and cycling infrastructure (sidewalks, bike lanes)

Freight logistics (movement of goods, supply chains)

Emergency access routes (for fire, ambulance, police)

The Time Value of Money

Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The Time Value of Money as an Effect of the Force of Capital

Money is the crudest resource mechanism. This is why it is often said to be the root of all evil.

The time value of money states that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow. This is due to a few key reasons:

How Flow Taxation works as Pointtax

Sun, 17 Nov 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Earlier, we explained Flow Taxation which is based on dividing the tax equally among the parties in an exchange. This fulfills all of Adam Smith’s Taxation Maxims.

We implement it through Pointtax is a taxation system that is based on points which represent barter-credits pegged to the value of grains such as rice.

The Edinburgh Review

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Select Society wanted to improve Scotch literature:

“The idea was that to show men at this stage of the country’s progress that the gradual advance of science would encourage them to learn in order to do honour to their country.”

The Imperfection of Words

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Words are used for recording and communicating our Thoughts.

From what has been said in the foregoing chapters, it is easy to perceive what imperfection there is in language, and how the very nature of words makes it almost unavoidable for many of them to be doubtful and uncertain in their significations. To examine the perfection or imperfection of words, it is necessary first to consider their use and end: for as they are more or less fitted to attain that, so they are more or less perfect. We have, in the former part of this discourse often, upon occasion, mentioned a double use of words.

The Jews who converted to Islam

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The People of the Book were:

the Jews who had the Torah
the Christians who followed the religion of the Jews

The Jews who lived among the Arabs at that time were themselves Bedouins.

The Kinds Of Commerce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Commerce is the attempt to make a profit by increasing capital through buying goods at a low price and selling them at a high price, whether these goods consist of slaves, grain, animals, weapons, or clothing material.

The Quranic sciences

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Quran is the word of God that was revealed to His Prophet.

It was written down between the two covers of copies of the Qur’an (mushaf). Its transmission has been continuous in Islam.

The Rules Which Determine Property

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Stability of Possession

The establishment of the rule on the stability of possession is useful and absolutely necessary to human society.

But it can never serve to any purpose while it remains in such general terms.

The Stationary State

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 3. The Stationary state is where the population is stationary.

Yet nearly all its features might be seen where population and wealth are both growing, provided:

they are growing at about the same rate
there is no scarcity of land
the methods of production and trade change but little
the character of man is constant

For in such a state by far the most important conditions of production and consumption, of exchange and distribution will remain of the same quality, and in the same general relations to one another, though they are all increasing in volume.

What is Probability?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Probability only discovers the relations of objects, not the relations of ideas.

It must be founded on our perceptions and ideas.

If there were no perceptions in our probable reasonings, the conclusion would be chimerical.
If there were no mixture of ideas, the mind’s action in observing the relation would be sensation, not reasoning.

In all probable reasonings, there must therefore be some perception or thing present to the mind, either seen or remembered.

Plausible Capitalism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

THE argument of the preceding chapter seems to be exposed to a reply that is as damaging as it is obvious. The average rate of increase in total available production that obtained during the sixty years preceding 1928 has been projected into the future.

Additional Bureaus And Offices

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

For those attorneys, accountants, experts, and specialists in the department’s remaining offices subject to closure whose positions might nevertheless be a key component of serving the mission—positions that might include the Office of the Secretary/Deputy Secretary, Office of the Undersecretary, Office of the General Counsel, Office of the Inspector General, Office of Finance and Operations, Office of the Chief Information Officer, Office of Communications and Outreach, and Office of Legislative and Congressional Affairs—the opportunity to join other agencies based on their expertise and the needs of other agencies should be made available. For example, OGC higher education lawyers would join the newly independent Federal Student Aid Office or the Department of Labor, and OGC civil rights attor- neys would join DOJ. These positions must first be determined to serve a continued mission need prior to being transferred.

Council On Environmental Quality (ceq)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Council on Environmental Quality is the EOP component with the prin- cipal task of administering the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)36 by issuing regulations and interpretive documents and by overseeing the processes of individual permitting agencies’ own NEPA regulations, including categorical exclusions. The CEQ also coordinates environmental policy across the federal government, and its influence has waxed and waned across Administrations. The President should instruct the CEQ to rewrite its regulations implementing NEPA along the lines of the historic 2020 effort and restoring its key provisions such as banning the use of cumulative impact analysis.

Currencies

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Currency Policy and Risks

In the Triffin world, the demand for reserve assets causes persistent deviations from the equilibria in currency markets that would balance trade.

Graduated Scales, Leverage and Security

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The last trade war saw gradations of tariff rates for different types of Chinese imports.

Scott Bessent, a Trump advisor and potential Treasury Secretary, has proposed putting countries into different groups based on:

Population Policy

Sun, 29 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Population policy depends greatly on circumstances. There are countries, in which nature does all.

There is no need to encourage propagation when a fruitful climate yields enough people. Sometimes, the climate is more favourable than the soil. The people multiply, and are destroyed by famine.

The judiciary Power in the Roman Government

Thu, 24 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

THE judiciary power was given to:

the people,
the senate,
the magistrates, and
particular judges.

How were their civil affairs distributed?

The consuls had the judiciary power after the expulsion of the kings, as the praetors were judges after the consuls. Servius Tullus had divested himself of the power of determining of civil causes, which was not resumed by the consuls, except in some very rare cases, for that reason cal led extraordinary. They were satisfied with naming the judges and establishing the several tribunals.

Peace and the freedom from misery

Mon, 14 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

⁷² The Stoics said that there is no or very little difference in the happiness in one permanent situation and another.

It was just enough to render that situation as objects of:

A NEW GOLDEN AGE

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

America stands at the cusp of a revolution in science, in which AI will accelerate discovery, multiply human cognitive capabilities, and unlock solutions to some of our greatest challenges. But “AI for science” will still find itself subject to the frictions and inefficiencies of human institutions. We can only fully harness AI and its associated productivity uplift by boldly reforming our scientific institutions, building national-scale infrastructure, and ensuring rigorous verification of the knowledge base from which AI will learn.

ADAPTING TO THE CHANGING NATURE OF SCIENCE

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed a series of institutional innovations that ushered in a fertile era of discovery. The natural philosophy of earlier ages, where a single scholar might range freely across what we now call physics, chemistry, and biology, had given way to specialized disciplines. Each had its own departments, journals, and staff. This transformation, pioneered primarily in German universities during the 19th century, laid the foundation for scientific professionalization.54

Advantages of Bank Prudence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶¹ For a long time, Scottish banks were very careful to require frequent and regular repayments from all their customers They did not deal with any person of any fortune or credit who did not make frequent and regular operations with them.

Cause and Effect is based on Perceptions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Reason Cannot Explain the Connection of Cause and Effect Because that Connection is Based on Impressions

Our reason fails to discover the ultimate connection of causes and effects.

Even after experience has informed us of their constant conjunction, we cannot extend that experience beyond those observed instances.

Custom and Fashion in the Arts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶ According to the ancient rhetoricians:

a certain measure of verse was appropriated by nature to each species of writing
each measure was naturally expressive of the writing’s character or feeling.
one verse was fit for grave, and another for gay works.

These could not be interchanged without the greatest impropriety. However, modern writing contradicts this principle even though modern writing appears extremely proper. The burlesque verse in English is the heroic verse in French. Racine’s tragedies and Voltaire’s Henriad are nearly in the same verse with:

Dignity and Meanness Of Human Nature

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Intellectual sects and political factions secretly form. Sometimes they do not come to an open rupture.

But they give a different turn to the ways of thinking of those who have taken part on either side.

ENSURING THAT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BETTER THE LIVES OF ALL AMERICANS

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

America’s scientific creativity and entrepreneurial culture position us to translate breakthroughs into technologies that enrich every American’s life.

That enrichment should include the creation of manufacturing jobs, not just the development of consumer products. By rebuilding the link between science and hands-on craft, federal leadership can ensure that the economic returns of discovery, including the jobs, supplier networks, and process knowledge encoded in the hands of workers, accrue to Americans in every region of the country and every sector of the economy, sustaining our technological leadership for generations to come.

First Visit to London

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith visited London for the first time in September 1761, when Hume and his other Scotch friends were already there. He had not visited London in the seven years’ he was at Oxford. He never left Oxford during that time. (The Balliol Buttery Books) He had not visited London in the first 10 years he spent in Glasgow, otherwise the University would have had some record of it. (Mr. Rogers) Glasgow University had much business to transact in London then.

Food Production

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Abstractly, the multiplication of food follows a geometrical progression like the multiplication of men. It follows it only much faster. In a given space and time, this progression is not followed any more by the one species than the other.

Group Feeling and Royal Authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

16. The goal of group feeling is royal authority.

This is because group feeling:

gives protection and mutual defense
allows the pressing of claims and other kinds of social activity

Human beings need someone to act as a restraining influence and mediator in every social organization, in order to keep the members from fighting each other.

How the English Government became Absolute

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The House of Commons became considerable. But how did the nobility’s power decrease and how did the government become arbitrary?

Previously by their ancient rustic hospitality, all the European courts could easily maintain 1,000 retainers. Richard, Earl of Warwick was styled as a King. He maintained 40,000 people everyday besides tenants.

Isaac Netwon's System of Astronomy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Keplers’ laws were cemented by the observations of Cassini. But there were still constant irregularities in the motions of heavenly bodies.

Sir Isaac Newton first attempted to give a physical account of the motions of the Planets to solve such irregularities.

Leadership Of Party Committees

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Party committee system is an important Party institution for:

ensuring collective leadership
preventing any individual from monopolizing the conduct of affairs.

In some leading bodies, one individual usually monopolizes the conduct of affairs and decide important problems.

Lending on Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

SPECIE is the sign of value. He who has occasion for this sign, should pay for the use of it, as well as for everything else that he has occasion for.

Maxims

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Maxims or Axioms are Self-evident Propositions.

THERE are a sort of propositions, which, under the name of MAXIMS and AXIOMS, have passed for principles of science: and because they are SELF-EVIDENT, have been supposed innate, without that anybody (that I know) ever went about to show the reason and foundation of their clearness or cogency. It may, however, be worth while to inquire into the reason of their evidence, and see whether it be peculiar to them alone; and also to examine how far they influence and govern our other knowledge.

National Opulence Does Not Consist In Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

But labour, not money, is the true measure of value. Therefore, national opulence consists in:

the quantity of goods and
the facility of barter

The more money that is needed to circulate the goods of any country, the fewer the goods.

Northern India: Gujarat and Malwa

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	?

Gujarat (Huchala under Chalukya)

Gujarat’s capital has a four-fold wall and rules over 100 cities.

Its people are white and clean looking. Both men and women wear double rings hanging down from holes in their ears. They wear close fitting clothes with a cotton sarong wrapped around them.

Operations Alike Common to All Branches of Industry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Let us take the example of a product of external commerce; such as indigo.

The science of the geographer, the traveller, the astronomer, brings us acquainted with the spot where it is to be met with, and the means of crossing the seas to get at it.

Our Esteem For The Rich And Powerful

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Nothing has a greater tendency to give us an esteem or a contempt for any person, than his power and riches, or his poverty and meanness.

Esteem and contempt are a species of love and hatred.

OUR RESEARCHERS FACE MOUNTING CHALLENGES

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

These rapid changes demand that our institutions adapt. As will be addressed in Chapter II, significant portions of our federal funding apparatus remain anchored to outdated assumptions. This is not an indictment of the talented scientists and grantmakers who staff these bureaucracies, but a product of institutional inertia, born from the lack of market selection pressure that drives constant experimentation.

Perception

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Perception the first simple Idea of Reflection.

PERCEPTION, as it is the first faculty of the mind exercised about our ideas; so it is the first and simplest idea we have from reflection, and is by some called thinking in general. Though thinking, in the propriety of the English tongue, signifies that sort of operation in the mind about its ideas, wherein the mind is active; where it, with some degree of voluntary attention, considers anything. For in bare naked perception, the mind is, for the most part, only passive; and what it perceives, it cannot avoid perceiving.

Political or Civil Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 77: GOD made man in a way it was not good for him to be alone.

God put man under strong obligations of necessity, convenience, and inclination to drive him into society, as well as fitted him with understanding and language to continue and enjoy it.

Public Works and Institutions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶⁹ The sovereign’s third and last duty is building and maintaining advantageous public works and institutions for society.

The profit from these could never repay the expence to a few people. Individuals cannot be expected to build or maintain them. This duty costs very differently in the different periods of society.

Qualities Immediately Agreeable To Ourselves

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A sad group of people sometimes has a lively member who suddenly animates their conversation. Such a cheerfulness carries great merit with it and most more readily communicates itself all around. The flame spreads through the whole circle; and the most sullen and morose are often caught by it.

Retaliatory Restraints

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²³ There are two cases when it will be advantageous to lay some burden on foreign industry to encourage domestic industry.

²⁴ When an industry is needed for national defence. When a tax is imposed by foreign countries on certain products of the home country.

REVITALIZING AMERICA’S SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To reverse stagnation and restore breakthrough momentum, the Federal Government must free American scientists to do their best work. Federal funding in academia remains anchored to mid-century assumptions, channeled through traditional disciplines and overly focused on short, project-based grants. Review panels often gatekeep proposals by consensus, disincentivizing transformative ideas. Agencies face little corrective pressure when portfolios underperform.

Science A New Golden Age

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

JULY 2026

Dear Mr. President:

Eighty-one years ago, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote a letter to Vannevar Bush, tasking him with reorganizing America’s scientific enterprise after World War II. Bush’s response was a report, titled Science: The Endless Frontier. It established the Federal Government’s role in supporting basic science, led to the creation of the National Science Foundation, and shaped our nation’s science and technology strategy for decades afterward. That report was foundational to the American Century and to the technological world in which we live today. Now, as we celebrate the United States’ 250th anniversary, we have the responsibility to renew our foundations once more. Never have science and technology been more central to our nation’s security and prosperity, and, although America continues to set the pace of scientific progress, global competitors are racing to challenge our leadership. This historical moment demands that we modernize our institutions to match the achievements of our past and the ambitions of our future. In your letter of March 26, 2025, on the occasion of my Senate confirmation as Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, you challenged me to reexamine America’s research and development ecosystem in light of changes brought on by the 21st century. The report I present here diagnoses the obstacles American researchers face today, and the ways our scientific enterprise has fundamentally transformed since its basic organization was established in 1945. Though our investments in research have grown, scientific productivity has slowed. We have become dependent on a narrow set of legacy institutions. Our incentive structures reward conformity over bold inquiry. And the capacity that once turned American discoveries into American strength has eroded, undermined by decades of industrial offshoring. To address these and related challenges, this report puts forward recommendations for the entire scientific and technological ecosystem, across government, academia, philanthropy, and industry. Underlying all of these recommendations is a simple measure of success. A decade from now, American researchers should look back at our work and say: “The vital questions I could not pursue then, I am free to pursue now.” That purpose will be achieved if we make progress toward four overarching goals. First, the U.S. research system should prioritize the individual scientist over legacy institutions. If we are serious about expanding what our scientists can do, we must invest directly in American researchers and the bold ideas that drive them. Too much of our research enterprise has come to serve itself rather than the scientists within it. Federal funding agencies should support a broader range of performers, including a new generation of mission-driven research organizations, to expand our scientific horizons. And these agencies should organize themselves around the interdisciplinary frontiers of science today, rather than the academic silos of the last century. Second, the Federal Government should fundamentally change how research dollars are allocated, distributed, and assessed. Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, the government should fund more flexible types of grants, including fasttrack grants, long-horizon grants, and new mechanisms that allow reviewers to champion radically unconventional proposals. Federal research agencies should evaluate their own performance as capital allocators, test new ways of making grants, and construct portfolios with the intentionality of a serious investor. Third, the Federal Government should set clear scientific goals and build the industrial muscle to translate scientific discovery into technological strength. The greatest technical achievements of the last century came about because leaders in government identified national priorities and marshaled the resources to accomplish them. As our competitors race us to capture the value chain of strategic technologies, including with tactics we would never countenance, we can no longer assume that the fruits of American science will accrue to our own people. Government must mobilize the full force of our enterprise around national challenges, clear the ground for American builders, and reunite the work of discovery and manufacturing across the country. Fourth, we must prepare our research enterprise for the AI revolution. AI will accelerate and radically transform the way we do science. But even the most capable AI models will be slowed down in the bottleneck of institutions and systems built for the last century. As we renew the infrastructure that powers American science, we must reengineer it for the AI age. And even as AI compresses the time from question to answer, we will still need human hands to build the instrument or prototype. We must build that capacity, too, investing in advanced manufacturing, the skilled trades, and the vast pools of talent and tacit knowledge outside the traditional academic pipeline. Letter of Transmittal vii In preparing this report, I have consulted widely across the country’s scientific enterprise, from entrepreneurs driving world-changing breakthroughs in fusion technology, to researchers eager to pursue bold ideas in neuroscience at our universities, to venture capitalists funding revolutionary platforms for drug discovery. Their message is clear and inspiring: given the right conditions, American ingenuity will continue to achieve the impossible. Throughout our history, Americans have shown remarkable courage in their willingness to reinvent our institutions when the challenges we faced demanded it, from establishing the land-grant university to creating the National Science Foundation to launching the Apollo Program. Each generation has seized its opportunity to expand the frontiers of knowledge and lay down the paving stones of progress. Now it is our time to build the scientific enterprise that will carry America forward and bring prosperity to Americans through the 21st century and beyond. Mr. President, you have called for a Golden Age of American Innovation. This report is the map to that vision. Our nation cured polio, placed men on the Moon, decoded the human genome, and launched the digital revolution. With your leadership, we will extend our scientific and technological might into the Second American Century and continue to deliver the innovations and discoveries that define the modern world.

Scientific Discoveries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philo

But to show you still more inconveniences in your Anthropomorphism, please review your principles.

Second period (1570-1640) and Third period (1650-1700)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Second Period (1570-1640)

¹³⁵ The opinion on the progress of silver value from 1570-1640 is unanimous.

¹³⁶ From 1570 to 1640, the proportion of silver and wheat values were opposite.

SECURING U.S. DOMINANCE IN CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

America has the world’s most vibrant scientific enterprise and most dynamic private sector, which routinely turns novel ideas into new industries. But scientific leadership alone does not guarantee national strength or economic vitality.

Solutions: Tax Reform

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁷ It is impossible to exactly ascertain the revenue to be produced by this colonial tax system.

Through this system, more than £10 million of revenue is annually levied in Great Britain on less than 8 million people.

Some Remarkable Customs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Three remarkable customs in three celebrated governments prove:

that all general maxims in politics should be established with great caution
that irregular and extraordinary appearances are frequently discovered in the moral and physical world

1. We think that all the members of a supreme council should have freedom of speech. After a motion has been voted and approved by that assembly, its proposer must forever be exempted from future trial or enquiry.

But these axioms have all failed in the Athenian government.

Spartan Mode of Encampment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To avoid the waste incidental to the angles of a square, (1) the encampment, according to him, should be circular, except where there was the security of a hill, (2) or fortification, or where they had a river in their rear.

Taxes on Profit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁶ Profits on stock naturally divides itself into two:

The part that pays the interest

This part belongs to the owner of the stock

The part that is in excess of what is needed to pay the interest.

⁸⁷ This latter part of profit is not taxable directly.

The British Banks: Fractional Reserve

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The constitution of the banks in Britain differs widely from that in Amsterdam.

Here, only around 1/6 of the money is kept for answering demands. The rest is employed in trade.

The Character Of Merchants Are Inferior

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A merchant concerns himself with buying and selling, earning money and making a profit.

This requires cunning, willingness to enter into disputes, cleverness, constant quarreling, and great persistence.

They are qualities destructive of virtuousness and manliness.

The Commerce of the Romans with the Barbarians

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE Romans erected a vast empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

The weakness of the people and the tyranny of their laws united this immense body. The Roman policy was then to avoid all communication with those nations whom they had not subdued. The fear of carrying to them the art of conquering, made them neglect the art of enriching themselves.

The Definition of Income, Saving and Investment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Here are my definitions:

Sales is an entrepreneur’s income from a sale of a product
Purchases is his expense in buying that product from his supplier
Assets is his expense for capital equipment
- This includes his unfinished goods (working capital) and finished goods
Maintenance is the cost of maintaining the assets

My equations are: Depreciated Asset Value = Asset - Maintenance

The Economic Basis Of The Third Universal Theory

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part 2: The Solution of the Economic Problem: Socialism

Important historical developments contributing to the solution of the problem of work and wages – the relationship between producers and owners, workers and employers – have occurred in recent history.

The Hadith: sciences concerned with Prophetic traditions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are many and varied hadith.

One of them concerns abrogating and abrogated traditions. The permission to abrogate previous statements and the occurrence of abrogation have been established in our religious law.

The Idea of Consequential Connection

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

But there is another method to avoid this conclusion.

When any natural object or event is presented, it is impossible for us, by any sagacity or penetration, to discover or even conjecture, without experience:

The ideal public

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is easy for any one to imagine an ideal public, which leaves the freedom and choice of individuals in all uncertain matters undisturbed, and only requires them to abstain from modes of conduct which universal experience has condemned.

The Masters of the Tao

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 15: The Masters of the Tao

¹ The skillful masters of the Tao in the old times had a subtle and exquisite penetration to comprehend its mysteries. They were also deep as to be beyond men’s knowledge. But I will describe them.

The Obligation of Contracts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The obligation of contract is based on the reasonable expectation from a promise.

A promise:

is a declaration that requires your performance
is different from a mere declaration of intention
produces an obligation
- Its breach is an injury

If I say that I want to do something for you, but I do not do it, then I am not guilty of a breach of promise.

The Origin of Feudalism: Property Rights

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Feudal-like Systems are caused by land ownership, not feudal law. The Feudal law merely Formalizes land ownership

⁷ The power of the ancient barons was founded on the great proprietors’ authority over their tenants and retainers.

The Politics of 'Borrowed Growth'

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan relies on external resources to finance both development and consumption.

This was facilitated by foreign aid.

Cold War assistance accompanied Pakistan’s close alliance with the US.

In the 1980s, Western aid paid for Pakistan’s pivotal role in resisting the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.

The Prices in Towns

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All markets cater to the needs of people.

Some are for necessities:

foodstuffs like wheat and barley
foods, such as beans, chick-peas, peas, and other edible grains
wholesome foods such as onions, garlic, and the like.

Some are for conveniences or luxuries:

The Royal Authority Naturally Claims All Glory For Itself

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because the group feeling that leads to royal authority is a composite of the amalgamation of many groups, one of which is stronger than all the others.

Zone 7

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Surrounding Sea covers most of Zone 7 in the north from the beginning to the middle of Section 5, where it touches the Qufaya Mountains that surround Gog and Magog.

Better Upholding and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To realize the party’s historical mission in the new era, we must:

strengthen the “four self-confidences”
unify the “four greatness”
make overall plans to promote the overall layout of the “five-in-one”
coordinate the promotion of the “four comprehensive” strategic layout
realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the great practice of better adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Section 1: Adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is the fundamental direction of development and progress in contemporary China

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way to develop China, stabilize China, make China prosperous and prosperous, and also the only way to realize China’s modernization. Only by unswervingly adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics can we smoothly advance the process of China’s socialist modernization and constantly open up a new horizon for China’s development and progress.

Money

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Money as distinguished from coin is the result of the circuit C—M—C and constitutes the starting point of the circuit M—C—M, that is the exchange of money for commodities so as to exchange commodities for money.

Plausible Capitalism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

But is not all that we might be tempted to infer from “maximum performance of an optimally selected group” invalidated by the further fact that that performance is not geared to social service—production, so we might say, for consumption—but to money-making, that it aims at maximizing profits instead of welfare?

Outside of the bourgeois stratum, this has of course always been the popular opinion. Economists have sometimes fought and sometimes espoused it.

The Way of Humanity

Tue, 10 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Since humanity was created to serve the Anunnaki, service is the dharmagenesis of the human species.

Therefore, serving the galaxy is the positive way for humanity.

Communications and Information

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Telecommunications networks (mobile, fixed-line)

Internet access (broadband or mobile data)

Emergency alert systems (amber alerts, weather warnings)

Postal and parcel services

Public broadcast media (news, weather, public safety info)

The 5 Main Works

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The 5 main works have been the most popular.

Al-Bukhari’s Sahih occupies the highest rank among them.

People found it difficult to comment on the Sahih and have found it rather complicated. This is because:

The New Edinburgh Review: Hume Versus the Church

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A new literary review is started in Edinburgh by Hume and a few of his younger friends.

Hume was the most distinguished man of letters then in Scotland.

He is neither asked to contribute to the periodical, nor even admitted to the secret of its origination.

The Poker Club and a Scottish Militia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Poker Club in 1762.

Most people think of it as merely a social society.

Mr. Burton says that its purpose was to drink claret.

But it was really a committee for political agitation, like the Anti-Corn-Law League or the Home Rule Union.

The Rules For The Stability Of Possession

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The rule of the assignment of property to the present possessor is natural and useful.

But its usefulness does not extend beyond the initial formation of society.

Always assigning property to its present possessor is most pernicious, because it:

Development

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Part 3 The Third World

A British Government White Paper on Overseas Development some years ago stated the aims of foreign aid as follows:

Social and Economic Problems Calling for the Development of Intermediate Technology

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

INTRODUCTION

The Problem of Unemployment in India

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

When speaking of unemployment I mean the non-utilisation or gross under-utilisation of available labour. We may think of a productivity scale that extends from zero, i.e. the productivity of a totally unemployed person, to 100 per cent, i.e. the productivity of a fully and most effectively occupied person. The crucial question for any poor society is how to move up on this scale. When considering productivity in any society it is not sufficient to take account only of those who are employed or self-employed and to leave out of the reckoning all those who are unemployed and whose productivity therefore is zero.

Two Million Villages

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

First published in Britain and the World in the Seventies: A Collection of Fabian Essays, edited by George Cunningham, published by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., London, 1970.

The results of the second development decade will be no better than those of the first unless there is a conscious and determined shift of emphasis from foods to people. Indeed, without such a shift the results of aid will become increasingly destructive.

ECONOMIC CONTROL AND TOTALITARIANISM

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The control of the production of wealth is the control of human life itself. Hilaire Bel/oc.

Most planners who have seriously considered the practical aspects of their task have little doubt that a directed economy must be run on more or less dictatorial lines. That the complex system ofinterrelated activities, ifit is to be consciously directed at all, must be directed by a single staff of experts, and that ultimate responsibility and power must rest in the hands of a commander-in-chief, whose actions must not be fettered by democratic procedure, is too obvious a consequence of underlying ideas of central planning not to command fairly general assent.

Plausible Capitalism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Let us take the second stride.

The Marshall-Wicksell analysis of course did not overlook the many cases that fail to conform to that model. Nor, for that matter, had the classics overlooked them. They recognized cases of “monopoly,” and Adam Smith himself carefully noticed the prevalence of devices to restrict competition 6 and all the differences in flexibility of prices resulting therefrom. But they looked upon those cases as exceptions and, moreover, as exceptions that could and would be done away with in time. Something of that sort is true also of Marshall. Although he developed the Cournot theory of monopoly 7 and although he anticipated later analysis by calling attention to the fact that most firms have special markets of their own in which they set prices instead of merely accepting them, 8 he as well as Wicksell framed his general conclusions on the pattern of perfect competition so as to suggest, much as the classics did, that perfect competition was the rule. Neither Marshall and Wicksell nor the classics saw that perfect competition is the exception and that even if it were the rule there would be much less reason for congratulation than one might think.

GM Ratio

Sun, 19 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The GM ratio is the rise or fall in manufacturing as the society gets wealthier.

A rising slope indicate investments in manufacturing and likewise a probable rise in austere morals or of the rise of the intellectual class.

The Good and Evil of Life

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A famous author compared the total good and evil of human life. He found that our pains greatly exceed our pleasures. All things considered, human life is not at all a valuable gift.

The Marks Of A Good Government

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There is no single best government.

But judging a government to be good or bad is possible.

Economic Development Administration

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Economic Development Administration (EDA) is charged with investing in local communities to encourage and enable growth and innovation in the private sector, with particular focus on distressed or underserved areas. Over time, it has also served as a distribution mechanism for emergency relief funds (e.g., Hurricane Maria and COVID-19).

Feasibility

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Most importantly, a multilateral approach to dollar adjustment will only work if our trading partners have dollars to sell.

In contrast to the period of the Plaza Accord, most currency reserves these days reside in the hands of our Middle Eastern and Asian trading partners, not our European ones.

Title 6: School Discipline And Disparate Impact

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Federal overreach has pushed many school leaders to prioritize the pursuit of racial parity in school discipline indicators—such as detentions, suspensions, and expulsions over student safety. In 2014, the Obama Administration issued a Dear Colleague Letter that muddied the standard for civil rights enforcement under Title VI for student discipline cases. Before the DCL, a school would be in violation of federal law for treating black and white students differently for the same offense (disparate treatment); under the Obama Administration schools were at risk of losing federal funding if they treated black and white students equally but had aggregate differences in the rates of school discipline by race (disparate impact).

The 3 Problems with Money

Sat, 18 Apr 2020 00:00:00 +0000

People have loved money ever since it was invented. The philosophers David Hume and Socrates, on the other hand, were not so keen on money because of its drawbacks, which we distill into three, which arise from its static nature:

The Romans Needed to make Laws to increase their Population

Sat, 28 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000

THE Romans, by destroying others, were themselves destroyed. How did the Romans increase their population?

Chapter 21: Roman Population Laws

THE ancient laws of Rome tried hard to get people to marry. Dio says that Augusus said:

Achieving the Tao

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 62: The Reward of the Tao or True Nature

¹ The Tao or True Nature has, of all things, the most honoured place.

Applications--Free Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

My maxims are:

The Government of the Roman Provinces

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

SUCH was the distribution of the 3 powers in Rome. But they were far from being thus distributed in the provinces. Liberty prevailed in the center, and tyranny in the extreme parts.

Central Personnel Agencies: Managing The Bureaucracy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OVERVIEW

The “personnel is policy” is our fundamental principle guiding the government’s personnel management.

As the U.S. Constitution makes clear, the President’s appointment, direction, and removal authorities are the central elements of his executive power.1 In implementing that power, the people and the President deserve the most talented and responsible workforce possible. Who the President assigns to design and implement his political policy agenda will determine whether he can carry out the responsibility given to him by the American people. The President must recognize that whoever holds a government position sets its policy.

Religious Festivals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

WHEN religion appoints a cessation from labour, it ought to have a greater regard to the necessities of mankind, than to the grandeur of the being it designs to honour.

Civil Liberty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Political writers who are free from party-prejudices cultivate a science that contributes most to public utility, of all sciences.

However, I suspect that the world is still too young to establish many general universal truths in politics.

Commerce after the Destruction of the Western Empire

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Commerce was destroyed after the fall of the Roman empire. The barbarous nations at first saw it only as an opportunity for robbery. When they had subdued the Romans, they honoured it no more than agriculture, and the other professions of a conquered people.

Differences in Prosperity and Poverty Are The Same In Rural As In Urban

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

An abundant civilization has many nations, properties, and cities.

The condition of many of its people is favorable.
Their dynasties and realms are large.

This is because they have a lot of available labor that brings wealth.

Dynasties and the Development of Europe

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁶ Very old families are very rare in commercial countries. These are families that have possessed some large estate from father to son for many generations.

In countries which have little commerce on the contrary, they are very common.

Excessive Speculation Leading to Payment Problems

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁶ The difficulty and irregularity of payment from the colonies to Great Britain have not been proportional to the balances due from them.

Generally, payments were more regular from the northern colonies than from the tobacco colonies.

General View Of Distribution

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. The argument of the preceding ten chapters may now be summarized. It falls far short of a complete solution of the problem before us: for that involves questions relating to foreign trade, to fluctuations of credit and employment, and to the influences of associated and collective action in its many forms.

Grains versus Silver in terms of the temporal aspect of value

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵ At distant times, equal amounts of labour will be bought more nearly with equal amounts of wheat, the worker’s subsistence, than with perhaps any other commodity.

At distant times, equal amounts of wheat will enable its possessor to buy or command nearly the same amount of the labour of other people. Although equal amounts of wheat will not do it exactly.

Gravity and Mass

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Newton and the Shape of the Planets as Oblate Spheroids

Before the theory of gravity, people thought that the Earth was perfectly globular.

How Drawing and Redrawing Works

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶⁵ More than 25 years have passed since the paper money issued by the Scottish banks was more than fully equal to what the national circulation could easily absorb and employ.

How Europe was Affected by the Discovery of Two New Worlds

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The compass opened the universe.

Asia and Africa were found, of which only some borders were known; and America, of which we knew nothing.

The Portuguese discovered the southernmost point of Africa. They saw a vast sea, which carried them to India.

How the King Goes to War

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The state maintains the king and those with him as long as he is on active service.

The polemarchs mess with him and share his quarters so that by constant intercourse they can better consult each other in case of need. Besides the polemarch, 3 other members of the peers share the royal quarters, mess, etc.

How was Liberty restored?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How was liberty was restored in Britain?

Period	Leader
1533	Henry 7th
1558	Elizabeth
1603	James I
1649	Charles I

Henry 7th allowed the nobility to dispose of their estates. This placed them on a level with the commons.

Income Defined by Consumption

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The change in the ending value of the capital equipment compared with its starting value due to profit maximizing decisions.

International Barter Taxation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁹ It has been said that:

the Americans have no gold or silver money.
Their interior commerce is done by a paper currency.
- Its gold and silver are all sent to Great Britain for the British commodities that they import from us.

Without gold and silver it is impossible to pay taxes. We already get all their gold and silver.

Invention

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The invention of the stocking frame allowed 1 man to do as much work as 100 men before.

Islamic Jurisprudence and its subdivision, inheritance laws

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Jurisprudence is the knowledge of the classification of the laws of God, which concern the actions of all responsible Muslims, as obligatory, forbidden, recommendable, disliked, or permissible.

These laws are derived from:

Last Year In Glasgow

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Rev. William Ward of Broughton was the chaplain to the Marquis of Rockingham.

In 1763, he brought out his Essay on Grammar.

Sir William Hamilton thought that it was “perhaps the most philosophical essay on the English language extant,”

Liberty and Necessity (Freedom and Consequence)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It might seem very easy to give exact definitions of the words used in reasoning. But in reality, it is very difficult.

Meekness and Docility to Outsiders are Obstacles to Royal Authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because meekness and docility break the vigor and strength of group-feeling.

The meekness and docility of the people shows that their group feeling is lost. They do not become fond of meekness until they are 1,256 too weak to defend themselves.

Moral Distinctions Derived From A Moral Sense

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Morality Is Based On Feeling

Vice and virtue are not discoverable merely by reason, or the comparison of ideas.

They are created by some impression or sentiment that enables us to differentiate them.

National Unity Tested by Regional and Religious Pressures '

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Religion and regionalism have persistently tested both the nature and purpose of the state.

Religion and regionalism would perhaps not have been such enduring sources of discord had efforts to meet the economic and social needs of its people succeeded.

Need, Housing, Income, Transportation, Land

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The freedom of a human being is lacking if his or her needs are controlled by others, for need may lead to the enslavement of one person by another. Furthermore, exploitation is caused by need. Need is an intrinsic problem and conflict is initiated by the control of one’s needs by another.

Past Present and Future

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The conjunction between motives and voluntary actions is as regular and uniform as that between the cause and effect in any part of nature.

This regular conjunction has been universally acknowledged among mankind, and has never been disputed, either in philosophy or common life.

Qualities Immediately Agreeable To Others

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hume Footnote

The natural definition of virtue is a quality of the mind agreeable to or approved of by every one who considers or contemplates it. Some qualities produce pleasure because they are useful to society or to the person himself, Other qualities produce pleasure more immediately. This is the case with the class of virtues here.

Restoring Free Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁰ It may be deliberated how to properly restore the free importation of foreign goods after it has been interrupted, especially when its local monopoly already employs so many people.

Retention

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Contemplation

The next faculty of the mind, whereby it makes a further progress towards knowledge, is that which I call RETENTION; or the keeping of those simple ideas which from sensation or reflection it hath received. This is done two ways.

Roads Should Not Be Privatized

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁸ The tolls for maintaining a high road cannot be made private property. This is because a neglected high road does not become impassable, but a a neglected canal becomes impassable.

Self-Realization

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 16: Meditation and Fellow-feeling with Everything leads to the Tao

¹ The state of nothingness should be brought to the utmost degree.

The state of stillness should be guarded with unwearying vigour.

Servitudes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 11: Servitudes

The many servitudes in France towards the beginning of the third race led to the notion of a general regulation made at the time of the conquest

South India (Chola)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

Chola is in southern India (Yintu) of the west.

Its capital is 5 li away from the sea.

Summary of the Three Periods

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵⁸ The end of this chapter has the prices of wheat from 1741-1750 and 1731-1740

Its average was not so much below the general average of the first 64 years of the century.

Taxes on the Profit of Particular Employments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰⁰ In some countries, extraordinary taxes are imposed on profits when employed=

in particular trades, and
in agriculture

¹⁰¹ The extraordinary taxes on particular trades in England are on=

The Abuse of Words

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Woeful abuse of Words.

Besides the imperfection that is naturally in language, and the obscurity and confusion that is so hard to be avoided in the use of words, there are several WILFUL faults and neglects which men are guilty of in this way of communication, whereby they render these signs less clear and distinct in their signification than naturally they need to be.

The Ban on Coin Exportation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Because of these tenets, the government banned coin exportation.

This ban has been extremely hurtful to the country’s commerce. Because whatever amount of money there is in any country above what is needed for circulation is merely a dead stock.

The Causes Of The Violent Passions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The causes and effects of the calm and violent passions is a subject of the nicest speculation in philosophy.

Passions do not influence the will in proportion to their violence, or the disorder they occasion in the temper;

The Crafts Are Perfected Only In A Large And Perfect Sedentary Civilization

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

People are concerned only with the necessities such as obtaining of food as long as:

sedentary civilization is incomplete and
the city not fully organized

When the city is organized, the available labor increases.

The Ego comes from the double relation of Ideas and Impressions of Objects to the Self

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pride [ego] or humility [shame] is derived from this double relation of ideas and impressions.

An idea is easily converted into its correlative impression which resembles and matches it.

This transition is easier when

The Idea of Existence and External Existence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Idea of Existence Automatically Arises With Every Conception

The ideas of existence and external existence have the same difficulties as the ideas of space and time.

By explaining existence, we shall be more prepared to examine knowledge and probability.

The Influence of Custom on Morals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹ Our feelings on beauty are so much influenced by custom and fashion, that the beauty of conduct is also influenced. However, this influence seems much less than it is everywhere else.

The Investment And Distribution Of Resources

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 6. The immediate effect of the expectation of a high price is to cause people to bring into active work all their appliances of production, and to work them full time and perhaps overtime.

The Labour of Mankind, of Nature, and of Machinery

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Tools are but simple machines, and machines but complicated tools. We use these to enlarge our own limited powers.

The Mass Line

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The people alone are the motive force in the making of world history.

On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 257.*

The masses are the real heroes, while we ourselves are often childish and ignorant, and without this understanding it is impossible to acquire even the most rudimentary knowledge.

The Merchant who merely Exchanges money by Bills cannot Affect our Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some Merchants deal only on the advantages in the Exchange. They do not sell nor buy goods into the nation. This causes people to say that the money of such Exchangers does not make up the balance of our foreign trade.

The Minds of Men are Mirrors to One Another

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A man of a competent fortune, upon coming into a company of strangers, naturally treats them with different degrees of respect and deference, as he is informed of their different fortunes and conditions.

The Nature of Idea or Belief

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Belief is a Strong Idea that Gives Ideas More Force

The idea of an object is an essential part of the belief of it, but not the whole.

We conceive many things which we do not believe.

The Populousness Of Ancient Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The world is not eternal nor incorruptible.

The following prove the mortality of this world, its passage, by corruption or dissolution, from one state or order to another:

the continual and rapid motion of matter,
the violent revolutions with which every part is agitated,
the changes remarked in the heavens,
the plain traces as well as tradition of an universal deluge, or
general convulsion of the elements

Society must therefore have its infancy, youth, manhood, and old age, similar to that each individual form which it contains. Man has these variations equally with every animal and plant.

The Progress of Royal Authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The dynasty becomes senile after it claims all glory for itself and establishes luxury and tranquility.

The temperate and the intemperate zones

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The inuence of the air upon the color of human beings and upon many (other) aspects of their condition.

The cultivated region of that part of the earth which is not covered by water has its center toward the north, because of the excessive heat in the south and the excessive cold in the north. The north and the south represent opposite extremes of cold and heat.

Trifling PROPOSITIONS

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some Propositions bring no Increase to our Knowledge.

WHETHER the maxims treated of in the foregoing chapter be of that use to real knowledge as is generally supposed, I leave to be considered. This, I think, may confidently be affirmed, That there ARE universal propositions, which, though they be certainly true, yet they add no light to our understanding; bring no increase to our knowledge. Such are—

What is a Quasi-Contract?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A quasi-contract is founded on the duty of restitution.

If you find a watch, you should give it back by the right of property, because a man does not lose property with possession. But if you and I balance accounts, and you pay me but you afterwards find that you did not owe that sum, how will you claim it?

Money

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

b. Means of Payment

Non circulating money are:

Suspended coin

This is the temporary transformation of coins into money, reflects the fact that in a certain sphere of circulation, the second term of C—M—C, that is M—C the purchase, must break up into a series of successive purchases.

The brute, the mystic, the thinker

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Men’s epistemology—or, more precisely, their psycho-epistemology, their method of awareness—is the most fundamental standard by which they can be classified.

Few men are consistent in that respect; most men keep switching from one level of awareness to another, according to the circumstances or the issues involved, ranging from moments of full rationality to an almost somnambulistic stupor. But the battle of human history is fought and determined by those who are predominantly consistent, those who, for good or evil, are committed to and motivated by their chosen psycho-epistemology and its corollary view of existence—with echoes responding to them, in support or opposition, in the switching, flickering souls of the others.

The Process Of Creative Destruction

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The theories of monopolistic and oligopolistic competition show in 2 ways that capitalism is unfavorable to maximum performance in production.

A belief that it always has been so.

This believes that output has been expanding despite the secular sabotage from the managing bourgeoisie.

Education and Child Development

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Primary and secondary education

Early childhood care (daycare, preschool)

Adult literacy and basic skills training

Special education services

School nutrition programs (meals at school)

Capital Efficiency and Inefficiency

Mon, 17 Jun 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 3 explained the different types of effort.

Chapter 4 explained that these efforts will likely be valued by the demand that allows the most primary arbitrage.

The best match real-time of effort and need, as supply and demand, is one of the goals of Supereconomics.

The Influences and Authority of Conscience

Fri, 18 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

⁶⁸ The self-approbation which every man uses to survey his own conduct, is proportional to the degree of self-command needed to obtain that self-approbation.

Where little self-command is necessary, little self-approbation is due.

Old Age and Survivor's Insurance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The “social security” program is one of those things on which the tyranny of the status quo is beginning to work its magic. Despite the controversy that surrounded its inception, it has come to be so much taken for granted that its desirability is hardly questioned any longer. Yet it involves a large-scale invasion into the personal lives of a large fraction of the nation without, so far as I can see, any justification that is at all persuasive, not only on liberal principles, but on almost any other. I propose to examine the biggest phase of it, that which involves payments to the aged.

Social Welfare Measures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Minimum wage laws

Minimum wage laws create effects that are the opposite of what was intended.

Proponents of minimum wage laws deplore extremely low rates.

They regard them as a sign of poverty.

The Influence Of Time On Possession

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The title of first possession often becomes obscure through time.

It is impossible to determine many controversies arising from it.

In this case, long possession or prescription naturally takes place.

WHO, WHOM?

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The finest opportunity ever given to the world was thrown away because the passion for equality made vain the hope for freedom. Lord Acton.

One of the commonest objections to competition is that it is “blind”. It is not irrelevant to recall that to the ancients blindness was an attribute of their deity of justice. Although competition and justice may have little else in common, it is as much a commendation of competition as of justice that it is no respecter of persons.

Monopolistic Practices

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The criticisms against the profit economy are inadequate.

Colony Population

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

All new colonies settled in healthy countries, where there was plenty of room and food, have constantly increased with astonishing rapidity in their population.

Merit Hiring In A Merit System

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A large national government can hire good people through merit selection.

The government did so for years, but it has proven difficult in recent times to select personnel based on their knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) as the law dictates.

Reform The Office Of Federal Student Aid

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This proposal urges the new Administration to end the abuse of FSA’s loan for- giveness programs, to manage the federal student loan portfolio in a professional way, and to work with Congress for a long-term overhaul of the program for the benefit of students and taxpayers.

Reserve Accumulation

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Another unilateral approach to strengthening foreign currencies is to mimic the approach taken by some of our trading partners and accumulate foreign exchange reserves. By taking dollars and selling them in the market for other nations’ currencies, government can create additional demand for other currencies and increase their value. In terms of implementation, there are two meaningful avenues for doing so: the first is Treasury’s own assets, particularly its Exchange Stabilization Fund.

Healthcare and Insurance

Tue, 27 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Supereconomic Healthcare Policy is to implement the 5 Paradigms of Medical Superphysics

Health Insurance

Health Insurance focuses on prevention in accordance with the Gross National Happiness Policies.

The expenses will be mostly for accidents and surgeries.

The Modern Economic Table

Sat, 26 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The Eagle in the layer of economics manifests as supply and demand ratios:

The G manifests as the effectual demand or d of the people.
The layer limit _l manifests as their absolute demand or D (a concept that does not exist in Economics).
This D works in the same way as c works in E = mc ², where c acts as the speed limit of the physical universe.

Neoclassical Economics, as the commercial system, is unable to arrive at the real price of everything because they use money which actually wipes out information with every exchange.

A Qualification For Royal Authority Is The Eager Desire To Acquire Praiseworthy Qualities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Royal authority is something natural to human beings, because of its social implications.

Addressing the Objection

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It will be easy to solve this objection if we consider the imagination’s agility and unsteadiness, with the different views it is continually placing its objects in.

When we attribute to a person a property in two objects, we do not always pass:

Applications--Education

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Liberty implies that individuals should regulate each other by mutual agreement in things that jointly regard themselves and others.

Baghdad (Tatsin)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Bullion

Baghdad is also called Likien. It is the general mart of Muslims and the place where the foreign merchants of the Arabs assemble.

Benevolence And Anger

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ideas may be compared to the extension and solidity of matter.

Impressions, especially reflective ones, may be compared to colours, tastes, smells and other sensible qualities.

Ideas:

never admit of a total union.
are endowed with a kind of impenetrability, by which they:
- exclude each other
- form a compound by their conjunction, not by their mixture.

Impressions and passions can have a total union.

Capital Accumulation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

15. The accumulation of estates and farms in cities, their uses and yields.

The accumulation of numerous estates and farms by the citizens does not come all at one time.

The Laws of an Aristocracy, Monarchy, Despotism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 17: The peculiar Quality of the Chinese Government

The legislators of China went further.

They confounded their religion, laws, manners, and customs; all these were morality, all these were virtue.

Why The Chinese Cheat

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 19: How this Union of Religion, Laws, Manners, and Customs among the Chinese was effected

The principal object of government which the Chinese legislators had in view was the peace and tranquillity of the empire.

How the Laws Should Relate to Manners and Customs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapters 21-22: How the Laws Should Relate to Manners and Customs

It is only singular institutions which thus confound laws, manners, and customs — things naturally distinct and separate; but though they are in themselves different, there is nevertheless a great relation between them.

Conclusion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

PART 1

IT is surprising that any man in so late an age, should find it requisite to prove, by elaborate reasoning, that Personal Merit consists altogether in the possession of mental qualities, USEFUL or AGREEABLE to the PERSON HIMSELF or to OTHERS.

Convents and Orphanages as Population Control

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Convents and Orphanages as Population Control

Modern convents are bad institutions. These are popish institutions which should be condemned as:

nurseries of superstition,
burdensome to the public, and
oppressive to their poor prisoners

Do they reduce a state’s population size?

Cultural Differences Affect Morals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁷ In the same way, the different situations of ages and countries give different=

characters to their citizens, and
sentiments about the praiseworthiness of those characters, according what is usual.

The politeness highly esteemed in Russia would be seen as rudeness and barbarism at the French court.

Delinquency: Ex Dolo, Ex Culpa

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The third kind of personal rights are ex delicto.

Delicts are of two kinds:

they arise ex dolo when there is a blameable intention, or
ex culpa when they are done through a culpable negligence.

Injury naturally excites the resentment of the spectator, and the punishment of the offender is reasonable as far as the indifferent spectator can go along with it. This is the natural measure of punishment.

Discerning, And Other Operations Of The Mind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

No Knowledge without Discernment.

Another faculty we may take notice of in our minds is that of DISCERNING and DISTINGUISHING between the several ideas it has. It is not enough to have a confused perception of something in general. Unless the mind had a distinct perception of different objects and their qualities, it would be capable of very little knowledge, though the bodies that affect us were as busy about us as they are now, and the mind were continually employed in thinking. On this faculty of distinguishing one thing from another depends the evidence and certainty of several, even very general, propositions, which have passed for innate truths;—because men, overlooking the true cause why those propositions find universal assent, impute it wholly to native uniform impressions; whereas it in truth depends upon this clear discerning faculty of the mind, whereby it PERCEIVES two ideas to be the same, or different. But of this more hereafter.

Eloquence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The revolutions and periods in human history are full of variety and surprize in the manners, customs, and opinions.

Extraordinary Restraints on Importation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Unreasonableness of the Balance of Trade

¹ The second expedient of the commercial system to increase the amount of gold and silver is to lay extraordinary restraints on imports from countries where the balance of trade is disadvantageous.

Freedom and Consequence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part 2

It is very common for people to refute a philosophical hypothesis by saying that it will have dangerous consequences to religion and morality.

Opinions that lead to absurdities are certainly false. But opinions are not false because of their dangerous consequences.

How Commerce broke through Europe's Barbarism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Aristotle’s philosophy was carried to the west. It pleased the subtile geniuses, who were the virtuosi of those times of ignorance.

The theologians condemned the Jewish notions of lending at interest absolutely and in all cases. Hence commerce, which was the profession only of mean persons, became that of knaves, because whenever a thing is forbidden, which nature permits or necessity requires, those who do it are looked upon as dishonest.

Ireland and America

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁸ Ireland and America should pay to help reduce Great Britain’s public debt.

That debt was to support the government established by the Revolution.
The Protestants of Ireland owe their liberty, property, and religion to that government.
Several American colonies owe to that government their present charters and consequently their present constitution.
- All American colonies owe their liberty, security, and property to that constitution.

That public debt was incurred to defend Great Britain and all the empire’s provinces.

Like effects arise from like causes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Demea

It must be a slight fabric which can be erected on so tottering a foundation. While we are uncertain whether there is one deity or many; whether the deity or deities, to whom we owe our existence, be perfect or imperfect, subordinate or supreme, dead or alive, what trust or confidence can we repose in them? What devotion or worship address to them? What veneration or obedience pay them? To all the purposes of life the theory of religion becomes altogether useless: and even with regard to speculative consequences, its uncertainty, according to you, must render it totally precarious and unsatisfactory.

Philo

To render it still more unsatisfactory, there occurs to me another hypothesis, which must acquire an air of probability from the method of reasoning so much insisted on by CLEANTHES.

Maxim on the Transferrence of Force from Impressions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Beliefs are Strengthened by Impressions

Belief consists in a lively idea related to a present impression.

What bestows the vivacity on the idea?

I establish another general maxim: “when any impression becomes present to us, it transports the mind to related ideas and also communicates its force and vivacity.”

National Unity Tested by Regional and Religious Pressures '

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Political Islam declined due to:

electoral politics in the 1990s
the post-Musharraf democratic era.

But it gave way to a more dangerous phenomenon-militant Islam.

Militancy was born from the jihad against the Russians.

Net Income

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

My definition of net income:

is very close to Marshall’s definition
corresponds to the money value of Professor Pigou’s most recent definition of the National Dividend.[5]

Net income is based on an equivocal criterion which different authorities might interpret differently, is not perfectly clear-cut.

Political Work

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The system of Party representatives and of political departments, adopted for the first time in China, entirely changed the complexion of these armed forces. [1] The Red Army, which was founded in 1927, and the Eighth Route Army of today have inherited this system and developed it.

Smith in Toulouse

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith joined his pupil in London in the end of January 1764. They set out for France in the start of February.

They remained abroad 2.5 years=

10 days in Paris,
18 months in Toulouse,
2 months traveling in the South of France,
2 months in Geneva, and
10 months in Paris again.

Smith kept no journal and wrote as few letters as possible. But from various sources, we can fill in some of the outlines of their travel.

Spinoza's Philosophy -- The Soul's Immateriality

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Every philosophical system has contradictions regarding:

external physical objects
the ideas of those objects

These contradictions are so clear and determinate in our imagination.

State-Owned Public Works

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁵ In France, the funds for repairing high roads are under the executive power.

Those funds consist in:

a certain number of days labour which most rural people in Europe are obliged to give for highway repair
a part of the state’s general revenue which the king allocates for road repairs.

⁸⁶ By the ancient law of France and other parts of Europe, rural labour was under a local or provincial magistrate.

Tax Collection

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰⁶ In France, the personal taille presently (1775) imposed on the Countries of Elections is 40,107,239 livres, 16 sous.

The proportion in which this sum is assessed on those provinces varies yearly according to the reports made to the king’s council author:

The 3 Generation Rule

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

12. Dynasties have a natural life span like individuals

Physicians and astrologers believe that the natural human life span is 120 years.

The life of a Muslim lasts between 60-70 years. This is stated in the hadith.

The Advantages and Disadvantages Resulting from Division of Labour

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The advantage of machinery is not limited to it replacing human labour. Rather, it gives a positive new product, inasmuch as it gives a degree of perfection before unknown.

The Arabs, of all people, are least familiar with crafts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because Arabs are more firmly rooted in desert life and more remote from sedentary civilization, the crafts, and the other things which sedentary civilization calls for, (than anybody else).

The Ayr Bank

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷³ In the midst of this clamour and distress, the Ayr bank was established in Scotland to relieve the country’s distress.

The design was generous but the execution was imprudent.

The Balance of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The idea of public opulence consisting in money has led to the most pernicious regulations. These think:

that the commerce which drain us of our money are disadvantageous and so such commerce is prohibited and
that the commerce which increase money are beneficial and is encouraged

France is thought to produce more of the elegancies of life than England. We take much from them and they need little from us and so the balance of trade is against us. Therefore, almost all our trade with France is banned by great taxes and import duties.

The Beginning Of Political Societies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The only way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society, is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living one amongst another, in a secure enjoyment of their properties, and a greater security against any, that are not of it. This any number of men may do, because it injures not the freedom of the rest; they are left as they were in the liberty of the state of nature. When any number of men have so consented to make one community or government, they are thereby presently incorporated, and make one body politic, wherein the majority have a right to act and conclude the rest.

The Effect of Demand on Changes in Silver Prices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁶³ Since the discovery of America, the market for its silver mines has been growing more extensive for three reasons.

Reason 1: The European market has become more extensive.

¹⁶⁴ Most of Europe has improved since the discovery of America. England, Holland, France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and Russia, have all advanced in agriculture and manufactures.

The English Courts of Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In England and Europe after the feudal law was introduced, governance was done in the same way as a baron in his jurisdiction. The baron was a steward who managed all affairs in his lord’s county.

The Influence of Climate on Human Character

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Negroes generally:

have levity, excitability, and great emotionalism.
are eager to dance whenever they hear a melody
are everywhere described as stupid

This is because:

The Malikite School

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Malik b. Anas was followed by Muhammad b. Idris al-Muttalibi ash-Shafi’i.

He traveled to the ‘Iraq after Malik’s time. He met the followers of the imam Abu Hanifah and learned from them. He combined the approach of the Hijazis with those of the ‘Iraqis.

The Manner of governing in Monarchies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE royal authority is a spring that should move with the greatest freedom and ease.

The Chinese boast of one of their emperors, who governed like the heavens; that is, by his example.

The Power Assigned By Lycurgus To The King

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Are the laws of Lycurgus remain still to this day unchanged?

I do not think so.

In former times, the Spartans preferred to live at home on moderate means, content to associate exclusively with themselves rather than to play the part of governor-general (2) in foreign states and to be corrupted by flattery.

The Reality Of Knowledge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OUR THREEFOLD KNOWLEDGE OF EXISTENCE

General Propositions that are certain concern not Existence.

HITHERTO we have only considered the essences of things; which being only abstract ideas, and thereby removed in our thoughts from particular existence, (that being the proper operation of the mind, in abstraction, to consider an idea under no other existence but what it has in the understandings,) gives us no knowledge of real existence at all. Where, by the way, we may take notice, that universal propositions of whose truth or falsehood we can have certain knowledge concern not existence: and further, that all particular affirmations or negations that would not be certain if they were made general, are only concerning existence; they declaring only the accidental union or separation of ideas in things existing, which, in their abstract natures, have no known necessary union or repugnancy.

Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 53: Excess Wealth is Contrary to the Tao or True Nature

¹ If I suddenly became known and put into a position to conduct a government according to the Brahma, I would be most afraid of a boastful display.

Organisation and Ownership

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A Machine to Foretell the Future?

The reason for including a discussion on predictability in this volume is that it represents one of the most important metaphysical – and therefore practical – problems with which we are faced. There have never been so many futurologists, planners, forecasters, and model-builders as there are today, and the most intriguing product of technological progress, the computer, seems to offer untold new possibilities. People talk freely about ‘machines to foretell the future’. Are not such machines just what we have been waiting for? Ah men at all times have been wanting to know the future.

Better Upholding and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This theoretical system is rooted in reform opening up and socialist modernization, conforms to the fundamental interests of the Chinese people, conforms to the development trend of today’s world and contemporary China, and has a distinct scientific, people’s nature, practical and open nature.

Monopolistic Practices

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

On the other hand, enterprise would be impossible if favorable situations for profitable price, quality and quantity manipulation were not known.

This requires a strategy that in the short run is often restrictive.

The Abuse Of Government And Its Tendency To Degenerate

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The particular will acts constantly in opposition to the general will, the government continually exerts itself against the Sovereignty.

The greater this exertion becomes, the more the constitution changes; and, as there is in this case no other corporate will to create an equilibrium by resisting the will of the prince, sooner or later the prince must inevitably suppress the Sovereign and break the social treaty.

Monied People

Sat, 18 Apr 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The “Market” as Monied People

Economists talk about “the market” as if it were a weather system—something that happens to us, with its own moods and mysterious logic.

Journalists write: “The market reacted negatively to the jobs report.”
Economists say: “Market sentiment is bearish.”

But in reality, the “market” is not a thing.

Family Efficiency Model

Mon, 17 Jun 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The previous section explained Supply and Demand Efficiency and Inefficiency.

Efficiencies are called surpluses in Economics
Inefficiencies are called losses, like deadweight loss

We can create their Supereconomic equivalents, using our effort theory of value, so that they can be applied to families, organizations, etc (ours is a socio-economic system, with more features than an economic system such as Capitalism and Communism):

Humanity versus Self-command

Thu, 10 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁹ Humanity is a gentle virtue. Self-command is an austere virtue.

Humanity is best cultivated in situations different from those for forming self-command.

The man who is at ease can best attend to the distress of others.

Causes of Belief

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Causation has the same influence as the two other relations of resemblance and contiguity.

Superstitious people are fond of the relics of saints and holy men because they seek images to:

The Census

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

AFTER the Barbarians had quitted their own country, they wanted to have their deeds written.

But they found a difficulty in writing German words with Roman letters, so they published these laws in Latin.

The Four Generation Rule in Families

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Three or Four Generation Rule states that success in a family lasts on average up to 3 or 4 generations.

This has been known to many writers.

Our source is Ibn-Khadlun who wrote that prestige lasts at best four generations in one lineage.

Security And Freedom

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The whole of society will have become a single office and a single factory with equality of work and equality of pay. I. Lenin, 1917.

In a country where the sole employer is the State, opposition means death by slow starvation. The old principle: who does not work shall not eat, has been replaced by a new one: who does not obey shall not eat. L. Trotsky, 1937.

The Effects Of Custom

Thu, 09 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Custom and repetition has the biggest effect in:

increasing and reducing our passions
converting:
- pleasure into pain
- pain into pleasure

Custom has two original effects on the mind.

It bestows a facility in the performance of any action or the conception of any object.

Monopolistic Practices

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

“Rigid Prices” has been receiving so much attention recently.

I define Rigidity as a price that is less sensitive to changes in the conditions of demand and supply than it would be if perfect competition prevailed. 7

The Kinds of Religion

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Religion, considered in relation to society, which is either general or particular, may also be divided into two kinds:

The religion of man

This has no temples, altars, rites. It is confined to the purely internal cult of the supreme God and the eternal obligations of morality. It is the religion of the Gospel pure and simple, the true theism. It may be called natural divine right or law.

Department Of The Treasury

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

The U.S. Treasury Department has a broad regulatory and policy reach. The next Administration should make major policy changes to: (1) reduce regulatory impediments to economic growth that reduce living standards and endanger pros- perity; (2) reduce regulatory compliance costs that increase prices and cost jobs; (3) promote fiscal responsibility; (4) promote the international competitiveness of U.S. businesses; and (5) better respect the American people’s due process and privacy rights.

Protect Parental Rights In Policy

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In addition to strengthening legal protections for parents, the next Administration should:

These congressional actions should be carefully reviewed to make sure they complement state Parents’ Bills of Rights, such as those passed in Georgia (2022), Florida (2021), Montana (2021), Wyoming (2017), Idaho (2015), Oklahoma (2014), Virginia (2013), and Arizona (2010).

Industry

Sat, 15 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Types of Industry

In Book 2, Chapter 5 of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith explained the four industries for goods, as the four employments of capitals:

A Savage Nation has a wider royal authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because a savage nation is more able to achieve superiority and full control, and to subdue other groups.

Architecture

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is the first and oldest craft of sedentary civilization. It is the knowledge of how to go about using houses and mansions for cover and shelter. This is because man has the natural disposition to reflect upon the outcome of things.

Constantine's Law

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

(The Papian law forbade the senators marrying freed-women)

Constantine made a law, in which he comprehended, in the prohibition of the Papian law, not only the senators, but even such as had a considerable rank in the state, without mentioning persons in an inferior station. This constituted the law of those times.

Cultural Differences Affect Morals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰ This heroic and unconquerable firmness is demanded from every savage by his country’s custom and education.

It is not required of those who are brought up to live in civilized societies.

Digression on Bank Deposits, particularly of Amsterdam

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹² A big state, such as England, can have its currency consist almost entirely of its own coin. Should this currency be worn, clipt, or degraded below its standard value, the coin’s reform can re-establish its currency.

From Barbarity to Civilization

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

These stages are natural ones for dynasties. The superiority through which royal authority is achieved is the result of group feeling and of the great energy and rapacious habits which go with it. As a rule, these things are possible only in connection with desert life.

Iran (Tienchu)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Iran (Tienchu) is under Iraq. All its rulers are selected by Iraqis.

The people plait their hair and let it hang down. But the temples and the crown of the head are covered with a silken turban.

Justifiable homicide

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Justifiable homicide is of two kinds:

In defence of one’s person, goods, or house. It differs from homicidese defendendo in this, that there is no quarrel, but an attack on the highway, or in a man’s house.
Homicide is justifiable in support of a constable or officer of justice.

These are the different species of murder and homicide, we shall next show what is the nature of each. When a person lies in wait for another and kills him, it is plainly murder. It is the same when a man kills another without provocation.

Limitations Of This System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The association of ideas and impressions makes:

all agreeable objects related to ourselves produce pride
all disagreeable objects produce humility

These create limitations for pride [ego] and humility [shame].

Mercantile Corporations as Commercial Institutions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁹⁰ Specific institutions are necessary to facilitate specific branches of commerce. These require a specific and extraordinary costs.

⁹¹ The commerce done with uncivilized nations needs extraordinary protection.

Money Demand and the Ratio of Gold to Silver

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁶⁹ The continual consumption of the precious metals is very sensible:

in coin by wearing
in plate both by wearing and cleaning

Such metals require a very great annual supply.

Moral Obligations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part 2

Why do we agree to moral obligations?

The philosophical truth of any proposition does not depend on its tendency to promote the interests of society.

National Unity Tested by Regional and Religious Pressures '

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Washington and London needed Musharraf’s continued leadership for their ‘War on Terror’ and for pacifying Afghanistan.

But by himself he could neither assure stability nor mobilise public support for the fight against terror.

Other Limitations of My System

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Limitation 3. The pleasant or painful object is very discernible and obvious to ourselves and others.

This has an effect on joy and pride, like limitations 1 and 2.

We feel happier, more virtuous or beautiful, when we appear so to others.

Reality is a system made up of current perceptions and ideas and those from memory

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

My principles apply to beliefs.

Besides cause and effect, resemblance and contiguity convey the mind from one idea to another.

Reason of Animals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our reasonings on matter of fact are based on a kind of Analogy.

This Analogy leads us to expect the same events from any cause, which we have observed to result from similar causes.

Relations Between Officers And Men

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our army has always had 2 policies:

We must be ruthless to our enemies, we must overpower and annihilate them
We must be kind to our own people, to our comrades and to our superiors and subordinates, and unite with them.

Speech at the reception given by the Central Committee of the Party for model study delegates from the Rear Army Detachments (September 18, 1944).

We hail from all corners of the country and have joined together for a common revolutionary objective… Our cadres must show concern for every soldier, and all people in the revolutionary ranks must care for each other, must love and help each other.

Sedentary Culture in Cities Comes From the Dynasties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A city’s culture is firmly rooted when the dynasty is continuous and firmly rooted. This is because sedentary culture is a condition that is the result of custom and goes beyond the necessary conditions of civilization.

Smith in Geneva

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the end of August, Smith and his pupils left Toulouse and made an extensive tour in the South of France. (Stewart) No other record remains of this tour.

Lady Mary Coke was the Duke’s aunt. She mentions that when they were at Marseilles they visited the porcelain factory. The Duke bought two of the largest services ever sold there, for which he paid more than £150 sterling. They seem to have arrived in Geneva some time in October. They stayed about two months there.

Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 29: Society

¹ If any one should wish to get the kingdom or society for himself and to effect this by what he does, I see that he will not succeed.

The Bankers and Merchants Exchange

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Author Gerard Malynes writes of the admirable feats done by Bankers and Exchangers in using the power of the Exchange.

The Benefits of a Low Calorie Diet

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Not all the temperate zones:

are abundant with food, nor
have inhabitants with a comfortable life

In some parts, the people enjoy an abundance of grain, seasonings, wheat, and fruits, because:

The Component Parts of the Price of Commodities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the rude state, price has one component: Wages

¹ In the rude state of society, only the quantity of labour regulates the exchangeable value of commodities.

For example, in a nation of hunters, a beaver is twice as hard to kill than a deer.

The Different Methods of Employing Commercial Industry, and the Mode in Which They Concur in Production

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Book 2 will show:

how the actual demand for a product is limited by its cost of production
on what principle its relative value is determined in each particular place.

At present it is sufficient for the clear conception of commercial production, to con- sider the value of a product as a given quantity or datum.

The Ends Of Political Society And Government.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 123: IF man in the state of nature is so free as absolute lord of his own person and possessions why will he part with his freedom?

This is because in the state of nature, he is constantly exposed to the invasion of others.

The Esteem For Natural Abilities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Natural abilities are esteemed because of their tendency to be useful to the person who has them.

The goodness of our intentions alone will not give us happiness in our enterprises.

The Little Republics in Europe

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the origin of the little European republics and the rights of sovereign and subject?

The Origin of Republics

In some countries, the provinces far from the seat of government sometimes became independent. This was the case in most of Germany and France during Charlemagne’s time.

The Meaning of Saving and Investment Further Considered

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. Additional Defintion of Saving and Investment

Chapter 6 defined Saving and Investment to be equal in amount, as different aspects of the same thing to the society as a whole.

The Mississippi Scheme

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁸ John Law thought that Scotland’s industry languished for the lack of money to employ it. He proposed to remedy this lack by establishing a bank which would issue paper based on the whole value of all the lands in the country.

The Opinion that No Expense at Home Can be Hurtful

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The absurd notion that national opulence consists in money has another bad effect – it makes people think that whatever people spend locally cannot reduce public opulence.

Dr. Mandeville created a system that private vices are public benefits. It believes that what we spend at home is all spent among ourselves and that none of it goes out of the country.

The Reality Of Knowledge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE OF OTHER THINGS.

Knowledge of the existence of other Finite Beings is to be had only by actual Sensation.

The knowledge of our own being we have by intuition. The existence of a God, reason clearly makes known to us, as has been shown.

The Remedies Of The Foregoing Imperfections And Abuses Of Words

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Remedies are worth seeking.

The natural and improved imperfections of languages we have seen above at large: and speech being the great bond that holds society together, and the common conduit, whereby the improvements of knowledge are conveyed from one man and one generation to another, it would well deserve our most serious thoughts to consider, what remedies are to be found for the inconveniences above mentioned.

The Riches which Spain drew from America

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Spain has derived so many advantages from the American trade.

She drew from the Americas so much gold and silver that we had before. But no one expected that Spain would have misfortunes.

The Rise And Progress Of The Sciences

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In human affairs, the most refinement is required by the discernment of:

what comes from chance and
what comes from causes.

Any enquiry about an event is cut when we declare it to be derived from chance. *

The science of inheritance laws

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The science of inheritance laws is the knowledge of estate division and the correct determination of the proper shares in an estate with regard to the relation of the individual shares to the basic divisions.

Wages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Working for wages is enslavement.

It is void of incentives because the producer is a wage-earner and not a partner.

Self-employed persons are devoted to their work because from it they satisfy their material needs. Likewise, those who work in a collective establishment are also devoted to their work because they are partners in it and they satisfy their material needs from the production.

War Prevented Ancient Populousness

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are commonly compensations in every human condition. These are not always perfectly equal, yet they restrain the prevailing principle.

The ancient republics were almost in perpetual war. It was a natural effect of:

Why is such a nation more polite and learned?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Why is such a nation more polite and learned, at a particular time, than its neighbours?

1. The arts and sciences can only arise under a free government

In the first ages, men were barbarous and ignorant. They only sought security against mutual violence and injustice by choosing the proper rulers. Such a ruler will eventually delegate his authority to inferior magistrates, who preserve peace and order in their respective districts.

Section 2: The Core Essence of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The 19th National Congress of the CCP used “8 Clarifications” and “14 Persistences” to systematically summarize and deeply explain Xi Jinping Thought.

The “Eight Clarifications” are the action guide for adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics
- It answers what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics to adhere to and develop
the “Fourteen Persistences” is the program of action for adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics
- It answers how to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The “eight clear” and “Fourteen Persistences” constitute the core essence of adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

Capitalism is Anti-Progress

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Another Marxist doctrine is that in the era of big business, the chief aim of entrepreneurial activity becomes:

the maintenance of the value of existing investment as the conservation of capital
stopping all cost-reducing improvement

Hence, the capitalist order becomes incompatible with progress.

Appendix to Articles 1 and 2-Capital Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Taxes On The Capital Value of Land, Houses, and Stock

¹¹³ While property remains with the same person, its taxes never aim to reduce or take away its capital value.

Arrangement of Chapters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter	Archetype	Description
1	Basic Philosophy	price
2	Wave Concepts	Unique qualities of the wave
3	Wave Manifestation	How it manifests in social reality
4	Wave Dynamics	How it moves
5	Wave Systems	The systems it creates
6	Wave Model	The patterns it creates
7	Wave Measure	This integrates dynamics with model as the nuts and bolts of perception of the wave, as charts, equations
8	Wave Ratios	Relationality Seen
9	Wave Problem	Results from wrong dynamics
10	Wave Solutions	To fix the problems
11	Economic Systems	Wave-influences on the mind

Compassion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The desire of the happiness or misery of others is an arbitrary and original instinct implanted in our nature. It may:

be counterfeited on many occasions
arise from secondary principles.

Pity is a concern for the misery of others.

Joint And Composite Demand. Joint And Composite Supply

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. Bread satisfies man’s wants directly.

The demand for it is said to be direct. But a flour mill and an oven satisfy wants only indirectly, by helping to make bread, etc., and the demand for them is said to be indirect.

Judgment on the End Result

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The most curious of all these kinds of questions is the one which divided the disciples of Proculus and Sabinus for so many ages.

Suppose that:

a person makes a cup from another person’s metal, or a ship from his wood, and then
the proprietor of the metal or wood demands his goods.

Does he acquire a title to the cup or ship?

The Bad Effects of Abundance on the Body

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The influence of abundance on the body is apparent even in matters of religion and divine worship.

The frugal inhabitants of the desert and those of settled areas who have accustomed themselves to hunger and to abstinence from pleasures are more religious and more ready for divine worship than people who live in luxury and abundance.

The Creditors of the Bank of Amsterdam

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰ The person who makes a bullion deposit obtains bank credit and receipt.

He pays his bills of exchange as they become due with his bank credit.

He sells or keeps his receipt as the price of bullion is rises or falls.

The receipt and the bank credit seldom keep long together.

Monopolistic Practices

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

What is a monopoly?

(a) Monopolist means Single Seller.*

Plague and Famine

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

By great attention to cleanliness, the plague was completely expelled from London.

Additional K–12 Reforms

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Allowing States to Opt Out of Federal Education Programs

States should be able to opt out of federal education programs such as the Academic Partnerships Lead Us to Success (APLUS) Act.

Tax Policy

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Tax reform should improve incentives to work, save, and invest by:

reducing marginal tax rates
reducing the cost of capital
broadening the tax base to eliminate tax-induced economic distortions by eliminating special-interest tax credits, deductions, and exclusions.

Tax compliance costs will decline precipitously if the tax system is substantially simplified.15 The Treasury Department should also promote tax competition rather than supporting an international tax cartel.

Website FAQs

Sun, 28 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Asker

What is the ultimate goal of this website?

Superphysics

Our goal is to share our knowledge of how Nature or Reality works. We achieve this thinking and feeling out of the box of the negative ego or the feeling of the self. This usually happens when people love beyond themselves which usually turns into a love for the Supreme Entity.

The Demand, Capital, Industry, and Trade Tool (DCIT)

Sat, 26 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0000

According to Adam Smith, a crisis begins when a country’s industry does not match its capital. This is similar to an inexperienced entrepreneur launching a business out of sheer speculation.

A Feeling or Perception Cannot Be Bound By Dimensions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philosophers say that the soul is immaterial because it exists in divisible physical space.

But a thought, feeling, or perception is an inseparable and indivisible being.

Arabia (Tashi)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Bullion
Food	Cereals, Mutton

The Arabs are to the very far northwest of Guangzhou. This makes it hard for foreign ships to trade to it directly.

After these ships have left Guangzhou, they arrive in Srilanka after 40 days to to trade. The next year, they go out to sea again and make the journey in 60 days in regular wind.

Carpentry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is necessary to civilization. Its material is wood.

This is as follows: God made all created things useful for man, so as to supply his necessities and needs. Trees belong among these things. They have innumerable uses known to everybody.

Central Banks - The Bank of England

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁹ The Bank of England is the biggest bank of circulation in Europe.

It was incorporated by a charter under the Great Seal on July 27, 1694. It then lent to government £1.2 million in exchange for an annuity of £100,000 composed of:

Digression: The effect of improvement on real value of rude produce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹³ Rude produce may be divided into three:

The ones that human industry cannot multiply at all Its real price may rise to any degree.
The ones that human industry can multiply in proportion to the demand. Its real price may rise to a certain boundary.

Education and Human Capital Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Educational attainment (less than high school, bachelor’s, advanced degree)
Literacy and numeracy rates
Years of schooling (average, by cohort)
Enrollment ratios (primary, secondary, tertiary)
Skill mismatch (overqualified/underqualified workers)
Return on education (wage premium per degree)

Federal States

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 57: The State Should Have Concise but Efficient Laws

¹ A state may be ruled by measures of correction. Weapons of war may be used with crafty dexterity. But the kingdom is made one’s own only by freedom from action and purpose.

Forced Saving

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

My Treatise on Money (vol. i. p. 171, footnote) suggested that they bore some affinity to the difference between investment and “saving”.

I am no longer confident that there was in fact so much affinity as I then supposed.

“Forced saving” and analogous phrases by Professor Hayek or Robbins have no definite relation to the difference between investment and “saving” in the sense intended in my Treatise on Money.

Leniency and Inequality Leading to Disorder and Decline of Commerce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Leniency of the Romans

The refined Greeks were violent, so it means that the barbarous commonwealths of Africa, Spain, and Gaul were so much more.

Metaphysics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We then proceed to examine a plain matter of fact, to wit, what actions have this influence.

We consider all the circumstances in which these actions agree, and thence endeavour to extract some general observations with regard to these sentiments.

Moral Sentiments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The General Principles of Morals

What are the general principles of morals? How far do REASON or SENTIMENT enter into moral judgments?

One of the foundations of moral praise is the usefulness of a quality or action. Therefore, reason decides morality since only reason can=

National Unity Tested by Regional and Religious Pressures '

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

After Musharaff ended, the PPP resisted to restoring Chaudhry and 60 other judges because they would re-open corrnption cases against top PPP leaders.

President Zardari held an office that ostensibly provided him immunity from judicial proceedings but he appeared unsure whether Chaudhry and his team of judges would accept this legal position.

Philo's Cosmology

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philo

In examining the ancient system of the soul of the world, I am suddenly struck by a new idea that subverts all your reasoning

Private Regulated Companies Versus Joint Stock Companies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁹⁵ Private regulated companies are companies which:

do not do business on a joint stock of capital,
are obliged to admit any qualified person who;
- pays a fee
- agrees to submit to company regulations, and
- has each member using his own capital at his own risk.

Joint stock companies are companies which:

Relations Between The Army And The People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The army must become one with the people so that they see it as their own army. Such an army will be invincible…

"On Protracted War" (May 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 186.

Every comrade must be helped to understand that as long as we rely on the people, believe firmly in the inexhaustible creative power of the masses and hence trust and identify ourselves with them, we can surmount any difficulty, and no enemy can crush us while we can crush any enemy.

Rent, Wages, and Labor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁹ The real value of the parts of price is measured by the amount of labour which each part can purchase or command.

Labour measures the value that resolves itself into labour, rent, and profit.

Sedentary culture is the goal of civilization

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Royal authority and the foundation of dynasties are the goal of group feeling.

Sedentary culture is the goal of Bedouin life.

Smith in Paris

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith left Geneva in December for Paris and arrived around Christmas 1765 (Dugald Stewart).

The Rev. William Cole was in Paris in October 1765. He notes in his journal on October 26 that the Duke of Buccleugh arrived in Paris that day from Spa along with the Earl and Countess of Fife;

Taxes by Stamp-Duties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹²⁴ Taxation by stamp-duties and registration duties are a very modern invention.

In just over a century, stamp-duties have become almost universal in Europe. Duties on registration have become extremely common. Governments are quick to learn from each other the art of draining money from people.

The Doctrine of Miracles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The doctrine of miracles is not significant.

But Dr. Tillotson argues against the reality of miracles. His argument is the most concise, elegant, and strong against miracles.

The authority of Christian scriptures is founded merely in the testimony of the apostles.

The Fidelity of the Bank of Amsterdam

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁷ The bank of Amsterdam professes to lend out none of what is deposited with it.

For every guilder credited in its books, it keeps in its repositories the value of a guilder in money or bullion.

The Mississippi Scheme

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The last bad effect of the idea that public opulence consists in money is the notion of Mr. Law, a Scotch merchant.

He thought that:

the value of gold and silver is arbitrary and depends on constitution and agreement.
the idea of value can be brought to paper and preferred to money.

If this could be done, he thought it would be a great convenience. The government could then do what it pleased:

The Nature of Self-deceit and the Origin and Use of General Rule

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁸ The impartial spectator does not always need to be far to pervert our judgments on our own conduct.

When he is near, the violence and injustice of our own selfish feelings are sometimes enough to induce the man within the breast to make a report very different from what our real circumstances can authorise.

The passing of the royal authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

21. As long as a nation retains its group feeling, the royal authority that disappears in one branch will necessarily pass to some other branch

This is because the people obtain royal authority only after proving their forcefulness and finding other nations obedient to them.

The Relation of Cause and Effect

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cause and effect has all the opposite advantages.

The objects it presents are fixed and unalterable.

The thought is always determined to pass from the impression to the idea, and from that particular impression to that particular idea, without any choice or hesitation.

The Rights of Sovereigns

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the duty of the sovereign? What is the proper punishment of disobedience?

Every attempt to overturn this power is considered as the greatest crime in every nation. It is called high treason. There is a great difference between treason in monarchies and treason in republics.

The Rise And Progress Of The Arts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Monarchies get their foundation from a superstitious reverence to priests and princes who have commonly abridged the liberty of reasoning on religion and politics, and consequently on metaphysics and morals.

The Science, Principles, Dialectics of Jurisprudence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The science of the principles of jurisprudence is one of the greatest, most important, and most useful disciplines of the religious law.

The Stages of Dynasties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

15. How the desert attitude differs among the people in the different stages

A dynasty goes through 5 stages and encounters new conditions.

Through those conditions in each stage, the dynasty’s supporters acquire traits that do not exist in any other stage.

The Transformations Undergone by Capital in The Progress of Production

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What becomes of capital in the progress of production? How is it perpetuated and increased?

The types of humans who have supernatural perception

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Prophets

God has chosen certain individuals so that they might know Him. He made them connecting links between Himself and His servants.

Theft. Robbery, and Piracy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A man may be injured in his moveables 3 ways, by:

theft
robbery
piracy

Theft

Theft is the clandestinely taking away the property of another. It does not naturally invite the resentment that urges capital punishment. For a long time. it was not punished with death.

Towards a Theory of Large-Scale Organisation

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

First published in “Management Decision,” Quarterly Review of Management Technology, London, Autumn 1967. Almost every day we hear of mergers and takeovers: Britain enters the European Economic Community to open up larger markets to be served by even larger organisations. In the socialist countries, nationalisation has produced vast combines to rival or surpass anything that has emerged in the capitalist countries. The great majority of economists and business efficiency experts sup- ports this trend towards vastness.

WHY THE WORST GET ON TOP

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

All power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely. Lord Acton.

Many people, who regard the advent of totalitarianism as inevitable, derive consolation and which seriously weakens the resistance of many others who would oppose it with all their might ifthey fully apprehended its nature.

The Precious Metals

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

At first the process of bourgeois production takes possession of metallic currency as an existing and ready-made instrument, which, although it has been gradually reorganised, in its basic structure has nevertheless been retained. The question why gold and silver, and not other commodities, are used as the material of money lies outside the confines of the bourgeois system. We shall therefore do no more than summarise the most important aspects.

Monopolistic Practices

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

(b) The theory of simple and discriminating monopoly teaches that, excepting a limiting case, monopoly price is higher and monopoly output smaller than competitive price and competitive output. This is true provided that the method and organization of production—and everything else—are exactly the same in both cases. Actually however there are superior methods available to the monopolist which either are not dawn to the effect that even though some pressure can be exerted on them in the short run, long-run developments might eventually destroy practically all that was left on the lists.

The 5 Elements

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This world has a certain order and solid construction. It shows nexuses between:

causes and effect
combinations of some parts of creation with others
transformations of some existent things into others

These patterns are remarkable and endless.

The Relation of Perceptions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

An apple is one end of the table and a lemon at the other.

The apple and lemon have a taste and color, which are complex ideas.

We conjoin these qualities.

The 14 Persistences

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. The “Fourteen Persistences” are a program of action for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics

The “Fourteen Persistences” are the concrete manifestation of the “eight clear” ideological propositions in practice.

Monopolistic Practices

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Glancing back we realize that most of the facts and arguments touched upon in this chapter tend to dim the halo that once surrounded perfect competition as much as they suggest a more favorable view of its alternative.

I will now briefly restate our argument from this angle.

Adam Smith

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The actual state of the natural rent of land is necessary to the actual produce.

The price of produce, in every progressive country, must be just about equal to the cost of production on land of the poorest quality actually in use; or to the cost of raising additional produce on old land, which yields only the usual returns of agricultural stock with little or no rent.

The Financial System and the Barter System

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Financial System

The dominance of money led to the development of:

central banks as the wholesalers of money
commercial banks as the retailers

These retailers now come in many forms as investment banks, development banks, thrift banks, rural banks, unibanks, finance cooperatives, etc.

NEW AGENCY POLICIES THAT DON’T REQUIRE NEW LEGISLATION OR REGULATIONS TO ENACT

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Transparency of FERPA and PPRA Complaints

The Department of Education should be transparent about complaints filed on behalf of families regarding the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA).

Grain-based Valuation

Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The previous chapter explained the Effort Theory of Value as the basis of Real Price.

This theory combines 2 concepts:

Subjective effort
Alignment of that effort with purpose

The alignment is called dharma and is fully explained in our concept of the gravitational signature.

DCIT Ratios

Sat, 26 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The relationships between these factors create qualitative and quantitative ratios:

Type	Demand The needs and wants of the people	Capital Available potential effort	Trade The exchange of productions or spreading of the effort	Industry The actual kinetic effort or production
Quantitative	Population Size `P`, Youth or Age `Y`, Female-Male Ratio `F`	Employment `E`, Education `C`, Incoming Investments `Ii`, Outgoing investments `Xi`	Nominal GDP Growth `G`, Rate Of Interest `R`, Inflation `N`, Debt `D`, Imports `It`, Exports `Xt`, Economic Value `V`	Real GDP in Dollar or Grain Value `G`, Grain Value Initiated By Government `O` Grain Value Initiated By Services `S`, Grain Value Initiated By Agriculture `A`, Grain Value Initiated By Manufacturing `M`
Qualitative	`GP`, `VP`, `GF`, `VF`, `GY`, `VY`	`GJ`, `VJ`, `GL`, `VL`, `VIi`, `VXi`	`GO`, `VO`, `GS`, `VS`, `GA`, `VA`, `GM`, `VM`	`GR`, `GN`, `GD`, `GIt`, `GXt`, `VIt`, `VXt`
Supereconomic Indicators	Change in Grain Value `G`, Number of Users `P`, Average Age of Users `Y`, Average Female-Male Ratio `F`	Change In Grain Value `G`, Users Without Job Contracts For X Months `J`, Users Without Learning or Training Contracts For Y Years `L`	`R` Interest Rate of Clearing Funds or Point banks, Grain Index, Inflation `N`, Debt via Points banking `D`, Value of imports via Pool `It`, Value of exports via Pool* `Xt`	Grain value of govt contracts `O`, Grain value of service contracts `S`, Grain value of agri contracts `A`, Grain value of product contracts `M`
Goal	Minimum Requirements	Real Price via the Economic Table	Economic Growth (this is the only aspect that Modern Economics focuses on)	Economic balance or stasis

*The grain value of exports includes the GOSAM that was involved, with additional as the increased cost of transportation

Appendix on User Cost

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. Classical User Cost

The Classical theory of value has an important concept called the USER cost, which has been overlooked.

U = A1 + (G' - B') - G

Appendix on User Cost Past and Present

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

2:

User cost constitutes one of the links between the present and the future.

In deciding his scale of production an entrepreneur has to exercise a choice between using up his equipment now and preserving it to be used later on.

Army And Politics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan is a prisoner of its geography and history.

It is significant because of its strategic location:

at the cusp of the Middle East. the Persian Gulf, South Asia
at the door of Central Asia and China

Its proximity to India:

Banks Increase National Wealth by Mobilizing Dead Stock

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁶ The judicious operations of banking can increase a country’s industry, not by augmenting the country’s capital, but by rendering most of that capital productive.

The money which a dealer keeps unemployed for answering occasional demands is dead stock.

Cities that are the seats of royal authority fall into ruins when the ruling dynasty collapses

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When a dynasty disintegrates and crumbles, the civilization of the city that is the seat of the ruler of (that dynasty) also crumbles. There hardly ever is any delay.

This has many reasons:

Citizenship in a State

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The laws of different countries vary much with regard to the right of citizenship.

In most of the Swiss republics, the right of citizenship only belongs to those born of a citizen.

Complex Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Made by the Mind out of simple Ones.

Simple ideas are received passively in the mind from sensation and reflection whereof the mind cannot make one to itself, nor have any idea which does not wholly consist of them.

Controversial Questions and Dialectics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Islamic jurisprudence is based on religious evidence. It involves many differences of opinion among scholars of independent judgment.

Differences of opinion result from the different sources they use and their different outlooks, and are unavoidable.

Democracy In The 3 Main Fields

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A proper measure of democracy should be put into effect in the army, chiefly by abolishing the feudal practice of bullying and beating and by having officers and men share weal and woe.

Domestic Servants

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Domestic servants, paid or unpaid, are a type of modern slave.

Since the new socialist society is based on partnership and not on a wage system, natural socialist rules do not apply to domestic servants because they render services rather than production. Services have no tangible material product and cannot be divided into shares according to the natural socialist rule.

Faulty Ancient Records

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Upon comparing the whole, it is impossible why the world should have been more populous in ancient than in modern times.

The equality of property among the ancients, liberty, and the small divisions of their states, were favourable to their population growth. But:

Mecca

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter using rice

23. Mecca

Mecca can be reached by 80 days land westward travel from Basra (Malopa).

This is where Mohammad was born. In the house of God, the walls are made of precious stones of every colour.

Midwifery

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Midwifery is a craft that shows how to proceed in bringing the new-born child gently out of the womb of his mother and how to prepare the things that go with that.

Miracles -- Enquiry on Human Understanding Simplified

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part 2

The testimony of a miracle might be the entire proof of it. The falsehood of that testimony would be a real prodigy.

But there never was a miraculous event established on so full an evidence.

Monuments to Dynasties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

16. The monuments of a given dynasty are proportionate to its original power

This is because monuments owe their origin to the power that brought the dynasty into being. The impression the dynasty leaves is proportionate to (that power).

Religion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Men are concerned what happens after death.

The lack of resemblance in this case so entirely destroys belief.

Very few people truly believe in the soul’s immortality in the same way as travelers and historians believe their own testimonies.

Requirements for Philosophers and Philosopher-Kings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 49: Equipoise

¹ The sage has no invariable mind of his own. He makes the mind of the people his mind.

² I am good to those who are good to me and to those who are not good to me. Thus, all get to be good.

Second Kind: Produce that can be multiplied according to demand

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹⁵ The second kind is the rude produce which human industry can multiply in proportion to the demand.

It consists of useful plants and animals which are naturally plentiful. This makes them of little use in uncultivated countries. But they gain value as cultivation advances.

Some Excesses and evils in the Nation which decay not our Trade nor Treasure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

If we mistake the nature of the disease, then we will not be able to have cures.

Taonomics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 75: Economic Policy


	
	
	¹
 The people suffer from famine because of the multitude of taxes consumed by their superiors.



	
	
	²
 The people are difficult to govern because of the excessive agency of their superiors in governing them. 



	
	
	³
 The people make light of dying because of the greatness of their labours in seeking for the means of living. 
It is this which makes them think light of dying. Thus, it is that to leave the subject of living altogether out of view is better than to set a high value on it.

Chapter 77: The Invisible Hand of the Tao

¹ The Way (or Tao) of Heaven can be compared to the bending a bow. The part of the bow which was high is lowered. The part which was low is raised up.

The Ego (Self-Love)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THERE is a principle, supposed to prevail among many, which is utterly incompatible with all virtue or moral sentiment; and as it can proceed from nothing but the most depraved disposition, so in its turn it tends still further to encourage that depravity.

The Epicurean

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is a great mortification to the vanity of man, that his utmost art and industry can never equal the meanest of nature’s productions, either for beauty or value.

Art is only the under-workman,° and is employed to give a few strokes of embellishment to those pieces, which come from the hand of the master.

The Fallacy of Equilibrium in the Balance of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁰ Part 1 showed how unnecessary it is to lay extraordinary restraints on foreign imports from countries with a disadvantageous balance of trade, even on the principles of the commercial system.

The Formation and Multiplication of Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 10 showed how productive capital, though kept, during the progress of production, in a continual state of employment, and subject to perpetual change and wear, is yet ultimately reproduced in full value, when the business of production is at an end.

The Forms Of A Common-Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 132. THE majority having on men’s first uniting into society, the whole power of the community naturally in them, may employ all that power in making laws for the community from time to time, and executing those laws by officers of their own appointing; and then the form of the government is a perfect democracy:

or else may put the power of making laws into the hands of a few select men, and their heirs or successors; and then it is an oligarchy: or else into the hands of one man, and then it is a monarchy: if to him and his heirs, it is an hereditary monarchy:

The Hamburgh, Russian, and Eastland Regulated Companies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁹⁸ The terms of admission into the Hamburgh Company are now quite easy.

Its executives have not yet subjected the trade to any burdensome regulations.

It was not always so.

In the mid-17th century, the fee for admission was £50.

The Influence Of The Imagination On The Passions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is remarkable that:

the imagination and affections have close union together
nothing, which affects the imagination can be entirely indifferent to the affections.

Whenever our ideas of good or evil acquire a new vivacity, the passions:

The Natural and Market Price of Commodities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ Average rates of wages and profits exist in all societies. These are naturally regulated by:

the society’s:
- general circumstances,
- riches or poverty,
- advancing, stationary, or declining condition, and
the nature of each employment in the society.

² Average rates of rent also exist in all societies. These are regulated by=

The Rate of Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is commonly supposed that:

the premium of interest depends on the value of gold and silver
the value of gold and silver are regulated by their quantity
- As the quantity increases, the value declines
- As the quantity decreases, the value rises.

However, the premium of interest is regulated by the quantity of stock.

The Reality Of Knowledge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE IMPROVEMENT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge is not got from Maxims.

IT having been the common received opinion amongst men of letters, that MAXIMS were the foundation of all knowledge; and that the sciences were each of them built upon certain PRAECOGNITA, from whence the understanding was to take its rise, and by which it was to conduct itself in its inquiries into the matters belonging to that science, the beaten road of the Schools has been, to lay down in the beginning one or more GENERAL PROPOSITIONS, as foundations whereon to build the knowledge that was to be had of that subject. These doctrines, thus laid down for foundations of any science, were called PRINCIPLES, as the beginnings from which we must set out, and look no further backwards in our inquiries, as we have already observed.

The Soul's Substance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I have condemned the question of the soul’s substance as utterly unintelligible.

The doctrine of the immateriality, simplicity, and indivisibility of a thinking substance is a true atheism.

It will justify all those feelings that Spinoza is so universally infamous for.

The Vanquished Always Want To Imitate The Victor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because the soul always sees perfection in the person who is superior to it and to whom it is subservient. It considers him perfect, either because:

Three Kinds of Human Souls for Spiritual Perception

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

As far as this process of spiritual perception, human souls are of three kinds.

Those too weak by nature to arrive at spiritual perception.

It is satisfied to move downwards towards:

Wage Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹³¹ Book 1 showed that the wages of lower class workers are regulated by two circumstances=

The demand for labour
- This demand requires an increasing, stationary, or declining population.
- It regulates the worker’s subsistence, whether liberal, moderate, or scanty.
The ordinary or average price of goods
- This determines the amount of money which must be paid to the worker for his subsistence.

While the demand for labour and the price of goods remain the same, a direct tax on wages raises wages higher than the tax.

What is Prudence?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

¹ We naturally view an individual’s character under two aspects=

As it may affect his own happiness
As it may affect the happiness of others

² Nature first recommends the body’s preservation and healthful state to every individual’s care. Hunger and thirst, pleasure and pain, heat and cold, etc. are lessons delivered by the voice of Nature herself. Nature directs him what he should choose and avoid. Most of his first lessons from his parents also teaches him how to keep out of harm’s way.

Closed Season

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It is for the reader to decide how far the preceding analysis has attained its object. Economics is only an observational and interpretative science which implies that in questions like ours the room for difference of opinion can be narrowed but not reduced to zero. For the same reason the solution of our first problem only leads to the door of another which in an experimental science would not arise at all.

General Rules as Solution to Self-Deceit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁹² Mankind’s views on the propriety of their own conduct are so partial, both:

during the action and
after the action.

It is so difficult for people to view it as how any indifferent spectator would consider it.

Prophecy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

AlHarith b. Hisham 281 asked the Prophet Mohammad how the revelation came to him. Muhammad replied,

Spinoza's system is really Theological

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Let us survey this argument and see whether all the absurdities in Spinoza’s system may not be discovered in that of Theologians (See Bayle’s dictionary, article of Spinoza).

Argument 1

It has been said against Spinoza scholastically, that a mode is not any distinct or separate existence.

The Liquor Industry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁷ It is said that:

The Wealth of Dynasties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The amirs of the Zanatah sent an embassy to the Sinhajah (Zirids) in Ifrigiyah. The latter presented gifts to that embassy as:

large sums of money
chests full of clothes
many fine pack horses

The History of Ibn arRaqiq contains many stories of this kind.

Socialism

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Both theoretical considerations and practical experience have led me to the conclusion that socialism is of interest solely for its non- economic values and the possibility it creates for the overcoming of the religion of economics. A society ruled primarily by the idolatry of enrichissez-vous. which celebrates millionaires as its culture heroes, can gain nothing from socialisation that could not also be gained without it.

Capitalism and Freedom

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

President Kennedy said, ‘‘Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country." It is a striking sign of the temper of our times that the controversy about this passage centered on its origin and not on its content. Neither half of the statement expresses a relation between the citizen and his government that is worthy of the ideals of free men in a free society. The paternalistic “what your country can do for you” implies that government is the patron, the citizen the ward, a view that is at odds with the free man’s belief in his own responsibility for his own destiny. The organismic, “what you can do for your country” implies that government is the master or the deity, the citizen, the servant or the votary. To the free man, the country is the collection of individuals who compose it, not something over and above them. He is proud of a common heritage and loyal to common traditions. But he regards government as a means, an instrumentality, neither a grantor of favors and gifts, nor a master or god to be blindly worshipped and served. He recognizes no national goal except as it is the consensus of the goals that the citizens severally serve. He recognizes no national purpose except as it is the consensus of the purposes for which the citizens severally strive.

The Alleviation of Poverty

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Poverty has been enormously reduced in the capitalistic Western countries during the past 2 centuries through:

extraordinary economic growth
the wide distribution of the benefits of free enterprise

But poverty is partly relative.

The Vanishing Of Investment Opportunity

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A fundamental change is upon the capitalist process.

Luxury is the greatest of all evils

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Shameful methods are sometimes practised to prevent the birth of men, and cheat nature such as by:

secret abortions
the exposure or murder of infants, who fall victims to the poverty of their parents
the mutilation of unhappy wretches, part of whose life, with their hope of posterity, is given up to vain singing

How many talents have not been thrown away, and inclinations forced, by the unwise constraint of fathers?

The Death Of The Body Politic

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Such is the natural and inevitable tendency of the best constituted governments. If Sparta and Rome perished, what State can hope to endure for ever? If we would set up a long-lived form of government, let us not even dream of making it eternal.

Market and Volatility Considerations

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Tariffs Then Dollars or Investments

A second Trump term is likely to be even more forceful than the first when it comes to reconfiguring the international trading and financial systems. With President Trump unable to run for another term, he can focus on his legacy and achieving some of his core goals of reindustrialization, manufacturing revitalization, and improved international competitiveness.

Taxpayer Rights And Privacy

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Legal protections for taxpayer rights and privacy have improved during the past three decades, but they remain inadequate.42

Congress should do more. For example, interest on overpayments should be the same as interest on underpayments rather than the government receiving a higher rate, the time limit for taxpayers to sue for damages for improper collection actions should be extended, the juris- diction of the Tax Court should be expanded, and the tax penalty system should be reformed by rationalizing the penalty structure and reducing some of the most punitive penalties.43

Some Farther Considerations With Regard To Justice

Tue, 16 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

This Appendix:

explains the origin and nature of Justice
marks some differences between it and the other virtues.

The social virtues of humanity and benevolence exert their influence immediately by a direct tendency or instinct, which chiefly keeps in view the simple object, moving the affections, and comprehends not any scheme or system, nor the consequences resulting from the concurrence, imitation, or example of others.

How the Revenues of Princes can be raised

Sat, 18 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The Revenues of Princes depend on their riches and on the trade of their respective dominions. These depend on the constitution of the Countreys, the government, laws, and customs of the people. The Prince can only alter these with much difficulty and danger.

Certain cities have crafts that others lack

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because the activities of the citizens necessitate each other, since mutual co-operation is innate in civilization. The necessary activities are restricted to certain inhabitants of the city.

Complex Ideas of Simple Modes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

FIRST, OF THE SIMPLE MODES OF IDEA OF SPACE.

Simple modes of simple ideas.

Though in the foregoing part I have often mentioned simple ideas, which are truly the materials of all our knowledge; yet having treated of them there, rather in the way that they come into the mind, than as distinguished from others more compounded, it will not be perhaps amiss to take a view of some of them again under this consideration, and examine those different modifications of the SAME idea; which the mind either finds in things existing, or is able to make within itself without the help of any extrinsical object, or any foreign suggestion.

Contiguity And Distance In Space And Time

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our minds conceives everything contiguous to us in space or time with a peculiar force and vivacity because:

Education And The Training Of Troops

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.

On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People (February 27, 1959), 1st pocket ed., p. 44.

As for education for cadres whether at work or in schools for cadres, a policy should be established of focusing such education on the study of the practical problems of the Chinese revolution and using the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism as the guide, and the method of studying Marxism- Leninism statically and in isolation should be discarded.

Ethiopia (Pipalo)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ethiopia has four cities. The other places are all villages which are constantly at fighting with each other.

The people are heathens and not Muslim, and eat the meat and milk of camels and with baked cakes.

Exchange (Forex and Trade Financing)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Exchange is a method invented by merchants to facilitate the payment of money at a distance.

Suppose I am in Glasgow and owe £100 to Merchant A in London. I apply to a banker in Glasgow for a bill upon another Merchant B in London, payable to Merchant A. For this, I must give the banker £100 and reward him for his trouble. This reward is called the value or premium of exchange.

France & England; Balance of Produce & Consumption

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴¹ Because of these maxims, the commerce between France and England has been subjected to so many discouragements and restraints.

If those two countries considered their real interest, without mercantile jealousy or national animosity, French commerce might be more advantageous to Great Britain than any other country.

General Influences Of Economic Progress

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 1. The field of employment which any place offers for labour and capital depends, firstly, on its natural resources; secondly, on the power of turning them to good account, derived from its progress of knowledge and of social and industrial organization; and thirdly, on the access that it has to markets in which it can sell those things of which it has a superfluity. The importance of this last condition is often underrated; but it stands out prominently when we look at the history of new countries.

General taxes -- Capitation Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹³⁸ The taxes which should fall indifferently on every different species of revenue, are=

Capitation taxes
Taxes on consumable commodities

These must be paid indifferently from rent, wages, or profits.

Health and Mortality Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Life expectancy at birth (and at age 65)
Infant and child mortality rates
Healthy life expectancy (HALE)
Chronic disease prevalence (by age and income)
Disability rates (affects labor supply)
Healthcare spending per capita (by demographic)

Knowledge, Laws, and Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 70: Laws Should be Understandable

¹ My words are very easy to know, and very easy to practise. But there is no one in the world who is able to know and able to practise them.

Malice and Envy (Schadenfreude)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Malice imitates the effects of hatred just as pity imitates the effects of love.

It gives us a joy in the sufferings and miseries of others, without any offence or injury on their part.

Men are so little governed by reason in their sentiments and opinions.

Medicine

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The craft of medicine is needed in settled areas and cities but not in the desert.

It preserves health and repels illness with the help of medical treatment, until they are cured of their illnesses.

Monopolies Through Secrets in Trade and Manufactures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Keeping Up the Market Price Above the Natural Price through Secrets of Trade and Manufactures

²⁰ The market price always gravitates towards the natural price.

But it may stay above the natural price for long periods due to=

Physics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philo

What you ascribe to the fertility of my invention is entirely owing to the nature of the subject.

Places that succumb to the Arabs are quickly ruined

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

24. Arabs can gain control only over flat territory

This is because of their savage nature. They are people who plunder and cause damage. They then retreat to their pastures in the desert. They do not attack or fight except in self-defense.

Prophecy versus Soothsaying

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The highest rank of soothsaying is the state in which rhymed prose is used, because the support derived from rhymed prose is lighter than any other support, such as that derived from vision or hearing.

Providence and a Future State

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰² My friend loves sceptical paradoxes. He advanced many principles which I do not approve of.

Second Kind: Poultry and Pork

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Poultry

²⁰² In every farm, the offals of the barn and stables will maintain poultry.

These are fed with what would otherwise be lost and are a mere save-all.

The Census

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 17: The Military Service of Freemen

TWO sorts of people were bound to military service:

The vassals

These were obliged because of their fiefs.

The freemen, whether Franks, Romans, or Gauls, who servedunder the count, and were commanded by him and his officers.

The name of freemen was given to those, who on the one hand had no benefices or fiefs, and on the other were not subject to the base services of villainage; the lands they possessed were what they called allodial estates.

The Influence of Belief

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Impressions and Ideas are Balanced by Nature

Philosophy derides education as a fallacious assent to any opinion.

Nevertheless, education prevails in the world.

Education is the cause why all systems are apt to be initially rejected as new and unusual.

The Mind's Substance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is no connection between motion or thought just as there appears no connection between all other causes and effects.

Two weights

Place 100 pound weight on one end of a lever and another 100 pound weight on another end. These weights will not move, just as thoughts will not move from seeing this.

The Populousness Of Ancient Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the population size of particular cities in antiquity, omitting Nineveh, Babylon, and the Egyptian Thebes?

The more I look into this, the more I doubt the great populousness of the ancient times.

The Propensity to Consume

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

We replace ‘wage-unit’ with ‘hourly-common-wage’

The volume of employment is determined by the intersection of the aggregate supply function with the aggregate demand function.

The Rights of Subjects

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The limitations of the sovereign’s power

It is impossible to be precise regarding this branch of public law.

The duties of one subject to another are sufficiently ascertained by the laws of every country and the courts of justice. But there are no judges to determine when sovereigns do wrong. [No world government yet] To suppose a sovereign subject to judgement, supposes another sovereign.

The Ruler's Supporters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

17. The ruler seeks the help of clients and followers against the men of his own people and group feeling.

A ruler can achieve power only with the help of his own people. They are his group and his helpers in his enterprise.

The Science of Speculative theology

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is a science that involves arguing with logical proofs in defense of the articles of faith and refuting innovators who deviate in their dogmas from the early Muslims and Muslim orthodoxy.

The Social Basis Of The Third Universal Theory

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The social factor, the national factor, is the dynamic force of human history.

The social bond binds together human communities from the family through the tribe to the nation.

The Stoic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Nature has endowed man with a sublime celestial spirit and an affinity with superior beings. She allows not such noble faculties to lie lethargic or idle.

The Turkey Company (1581-1825)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁹⁹ The fee for admission into the Turkey Company was formerly:

£25 for all persons under 26 years old, and
£50 for all persons above 26 years old.

Only mere merchants could be admitted.

Today's Insurgency

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Today, Pakistan is a partner of the West in the global war against militancy and terror.

Its Army is operating in a changed and highly charged domestic political environment.

Its 2 leading parties are:

Two Branches of Circulation: Wholesale and Retail

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁸ The circulation of every country is divided into 2 branches:

The circulation of the dealers with one another
The circulation between the dealers and the consumers

Each circulation requires a certain stock of money.

Unproductive Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Values once produced may be devoted, either to the satisfaction of the wants of those who have acquired them, or to a further act of production. They may also be withdrawn both from unproductive consumption and from reproductive employment, and remain buried or concealed.

Vice And Virtue

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

With these requirements [limitations], we can:

examine the causes of pride and humility.
see whether in every case we can discover the double relations by which they operate on the passions.

There will be no further scruple with the present system if we find that all these causes:

Virtues in Adversity: Patience, Frugality, Humility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 67: Patience, Frugality, Humility

¹ All the world says that, while my Tao or personal True Nature is great, it appears to be inferior to other systems of teaching.

Capitalism

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Founding Fathers were neither passive, death-worshipping mystics nor mindless, power-seeking looters; as a political group, they were a phenomenon unprecedented in history: they were thinkers who were also men of action. They had rejected the soul-body dichotomy, with its two corollaries: the impotence of man’s mind and the damnation of this earth; they had rejected the doctrine of suffering as man’s metaphysical fate, they proclaimed man’s right to the pursuit of happiness and were determined to establish on earth the conditions required for man’s proper existence, by the “unaided” power of their intellect.

Theories of the Medium of Circulation and of Money

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Just as in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when modern bourgeois society was in its infancy, nations and princes were driven by a general desire for money to embark on crusades to distant lands in quest of the golden grail, so the first interpreters of the modern world, the originators of the Monetary System – the Mercantile System is merely a variant of it – declared that gold and silver, i.e., money, alone constitutes wealth.

Want and effective demand are not the same thing

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

For every state of human wants and of technology, there is for every rate of real wages a definite amount of fixed and circulating capital that will spell saturation.

If wants and methods of production had been frozen for good at their state in 1800, such a point would have been reached long ago.

Emotion Strength

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

An emotion goes with every magnitude of an object.

When the emotion increases, we naturally imagine that the object has likewise increased.

◦ The effect conveys our view to its usual cause, a certain degree of emotion to a certain magnitude of the object.

The Origin of Schadenfreude

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Person A indulges a pleasure while his friend, Person B, is suffering.

Person A feels his friend’s reflected uneasiness more sensibly by comparing it with his own original pleasure.

◦ This contrast should also enliven the present pleasure.

The Self is a Collection of Perceptions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some philosophers imagine that we:

are always intimately conscious of our self,
feel its existence and its continuance, and
are certain of its perfect identity and simplicity.

They say that the strongest sensation, the most violent passion:

Ownership

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

All quotations in this chapter are from The Acquisitive Society by R. H. Tawney. ‘It is obvious, indeed, that no change of system or machinery can avert those causes of social malaise which consist in the egotism, greed, or quarrelsomeness of human nature. What it can do is to create an environment in which those are not the qualities which are encouraged. It cannot secure that men live up to their principles. What it can do is to establish their social order upon principles to which, if they please, they can live up and not live down. It cannot control their actions. It can offer them an end on which to fix their minds. And, as their minds are, so in the long run and with exceptions, their practical activity will be.’

Section 3:The great rejuvenation of China

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The CCP is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, as well as the vanguard of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. The Party takes the realization of socialism and communism as its goal and undertakes the historical mission of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

The Opening Up Of New Lands

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The opening up of new lands is a unique opportunity for investment which cannot ever recur.

Even if, for the sake of argument, we grant that humanity’s geographical frontier is closed for good—which is not in itself very obvious in view of the fact that at present there are deserts where once there were fields and populous cities—and even if we further grant that nothing will ever contribute to human welfare as much as did the foodstuffs and raw materials from those new lands—which is more plausible—it does not follow that total output per head must therefore decline, or increase at a smaller rate, during the next half-century.

China And Other Geopolitical Threats

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States.

The interagency Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States should realign its priorities to meet the United States’ current foreign policy threats, especially from China. On October 20, 2022, the Treasury Department, which chairs CFIUS, adopted the first-ever CFIUS Enforcement and Penalty Guidelines50 on the committee’s national security risk mitigation requirements. However, there are no clear rules that guide CFIUS on mitigation monitoring, nor is there a published penalty sched- ule to standardize accountability when CFIUS pursues a civil money penalty for violators. In addition, Treasury—as chair of the committee—runs an opaque pro- cess that biases committee procedure toward corporate interests and away from national security interests. Finally, the committee’s jurisdiction does not extend over greenfield investments that Chinese state-owned enterprises have historically pursued in the United States, which leaves America vulnerable to an instrument of Chinese economic statecraft.

Department Of Energy And Related Commissions

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

AMERICAN ENERGY AND SCIENCE DOMINANCE

The next conservative Administration should prioritize energy and science dominance to ensure that Americans have abundant, affordable, and reliable energy; create good-paying jobs; support domestic manufacturing and technology leadership; and strengthen national security. Achieving these goals will require bold policy action and reforms that involve the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE); the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC); and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

Should Princes to Have a Store of Treasure?

Sat, 18 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Is Treasuring by the Prince necessary?

Some people depend so much on their rulers that they call it baseness for their Prince to keep Treasure. They prefer that their Prince rely on the produce of the land instead of money, as proven in Caesar, Alexander, and others who achieved victories by lavish gifts and liberal expences.

Government Bonds and Bond yields

Wed, 17 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000

A bond is a loan to government, giving them private capital to spend for public uses. However, unlike a normal loan which is paid back in full and can be ended, a bond is a perpetual debt organized in terms such as short term or long term.

The Authority of the General Moral Rules properly seen as the Laws of the Deity

Sun, 06 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰⁰ The general rules of conduct create the sense of duty.

It is a principle of the greatest consequence in human life.

It is the only principle by which most of mankind can direct their actions.

Many men behave very decently because of the established general rules of behaviour.

Ancient Food Policy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Food Policy

We allow Vossius to read the famous passage of the elder Pliny his own way, without admitting the extravagant consequences which he draws from it.

The number of citizens who received grain by the public distribution in the time of Augustus was 200,000.

Army vs. Civil Hierarchy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Even two-time former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif shook his head when asked by me if he knew about the application of the Warrant of Precedence during his terms in office.

Army vs. Civil Hierarchy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Penetration of Civil Society

Another visible manifestation of military domination of the civil sector during the Musharraf period was the re-employment of retired or even serving officers in civil institutions and in the host of military-owned enterprises that provides a longer term of employment for army officers.

Bank Notes versus Promissory Notes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Increase in Bank Notes Representing Precious Metals Does Not Increase Inflation

⁹⁵ A paper money made up of bank notes is equal in value to gold and silver money when it is:

Calligraphy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Writing is the outlining and shaping of letters to indicate audible words which, in turn, indicate what is in the soul. It comes second after oral expression.

It is a noble craft, since it is one of the special qualities of man by which he distinguishes himself from the animals. Furthermore, it reveals what is in (people’s minds.

How the Laws contribute to form the Manners, Customs, and Character of a Nation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The customs of an enslaved people are a part of their servitude, those of a free people are a part of their liberty.

I have spoken in the eleventh book37 of a free people, and have given the principles of their constitution: let us now see the effects which follow from this liberty, the character it is capable of forming, and the customs which naturally result from it.

Consumption and Savings Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Marginal propensity to consume (by age/income cohort)
Savings rate (by decile)
Housing tenure (own vs. rent)
Vehicle ownership
Debt-to-income ratio (by age group)
Retirement account coverage

Drawbacks

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ Merchants and manufacturers are not content with the monopoly of the home market.

They want the most extensive foreign sale for their goods. But their country=

has no jurisdiction in foreign nations
can seldom grant them any monopoly overseas.

They generally petition for encouragements to exportation.

Further reflections on the natural virtues

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Bodily Pain And Pleasure

Pride & humility and love & hatred are excited by advantages or disadvantages of the mind, body, or fortune.

These advantages or disadvantages do this by producing pain or pleasure.

Global Warming

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Global warming

L’Abbe du Bos observes that modern Italy is warmer than ancient Italy:

“In 480 AD, the winter was so severe that it destroyed the trees. The Tyber froze in Rome and the ground was covered with snow for 40 days. When Juvenal describes a superstitious woman, he represents her as breaking the ice of the Tyber to perform her ablutions. It speaks of that river’s freezing as a common event. Many passages of Horace suppose the streets of Rome full of snow and ice. But their writers give us information that the winters are now much more temperate at Rome than before. At present, the Tiber no more freezes at Rome than the Nile at Cairo. The Romans esteem the winters very rigorously – if the snow lies two days, and if one sees icicles hang from a fountain that has a north exposure for 48 hours.”

Idea of Duration and its Simple Modes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Duration is fleeting Extension.

There is another sort of distance, or length, the idea whereof we get not from the permanent parts of space, but from the fleeting and perpetually perishing parts of succession. This we call DURATION; the simple modes whereof are any different lengths of it whereof we have distinct ideas, as HOURS, DAYS, YEARS, &c., TIME and ETERNITY.

Oman

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter
Food	meal cakes, mutton, sheep’s milk, fish and vegetables
Exports	horses, pearls and dates
Imports	cloves, cardamom seeds and camphor

Oman (Yung-man) resembles Wupa in terms of its people and soil.

Other Causes of Slow Progress

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

No Law on Contracts

Another thing which greatly retarded commerce was the imperfection of the law with regard to contracts.

Contracts were the last kinds of rights that sustained action.

Poets Adds Vivacity to Ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Poets are liars by profession.

They always try to give an air of truth to their fictions.

Where truth is totally neglected, their performances, however ingenious, will never be able to afford much pleasure.

Serving The People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We should be modest and prudent, guard against arrogance and rashness, and serve the Chinese people heart and soul…

“China’s Two Possible Destinies” (April 23, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III p. 253.

Slow Progress from Lack of Circulation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Non-commoditization of Land

Commodities can be bought or sold in an instant. But in buying four or five acres of land, a lot of time must be spent in:

examining the progress of writs, and
getting your right legally constituted.

This tends greatly to the engrossment of lands, and consequently stops their improvement. If all the paperwork in buying lands were abolished, every person who had some money would be ready to buy land with it. The land would be better improved by passing through the different hands.

Some Verbal Disputes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is very common for philosophers to:

encroach on the province of grammarians
engage in disputes of words, while they imagine that they are handling controversies of the deepest importance and concern.

It was in order to avoid frivolous altercations that I endeavoured to state with the utmost caution the object of our present enquiry;

Taxes on Consumable Commodities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵⁷ The impossibility of taxing people according to their revenue by any capitation led to the invention of taxes on consumable commodities.

The state, not knowing how to directly and proportionally tax the revenue of its subjects, taxes it indirectly by taxing their expence.

The African Regulated Company of Merchants (1752-1821)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰¹ In 1750 long after the time of Sir Josiah Child, the African Company of Merchants, a regulated company, was established by the 23rd of George 2nd chapter 31.

The Arabs are most remote from royal leadership

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

26. Arabs can obtain royal authority only using religious coloring, such as prophecy, sainthood, or some great religious event in general

This is because of their savagery.

They are the least willing of nations to subordinate themselves to each other, as they are rude, proud, ambitious, and eager to be the leader.

The Causes of the slow Progress of Opulence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is surprising for nations to continue to be poor for so long when we consider the immediate effects of the division of labour in improving the arts.

This is caused by natural impediments and the oppression by the government.

The Dialects of the Urban Population

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The dialects of the urban population follow the language of the nation or race that has control of (the cities in question) or has founded them.

The Doctrine of Epicurus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

But when philosophers, who pretend to neglect authority, and to cultivate reason, hold the same discourse, I pay them not, I own, the same obsequious submission and pious deference.

The Extent Of The Legislative Power

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 134: THE great end of men’s entering into society, being the enjoyment of their properties in peace and safety, and the great instrument and means of that being the laws established in that society.

The first and fundamental positive law of all commonwealths is the establishing of the legislative power; as the first and fundamental natural law, which is to govern even the legislative itself, is the preservation of the society, and (as far as will consist with the public good) of every person in it.

The Idea of Identity is Caused by the Resemblance of Perceptions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our idea of the self can be explained by our idea on the selves of plants and animals.

The Order How Individuals are Recommended by Nature to our care

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

⁴ The Stoics said that every man is first and principally recommended to his own care. Every man:

is fitter and abler to take care of himself than of any other person, and
feels his own pleasures and pains more sensibly than those of others.

His own sensations are his original sensations. These are the substance.

The Platonist

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some philosophers are surprised that all mankind have the same faculties yet:

differ so widely in their pursuits and inclinations
condemn what is fondly sought after by another

Some are even surprised that a man differs so widely from himself at different times. He rejects with disdain what, before, was the object of all his wishes.

The Population of Ancient Rome and Italy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ancient Housing

Halicarnassæus says that:

The ancient walls of Rome were nearly of the same compass with those of Athens, but that the suburbs ran out to a great extent. It was difficult to tell, where the town ended or the country began.

The religious obligations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The object of all religious obligations is the acquisition of a habit firmly rooted in the soul, from which a necessary knowledge results for the soul.

It is the (recognition of the) oneness of God, which is the (principal) article of faith and the thing through which happiness is attained.

The Right to Property

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A whole country may grow rich even on its ornamental possessions.

Were trees planted wherever they could thrive without injury to other products, 118 besides the accession of beauty and salubrity, and the additional moisture attracted by the multiplication of timber-trees, the value of the timber alone would, in a country of much extent, amount to something considerable.

The Ruler's Supporters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

19. Seclusion of, and control over, the ruler (by others) may occur in dynasties

The wazirs and entourage of the ruling dynasty gain power over the throne when:

royal authority is firmly established in one family and a branch of the tribe supporting the dynasty
that family claims all royal authority for itself and keeps the rest of the tribe away from it
their children succeed to the royal authority in turn, by appointment

This occurs most often when a little child or a weak member of the family is appointed successor by his father or made ruler by his servants.

The Six Objective Factors of the Propensity to Consume

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. A change in the hourly-common-wage

Consumption C is obviously much more a function of (in some sense) real income than of money-income.

The Transference Of Property By Consent

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The stability of possession has very considerable inconveniences, no matter how useful or necessary it is to human society.

The relation of suitableness should never enter the distribution of mankind’s properties.

Third Kind of Raw Produce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰⁸ The third kind is the produce which the amount can be increased by human industry in a limited or uncertain way.

Its real price naturally rises in the progress of improvement. But it depends on the different accidents which affect human effort.

Wages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Wages are Determined by Employers. Independent workers earn by the profit of their own work

¹ The produce of labour makes up the natural wages of labour.

Ricardo

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Most English writers of that period confuse the circulation of bank-notes, which is determined by entirely different laws, with the circulation of value-tokens or of government bonds which are legal tender.

The Vanishing Of Investment Opportunity

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

An analogous argument applies to the widely accepted view that the great stride in technological advance has been made and that but minor achievements remain.

So far as this view does not merely render the impressions conceived from the state of things during and after the world crisis—when an apparent absence of novel propositions of the first magnitude was part of the familiar pattern of any great depression—it exemplifies still better than did the “closing of humanity’s frontier” that error in interpretation economists are so prone to commit. We are just now in the downgrade of a wave of enterprise that created the electrical power plant, the electrical industry, the electrified farm and home and the motorcar. We find all that very marvelous, and we cannot for our lives see where opportunities of comparable importance are to come from. As a matter of fact however, the promise held out by the chemical industry alone is much greater than what it was possible to anticipate in, say, 1880, not to mention the fact that the mere utilization of the achievement of the age of electricity and the production of modern homes for the masses would suffice to provide investment opportunities for quite a time to come.

The Reverence for the Rules of Conduct [Karma]

Sun, 06 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰² This reverence for the rules of conduct is first impressed by nature.

Philosophy later confirms that those important rules of morality are the laws of the Deity.

Ethnic, Racial, and Cultural Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Racial/ethnic composition (e.g., census categories)
Indigenous population share
Immigrant vs. native-born share
Language spoken at home
Religious composition (affects fertility, work norms)

We Assign a Change in Identity Based on Our Perception of the Change Relative to the Whole

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A mass of matter, with contiguous and connected parts, is placed before us.

We attribute a perfect identity to this mass, provided all the parts are unchanged.

But if some very small part were added to or subtracted from the mass, it would absolutely destroy the whole’s identity, strictly speaking.

The Civilization Of Capitalism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

LEAVING the precincts of purely economic considerations, we now turn to the cultural complement of the capitalist economy—to its socio- psychological superstructure, if we wish to speak the Marxian language— and to the mentality that is characteristic of capitalist society and in particular of the bourgeois class. In desperate brevity, the salient facts may be conveyed as follows.

Improved Financial Regulation

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

One of the priorities of the incoming Administration should be to restructure the outdated and cumbersome financial regulatory system in order to:

promote financial innovation
improve regulator efficiency
reduce regulatory costs
close regulatory gaps
eliminate regulatory arbitrage
provide clear statutory authority
consolidate regulatory agencies or reduce the size of government
increase transparency

Merging Functions

The new Administration should establish a more streamlined bank and supervision by supporting legislation to merge the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration, and the Federal Reserve’s non-monetary supervisory and regulatory functions.

New Policies: Energy

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

To ensure that the American people have access to abundant, affordable, and reliable energy, DESAS’s energy role should be focused on:

Working with the energy industry and networks to ensure energy infrastructure security through science and coordination with the private sector.

Urban Planning

Thu, 13 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Urban Planning is one essential way to make supply efficient.

The Ideology Matrix-Vector

Wed, 21 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Modern Sociology and Political Science have confused different socio-political belief systems with each other. The most common examples are:

Socialism being confused with Communism
Liberalism being confused with Libertarianism
Capitalism being confused with Business Interests

To fix this, we created the Ideology Matrix which classifies every socio-economic-political idea that can be possibly generated by the human mind.

Academic (Skeptical) Philosophy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Part 1

The most philosophical reasonings have been on proving the existence of a Deity, and refute the fallacies of Atheists.

Yet most religious philosophers still dispute whether anyone can be so blinded as to be a speculative atheist. How shall we reconcile these contradictions?

Beauty and Deformity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The body is connected with us to form one of the double relations which causes pride [ego] and humility [shame] whether we consider the body as:

a part of ourselves, or
something external.

Pride or humility arises whenever the other relation of impressions join the relation of ideas.

Ctesophon Parthia (Paita)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ctesophon is the greatest metropolis of the Arabs.

It is 130 days land journey from Malopo, passing through 50 cities,

Ctesophon is extremely powerful and large, and the number of soldiers and cavalry armed and equipped is very great.

Discerning Identities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Two phenomena are remarkable:

We are commonly able to distinguish between numerical and specific identity.

Yet sometimes we confound them.

In our thinking and reasoning, we employ the one for the other.

Dream visions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Real dream vision is an awareness on the part of the rational soul in its spiritual essence, of glimpses of the forms of events.

The soul is spiritual. The forms of events have actual existence in it, as is the case with all spiritual essences.

Effect of Export Bounties on Real Prices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ In Great Britain, export bounties are frequently petitioned for.

They are sometimes granted to particular domestic industries.

Through bounties, our merchants and manufacturers can pretend to sell their goods cheaper than their rivals in the foreign market.

Fish and Precious Metals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Fish

²²² The multiplication fish is both limited and uncertain.

It is limited by:

the local situation of the country
the proximity of its provinces from the sea
the number of its lakes and rivers
the fertility or barrenness of those seas, lakes and rivers to fish

As population increases, there will be more buyers of fish. They will have more goods to buy fish with.

Ibn al-Bawwab

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Professor Abu 1-Hasan Ali b. Hilal al-Katib alBaghdadi, who is known as Ibn al-Bawwab wrote a poem in the basit meter with the rhyme on r, in which he mentions the craft of writing and the matters with which it has to do.

Idea of Duration and Expansion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Both capable of greater and less.

Though we have in the precedent chapters dwelt pretty long on the considerations of space and duration, yet, they being ideas of general concernment, that have something very abstruse and peculiar in their nature, the comparing them one with another may perhaps be of use for their illustration; and we may have the more clear and distinct conception of them by taking a view of them together.

Infanticide and Healthcare Policy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE Roman policy was very good in respect to abortion.

Dionysius Halicarnasseus says that Romulus made the citizens educate:

all their male children
the eldest of their daughters.

If the infants were deformed and monstrous, he permitted killing them after showing them to 5 of their nearest neighbours.

Patriotism And Internationalism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Can a Communist, who is an internationalist, at the same time be a patriot?

We hold that he not only can be but must be. The specific content of patriotism is determined by historical conditions. There is the “patriotism” of the Japanese aggressors and of Hitler, and there is our patriotism.

Praetorians And The People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Two contradictory trends emerged after Pakistan’s post-February 2008 election:

Political continuity – the third and fourth generations of the traditional feudal, tribal, religious and business families are entering the political arena.

Private Copartneries vs Joint Stock Companies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰⁴ Joint stock companies established by royal charter or by act of parliament differ from:

regulated companies and
private copartneries.

¹⁰⁵ 1. In a private copartnery, a partner needs the consent of the company to:

Promissory Notes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Increase in Fiat (Personal Debt) Increases Inflation

⁹⁷ It would be otherwise with a paper money consisting in promissory notes, of which the immediate payment:

depended on the goodwill of its issuers,
depended on a condition which the holder of the notes might not always be able to fulfill, and
could only be made after a certain number of years and bore no interest in the meantime.

Paper money in promissory notes would fall below the value of gold and silver according to:

Reflections 3-4

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Reflection 3

Ancient moralists are the best models. They made no material distinction among the different species of mental endowments and defects. Instead, they treated all alike under the name of virtues and vices. They made them indiscriminately the object of their moral reasonings.

Space And Time

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Space consists of a number of co-existent parts disposed in a certain order. These can be immediately present to the sight or feeling.

Taxes on Necessities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵⁵ In Great Britain, the principal taxes on necessities are those on salt, leather, soap, and candles.

¹⁵⁶ Salt is a very ancient and a very universal subject of taxation. It was taxed among the Romans and is presently taxed in Europe. Nobody could sensibly feel even a heavy tax on salt because it was consumed so little and could be bought gradually.

The Demand or Market for Products

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Adventurers assert that their difficulty is not in production, but the sale of their commodities. products would always be abundant, if there were but a ready demand, or market for them. When the demand for their commodities is slow, difficult, and productive of little advantage, they pronounce money to be scarce; the grand object of their desire is, a consumption brisk enough to quicken sales and keep up prices.

The Importance of the Propensity to Consume

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Employment is a function of the expected consumption and the expected investment.

Consumption is, ceteris paribus, a function of net income, i.e. of net investment.

Net income = Consumption + Net investment

An investment that withholds its actual spending is less favourable to consumption, and therefore to employment.

The Mixture of Benevolence and Anger with Compassion and Malice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pity and malice arise from the imagination, according to how it places its object.

When our fancy directly considers the sentiments of others and enters deep into them, it makes us sensible of all the passions it surveys, but in a particular manner of grief or sorrow.

The Mutazilah

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Later on, the sciences and crafts increased.

People were eager to write systematic works and to do research in all fields. The speculative theologians wrote on God’s freedom (from human attributes).

The Nature of the Deity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Demea

But if so many difficulties attend the argument a posteriori, had we not better adhere to that simple and sublime argument a priori, which, by offering to us infallible demonstration, cuts off at once all doubt and difficulty?

The Probability of Chances

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chance is the Negation of Cause

Many arguments from causation exceed probability.

The Reality Of Knowledge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING OUR KNOWLEDGE.

Our Knowledge partly necessary partly voluntary.

Our knowledge, as in other things, so in this, has so great a conformity with our sight, that it is neither wholly necessary, nor wholly voluntary. If our knowledge were altogether necessary, all men’s knowledge would not only be alike, but every man would know all that is knowable; and if it were wholly voluntary, some men so little regard or value it, that they would have extreme little, or none at all. Men that have senses cannot choose but receive some ideas by them; and if they have memory, they cannot but retain some of them; and if they have any distinguishing faculty, cannot but perceive the agreement or disagreement of some of them one with another; as he that has eyes, if he will open them by day, cannot but see some objects, and perceive a difference in them. But though a man with his eyes open in the light, cannot but see, yet there be certain objects which he may choose whether he will turn his eyes to; there may be in his reach a book containing pictures and discourses, capable to delight or instruct him, which yet he may never have the will to open, never take the pains to look into.

The Skeptic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I am often skeptical of the decisions of philosophers that I tend to dispute them.

They all seem to make the mistake of confining their principles instead of accounting for the vast variety of nature.

The True Character of Royal Authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because the first men to achieve royal and governmental authority at the beginning of the dynasty do so with the help of the group feeling of their people and with the help of their own group feeling which causes their people to follow (them) until they and their people have definitely adopted the coloring of royal authority and superiority.

What is 'Nature'?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Book 2 explained that there is a big difference among our pains and pleasures.

Pride and humility, love and hatred are excited when anything presented to us:

is related to the object of that passion, and
produces a separate sensation related to the sensation of that passion.

Virtue and vice are attended with these circumstances.

New Patterns of Ownership

Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

J. K. Galbraith has spoken of private affluence and public squalor. It is significant that he referred to the United States, reputedly, and in accordance with conventional measurements, the richest country in the world. How could there be public squalor in the richest country, and, in fact, much more of it than in many other countries whose Gross National Product, adjusted for size of population, is markedly smaller?

Conclusion on Foreign Trade

Sat, 18 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

As a summary, the rule in our forraign trade is that:

our coin is undervalued in the foreign exchange in a country where our exports are less than the value of our imports from that country
our coin is overvalued in the foreign exchange in a country where our exports are more than the value of our imports from that country

The foreign exchange for trade financing has a high, at par, or low rate. This is not directly affected by=

How much Treasure a Prince can save yearly

Sat, 18 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

How much of the Prince’s treasure should be spent yearly?

The order and means to draw up the balance of our Foreign Trade

Sat, 18 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The Balance of our Forraign Trade is the true rule of our Treasure.

How can the said ballance may bedrawn up at all times, when it shall please the State to discover how we prosper or decline in this great and weighty business, wherein the Officers of his Majesties Customes are the onely Agents to be employed, because they have the accounts of all the wares which are issued out or brought into the Kingdom although (it is true) they cannot exactly set down the cost and charges of other mens goods bought here or beyond the seas;

Hume’s Sympathy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

But here there occurs a considerable objection, which it will be necessary to examine before we proceed any farther.

Power and riches, or poverty and meanness:

cause love or hatred without producing any original pleasure or uneasiness.
operate on us through a secondary sensation derived from a sympathy with that pain or satisfaction they produce in the person who has them.

Love arises from a sympathy with his pleasure.

Kuznet's Data

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the case of advances by Building Societies to help an individual to build his own house, the desire to be clear of debt more rapidly than the house actually deteriorates may stimulate the house-owner to save more than he otherwise would.

The Dynamics of Sympathy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When we sympathize only with a painful impression, this sympathy is related to anger and hatred because of the uneasiness it conveys to us.

But the extensive or limited sympathy depends on the force of the first sympathy.

Centralized Democracy

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Perhaps the most powerful agent in creating the belief in the possibility of a single central direction by democratic means of the economic life of many different peoples is the fatal delusion that if the decisions were left to the “people” , the community of interest of the working classes would readily overcome the differences which exist between the ruling classes. There is every reason to expect that with world planning the clash of economic interests which arises now about the economic policy of anyone nation would in fact appear in even fiercer form as a clash of interests between whole peoples which could be decided only by force.

CONCLUSION

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this book has not been to sketch a detailed programme of a desirable future order ofsociety. If with regard to international affairs we have gone a little beyond its essentially critical task, it was because in this field we may soon be called upon to create a framework within which future growth may have to proceed for a long time to come.

Rebuilding Civilization

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We shall not rebuild civilisation on the large scale. It is no accident that on the whole there was more beauty and decency to be found in the life of the small peoples, and that among the large ones there was more happiness and content in proportion as they had avoided the deadly blight of centralisation. Least of all shall we preserve democracy or foster its growth if all the power and most of the important decisions rest with an organisation far too big for the common man to surveyor comprehend. Nowhere has democracy ever worked well without a great measure oflocal self-government, providing a school of political training for the people at large as much as for their future leaders. It is only where responsibility can be learnt and practised in affairs with which most people are familiar, where it is the awareness of one’s neighbour rather than some theoretical knowledge of the needs of other people which guides action,

The Prospects Of International Order

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Of all checks on democracy, federation has been the most efficacious and the most congenial. … The federal system limits and restrains the sovereign power by dividing it and by assigning to Government only certain defined rights. It is the only method of curbing not only the majority but the power of the whole people. Lord Acton.

The Rights of Small States

Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Those who are so ready to ride roughshod over the rights of small states are, of course, right in one thing: we cannot hope for order or lasting peace after this war if states, large or small, regain unfettered sovereignty in the economic sphere. But this does not mean that a new super-state must be given powers which we have not learnt to use intelligently even on a national scale, that an international authority ought to be given power to direct individual nations how to use their resources. It means merely that there must be a power which can restrain the different nations from action harmful to their neighbours, a set of rules which defines what a state may do, and an authority capable of enforcing these rules. The powers which such an authority would need are mainly of a negative kind: it must above all be able to say “no” to all sorts of restrictive measures.

Addressing Need: Logistics

Tue, 11 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The resources in a society are distributed by the logistics industry or system. This has the following components:

Transportation

This moves goods between locations via various modes (road, rail, air, sea, pipeline).

The Vanishing Of Investment Opportunity

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pre-capitalist man is in fact no less “grabbing” than capitalist man.

Peasant serfs for instance or warrior lords assert their self-interest with a brutal energy all their own. But capitalism develops rationality and adds a new edge to it in two interconnected ways.

Perfectibility and Equality

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To a person who draws the preceding obvious inferences, from a view of the past and present state of mankind, it cannot but be a matter of astonishment that all the writers on the perfectibility of man and of society who have noticed the argument of an overcharged population, treat it always very slightly and invariably represent the difficulties arising from it as at a great and almost immeasurable distance.

The Rent Of Mines

Sun, 09 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The metals, like other things, are obtained by labour.

Nature produces them.

But it is the labour of man which:

extracts them from the earth, and
prepares them for our service.

Mines and land generally pay a rent to their owner.

Office Of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, And Emergency Response (ceser)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

CESER’s mission is to “enhance the security and resilience of U.S. critical energy infrastructure to all hazards,” to “mitigate the impacts of disruptive events and risk to the sector overall through preparedness and innovation,” and to “respond to and facilitate recovery from energy disruptions in collaboration with other Federal agencies, the private sector, and State, local, tribal, and territory governments.”18

Other Reforms

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

U.S. Coast Guard and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. Congress should examine whether to return the Treasury’s former in-house law enforcement capabilities via the return of the United States Coast Guard and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives.

The Reverence for the Rules of Conduct [Karma]

Sun, 06 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰⁵ Our moral faculties were plainly intended to be the governing principles of human nature.

The rules which they prescribe are to be regarded as the laws of the Deity.

Academic (Skeptical) Philosophy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It may seem a very extravagant attempt of the sceptics to destroy reason by argument and ratiocination.

Yet is this the grand scope of all their enquiries and disputes.

Advancing, Stagnating, Reversing Movement

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²² Wages rise from the continual increase of the national wealth, not from its actual greatness.

Wages are highest in countries growing rich the fastest, and not in the richest countries.

Afghanistan

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

32. Ghazni (Kitzini)

Ghazni is reached from Malopa in 120 stages.

It is in the northwest of Guanzhou and is exceptionally cold. The winter’s snow does not melt until the spring.

Agio

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰³ The paper of each colony was used to pay the provincial taxes at its original value.

This gave it some additional value over and above the length of time for its final redemption.

Book production

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the past, people were concerned with scholarly writings and official records.

These were copied, bound, and corrected with the help of a transmission technique and with accuracy.

This is because the ruling dynasty was important, along with the things that depend on sedentary culture.

Chance is merely the negation of a cause

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This superiority of cause over chance can be easily seen in a die that has four sides with one dot and two sides with two dots.

The mind here is:

Conclusion of Book 1

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Imagination is the Foundation of the Memory, Senses, and Understanding

I ponder my philosophical voyage.

It requires the utmost art and industry to be concluded happily. I am like a man who:

Digression Conclusion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²²⁹ Most of the writers who collected the money prices in ancient times, considered the low money price of wheat and other goods (the high value of gold and silver) as a proof of:

Dream Words

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Note: Most of the afore-mentioned supernatural perception by means of dream visions occurs to human beings unintentionally and without their having power over it. The soul occupies itself with a thing. As a result, it obtains that glimpse of the supernatural while it is asleep, and it sees that thing. It does not plan it that way.

Exaggerated harshness is harmful to royal authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The interest subjects have in their ruler is not interest in his person and body, for example, in his good figure, handsome face, large frame, wide knowledge, good handwriting, or acute mind. Their interest in him lies in his relation to them.

Friendship and Kindness

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁸ Among well-disposed people, the necessity or convenience of mutual accommodation frequently produces a friendship like the friendship of those born to live in the same family.

Colleagues in office, partners in trade, call one another brothers. They frequently feel as brothers towards each other.

General Taxes: The History of Customs Duties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The History of Customs Duties

¹⁶⁵ Customs duties are much more ancient than excise duties.

They were called ‘customs’ to denote customary payments which used from time immemorial. They were originally taxes on merchants’ profits.

Polygamy and Marriage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Marriage is an engagement entered into by mutual consent for the propagation of the species. It is susceptible of all the conditions, which consent establishes, provided they be not contrary to this end.

Revolutionary Heroism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This army has an indomitable spirit and is determined to vanquish all enemies and never to yield. No matter what the difficulties and hardships, so long as a single man remains, he will fight on.

The Benefits from the Quick Circulation of Money and Commodities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Jobbing in merchandise necessarily causes a loss, either to the jobber, if the price be not raised by the transaction, or to the consumer, if it be raised. 142

It is common to hear people descant upon the benefits of an active circulation; that is to say, of numerous and rapid sales. It is material to appreciate them correctly.

The Bureaucratic Elite

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Second Trend: The Bureaucratic Elite

The second visible trend is the changing composition, orientation and educational background of the bureaucracy.

The Pakistan civil service-the pivotal pillar of governance and until the 1980s the backbone of administration-is now plagued by institutional decline and a crisis of moral authority. Unlike the first three decades after Pakistan’s independence it no longer attracts the best and the brightest that instead prefer to go in to business and other private sector professions.

The Legislative, Executive, And Federative Power Of The Common-Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 143. THE legislative power is that, which has a right to direct how the force of the commonwealth shall be employed for preserving the community and the members of it.

But because those laws which are constantly to be executed, and whose force is always to continue, may be made in a little time; therefore there is no need, that the legislative should be always in being, not having always business to do.

The Money Price of Grains Regulates The Money Price of All Commodities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹ The real effect of the bounty is not so much to raise the real value of wheat as to degrade the real value of silver.

It makes silver buy less wheat and other home-made commodities because the money price of wheat regulates the money price of all other home-made commodities.

The Original Contract

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

No party in the present age can support itself without philosophical principles annexed to its political or practical one.

Thus all factions in England have thought of speculative principles to protect and cover their scheme of actions.

The Royal African Joint Stock Company (1660-1752)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰⁸ The Royal African Joint Stock Company is the predecessor of the present regulated African Company of Merchants.

Both it and the Hudson’s Bay Company had an exclusive privilege by charter which was not confirmed by an act of parliament.

The science of logic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Afterwards, the science of logic spread in Islam and people studied it.

They made a distinction between it and the philosophical sciences, in that (they stated that) logic was merely a norm and yardstick for arguments and served to probe the arguments of the (philosophical sciences) as well as (those of) all other (disciplines).

The Subjective Factors of the Propensity to Consume

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The subjective and social incentives are the second category of factors which affect the amount of consumption from a given income.

These determine how much is spent, given the aggregate of income in terms of hourly wage given the relevant objective factors already discussed.

Time-Use Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Time spent on unpaid care work (by gender)
Leisure time (by income quintile)
Commuting time
Volunteering rates

Soothsaying and Supernatural Perception

Tue, 14 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Soothsayers are persons who:

gaze into transparent bodies, such as mirrors, bowls, or water, and
examine the hearts, livers, and bones of animals, as well as those who cast pebbles and (date) pits

The real soothsayer does not need to make much of an effort in order to lift the veil of sensual perception.

GL Ratio

Sat, 17 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The GL Ratio is the rise or fall in education as the society gets wealthier.

A rising slope may indicate investments in higher education and austere morals as opposed to liberal morals

Payment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Payment of compensation or deposit thereof with court

40.—(1) On making an award under section 10, the Collector must make a written offer of the compensation awarded by him or her to the persons interested entitled thereto according to the award, and must pay it to them unless prevented by one or more of the contingencies mentioned in subsection (2) or subsection (1A) applies.

Productive vs Unproductive Labour

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Production vs Services

¹ Productive labour adds value while unproductive labour does not. The labour of a manufacturer adds to:

the value of the materials which he works on,
the value of his own maintenance, and
the value of his master’s profit.

On the contrary, the labour of a menial servant adds to the value of nothing.

Better Upholding and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Section 4: Take charge of the “four greatness”, make overall plans to promote the “five-in-one” overall layout, and coordinate the promotion of the “four comprehensive” strategic layout

To better adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, we must take charge of the “four greatness”, make overall plans to promote the overall layout of the “five-in-one”, and coordinate the promotion of the “four comprehensive” strategic layout, which is the overall plan of the CCP to promote the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the top-level design of the party to realize socialist modernization.

The Civilization Of Capitalism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There is finally all that may be grouped around the symbolic centerpiece of Gladstonian liberalism. The term Individualist Democracy would do just as well—better in fact because we want to cover some things that Gladstone would not have approved and a moral and spiritual attitude which, dwelling in the citadel of faith, he actually hated.

OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT (FECM)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

DOE is authorized by law to increase the conversion efficiency of all forms of fossil energy, reduce costs, improve environmental performance, and increase the energy security of the United States.33 In recent years, the Office of Fossil Energy (FE) has been transformed from its statutory role of improving fossil energy pro- duction to one that is focused primarily on reducing the carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel extraction, transport, and combustion. This change is reflected in the office’s new name, the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM), effective as of July 2021, and FECM’s mission: “to minimize the environmental impacts of fossil fuels while working towards net-zero emissions.”34

Barter Credit Ratios

Wed, 19 Apr 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Businesses use financial ratios such as:

current ratio (to measure current assets versus current liabilities)
return-on-investment (net income versus investment)

Supereconomics also uses ratios, broadly classified under Demand, Capital, Industry, and Trade, representing the Four Laws.

How to fix Ancient China

Sat, 18 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000

To fix modern China, we have to look into ancient China.

Only China and India have such long histories that we have to split their solutions.

The main problem of ancient China manifested as foreign invasion or wars:

How to fix Modern China

Sat, 18 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Cycle	Social Age
?	?	?

The coming China-Taiwan war is a natural consequence of the wrong policies of Nixon.

Supernatural Perception Through Near-Death Experience

Tue, 14 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Some people have supernatural perceptions in the transition from waking to sleeping.

This taps the supernatural knowledge of the unconscious which then speaks about the thing being asked.

This happens only when one has lost the power to control one’s words, talking as if by innate compulsion.

6 Reasons why coalition politics may lead to a multi-party system

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In spite of these worrying trends, there are 6 reasons why coalition politics may lead to the development of a multi-party system.

The three major political parties, the PPP, PML-N and ANP, were quick to build a consensus against President Musharraf. But the parties differed in their approach to his removal from office.

The PML-N was vocal in demanding Musharraf’s removal (and are currently demanding his trial) and the reinstatement of the judges, while the PPP was less confrontational and searched for ways to define a basis for a workable relationship with Musharraf. The PPP also wished to dilute the issue of the restoration of the judges, which strained the coalition, as the PML- N’s expectation was that the judges would be promptly restored. When that did not happen, the PML-N’s ministers resigned from the coalition and the party withdrew from the government.

Argument for and Against Divorce

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Monogamy

How long should monogamous marriages last? Should we allow voluntary divorces, which were customary among the Greeks and Romans?

Arguments for Divorce

Loveless marriages just increase hate and pain

Disgust and aversion often arises after marriage from:

Building Our Country Through Diligence And Frugality

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our people must constantly remember that China is a big socialist country but an economically backward and poor.

This is a very great contradiction. Making China rich and strong needs several decades of intense effort in practicing strict economy and combating waste, i.e., the policy of building up our country through diligence and frugality.

Conclusion: The Three Orders of People

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁵⁵ Every improvement in the society’s circumstances tends to directly or indirectly:

raise the real rent of land, and
increase the landlord’s real wealth.

²⁵⁶ The extension of improvement and cultivation raises it directly. The landlord’s share of the produce increases with the increase of the produce.

Digression on the Balance of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Digression on the Balance of Trade

The ‘balance of trade’ is the comparison a nation makes between the value of its exports to, and that of its imports from, foreign countries,

Distance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Thus, we have accounted for 3 phenomena which seem pretty remarkable.

Why distance weakens the conception and passion.
Why distance in time has a greater effect than that in space.
Why distance in past time has still a greater effect than that in future.

We must now consider 3 phenomena, which seem to be the reverse of these:

Epilogue

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the excitement over the unfolding of his scientific and technical powers, modern man has built a system of production that ravishes nature and a type of society that mutilates man. If only there were more and more wealth, everything else, it is thought, would fall into place. Money is considered to be all-powerful; if it could not actually buy non-material values, such as justice, harmony, beauty or even health, it could circumvent the need for them or compensate for their loss. The development of production and the acquisition of wealth have thus become the highest goals of the modem world in relation to which all other goals, no matter how much lip-service may -still be paid to them, have come to take second place. The highest goals require no justification all secondary goals have finally to justify themselves in terms of the service their attainment renders to the attainment of the highest.

External Advantages And Disadvantages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Many other objects which produce pride or humility besides our inherent beauty or ugliness.

Family Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Men are also vain of:

the climate they were born in
the fertility of their native soil
the goodness of the wines, fruits or victuals, produced by it
the softness or force of their language

These objects:

General Taxes: Customs Duties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁷⁰ I showed in Book 4 that the mercantile system was not very favourable to the people’s revenue or the national annual produce.

It is not more favourable to the sovereign’s revenue, at least as that revenue depends on duties.

Idea of Number

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Number the simplest and most universal Idea.

Amongst all the ideas we have, as there is none suggested to the mind by more ways, so there is none more simple, than that of UNITY, or one: it has no shadow of variety or composition in it: every object our senses are employed about; every idea in our understandings; every thought of our minds, brings this idea along with it. And therefore it is the most intimate to our thoughts, as well as it is, in its agreement to all other things, the most universal idea we have. For number applies itself to men, angels, actions, thoughts; everything that either doth exist or can be imagined.

Judgement

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Our Knowledge being short, we want something else.

The understanding faculties being given to man, not barely for speculation, but also for the conduct of his life, man would be at a great loss if he had nothing to direct him but what has the certainty of true knowledge. For that being very short and scanty, as we have seen, he would be often utterly in the dark, and in most of the actions of his life, perfectly at a stand, had he nothing to guide him in the absence of clear and certain knowledge. He that will not eat till he has demonstration that it will nourish him; he that will not stir till he infallibly knows the business he goes about will succeed, will have little else to do but to sit still and perish.

Passive Obedience

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What are the practical consequences, deduced by each party, with regard to obedience to sovereigns?

Respect And Contempt

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To understand all the passions which have any mixture of love or hatred, only respect, contempt, and the amorous affection remain to be explained.

When we consider the qualities and circumstances of others, we may:

Singing and Music

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This sets poems to music by scanning the sounds according to well-known fixed proportions, which causes any sound (complex) thus scanned to constitute a tune, a rhythmic mode.

These modes are then combined with each other according to accepted proportions. The result is pleasant to listen to because of its harmony and the quality (that harmony) gives to the sounds. This is as follows= As explained in the science of music, sounds are in certain proportions (intervals) to each other. A sound may be 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, or 1/11 of another sound. The difference in interval between the sounds that reach the ear transforms them from simple (sounds) to combinations of (sounds).

Smith Back in London

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith arrived in London early in November and remained there for the next 6 months.

He brought the body of his pupil who was ultimately buried in the family vault at Dalkeith, (Dr. Norman Macleod and Mr. Steel)

Syria

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

34. Damascus

Activity	Method
Trade	?
Farming

Lumei, also called Meiluku, is 300 stages west by land from Aden (Malopa).

The city wall is crooked, seven-fold, and built of large smooth flat black stones. Each wall is 1,000 paces from the adjoining one.

The ambiguity in the Qur'an and the Sunnah and the resulting dogmatic schools

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Prophet Muhammad told us in the Quran about the obligations that would lead us to salvation and bliss.

The Bounty on Wheat exportation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰ The bounty on wheat exportation operates exactly as this absurd policy of Spain and Portugal.

It renders our wheat dearer in the home market and cheaper overseas.

The expensive local wheat raises the value of silver a little at home.

The differences of opinion on the Caliphate

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

24. The differences of Muslim opinion concerning the laws and conditions governing the caliphate

The institution called “the Caliphate” or “imamate” substitutes for Muhammad in as much as it serves, like him, to preserve the religion and to exercise (political) leadership of the world.

The Family

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To the individual, the family is more important than the state. Mankind acknowledges the individual as a human being, and the individual acknowledges the family, which is his cradle, his origin, and his social umbrella. According to the law of nature, the human race is the individual and the family, but not the state. The human race has neither relations nor anything else to do with the state, which is an artificial political, economic, and sometimes military, system. The family is like a plant, with branches, stems, leaves and blossoms.

The flights of the imagination

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the end, we must become ashamed of our credulity.

The flights of the imagination are most dangerous to reason. This has been the biggest cause of the mistakes among philosophers.

The Hudson's Bay (1660-1752) and South Sea Joint Stock Companies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹⁰ Before their misfortunes in the recent war, the Hudson’s Bay Joint Stock Company was much more fortunate than the Royal African Joint Stock Company.

Their necessary costs are much smaller.

The Importance of Savings and Prudence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹³ The proportion between industry and idleness is regulated by the proportion between capital and revenue.

Wherever capital predominates, industry prevails.
Wherever revenue, idleness.

Therefore:

every increase of capital naturally increases the real amount of industry
every reduction of capital naturally reduces it

Capital affects the number of productive hands. The number of productive hands affects the real wealth and revenue of all its inhabitants.

The individual and liberty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The individual and liberty

The individual exists only in so far as he is within the State and subjected to the requirements of the state

The Marginal Propensity to Consume and the Multiplier

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

We replace ‘wage-unit’ with ‘hourly-common-wage’ and ’labour-unit’ with ‘hourly-common-labour’

Chapter 8 established that employment can only increase pari passu with investment.

The Misery of Life

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Demea

I think that each man feels the truth of religion within his own breast from a consciousness of his imbecility and misery, rather than from any reasoning,

The Order of How Societies are recommended to our Beneficence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁶ The principles that direct the order of how individuals are recommended to our beneficence, also direct the order of how societies are recommended to our beneficence. The most important societies are the first and principal ones recommended to our beneficence.

The Probability of Causes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are 3 Origins of Chances: Experience, Contrariety, Analogy

I explain the probability of chances to explain the probability of causes.

All the probabilities of causes are derived from the association of ideas to a present impression.

The Subordination Of The Powers Of The Common-Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 149. THOUGH in a constituted commonwealth, standing upon its own basis, and acting according to its own nature, that is, acting for the preservation of the community, there can be but one supreme power, which is the legislative, to which all the rest are and must be subordinate, yet the legislative being only a fiduciary power to act for certain ends, there remains still in the people a supreme power to remove or alter the legislative, when they find the legislative act contrary to the trust reposed in them:

For all power given with trust for the attaining an end, being limited by that end, whenever that end is manifestly neglected, or opposed, the trust must necessarily be forfeited, and the power devolve into the hands of those that gave it, who may place it anew where they shall think best for their safety and security.

Wages in Great Britain

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁷ In Great Britain, wages are in excess of what is needed to bring up a family.

We do not need to calculate the lowest sum needed to raise a family because there are many plain symptoms that wages are not at their lowest rates.

The different effects of Natural and Artificial Wealth

Sat, 18 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

In the latter end of Chapter 3, I wrote about Natural and Artificial Wealth. I showed how much Art adds to Nature.

But we need to set these particulars apart, so that we can better discern their operations in a Commonwealth.

Fools Versus The Insane

Tue, 14 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Among the adepts of mysticism are fools and imbeciles who are more like insane persons than like rational beings.

Nonetheless, they deservedly attained stations of sainthood and the mystic states of the righteous.

How Nature balances the distribution of prosperity

Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰⁸ The general rules which distribute prosperity and adversity are perfectly suited to mankind’s situation.

Yet they are not suited to some of our natural feelings.

We naturally love some virtues so much , such as magnanimity, generosity, and justice, that we want to give them honours.

Opposition

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The imagination finds an opposition in its internal qualities and principles in running from low to high.

The soul seeks opposition when elevated with joy and courage.

It eagerly throws itself into any scene of thought or action where its courage meets matter to nourish and employ it.

The Tribe

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A tribe is a family which has grown as a result of procreation. It follows that a tribe is an enlarged family. Similarly, a nation is a tribe which has grown through procreation.

The Obsolescence Of The Entrepreneurial Function

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

IN my theory of vanishing investment opportunity, a reservation was made in favor of the possibility that the economic wants of humanity might some day be so completely satisfied that little motive would be left to push productive effort still further ahead. Such a state of satiety is no doubt very far off even if we keep within the present scheme of wants; and if we take account of the fact that, as higher standards of life are attained, these wants automatically expand and new wants emerge or are created, 1 satiety becomes a flying goal, particularly if we include leisure among consumers’ goods.

How The Sovereign Authority Maintains Itself

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Sovereign, having no force other than the legislative power, acts only by means of the laws; and the laws being solely the authentic acts of the general will, the Sovereign cannot act save when the people is assembled. The people in assembly, I shall be told, is a mere chimera. It is so to-day, but two thousand years ago it was not so. Has man’s nature changed?

Conclusion

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The next Trump term presents potential for sweeping change in the international economic system and possible accompanying volatility. It is important for investors to understand the tools that might be employed for such purposes, as well as the means by which government may attempt to avoid unwelcome consequences. This essay attempts to provide a user’s guide: a survey of some tools, their economic and market consequences, and steps that can be taken to mitigate unwanted side effects.

The Export–Import Bank Should Be Abolished

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Export–Import Bank of the United States (EXIM or the Bank) is a federal agency that was established in 1934 to provide export subsidies through tax- payer-backed financing to private exporting corporations, as well as to foreign companies buying U.S. exports, with the ostensible purpose of promoting American exports, creating jobs, supporting small businesses, improving U.S. competitive- ness, and protecting U.S. taxpayers.

How to Remedy a Depopulation; Healthcare Policy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

WHEN a state is depopulated by particular accidents, by wars, pestilence, or famine, there are still resources left.

The men who remain may preserve the spirit of industry. They may seek to repair their misfortunes, and calamity itself may make them become more industrious.

The Origin of the Propensity to Save

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁸ Regarding profusion, the passion for present enjoyment is the principle which prompts us to spend.

It is sometimes violent and very difficult to restrain, leading to wastefulness.
Generally, it is only momentary and occasional.

The desire of bettering our condition is the principle which prompts to save.

Contrary Events

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A contrariety of past events might make us hesitate by producing an imperfect transition from the present impression to the related idea.

When the conjunction of 2 objects is frequent but not constant, the mind passes from one object to the other.

Egypt (Wussili)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	?
Farming	Mass farming + Irrigation + Granaries

35. Cairo (Mulanpi)

Cario is west of Arabia which is separated by the Red Sea which has many countries.

Excise Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁷⁸ High taxes frequently afford a smaller revenue to government than moderate taxes=

by reducing the consumption of taxed commodities, and
by encouraging smuggling.

¹⁷⁹ When the reduction of revenue is caused by the reduction of consumption, the only remedy is to lower the tax.

Ideologically Adrift

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What role has Islam played in Pakistan’s evolution? Has the issue of religion that has been used for multiple objectives-from nation building to strategic security-produced a deadly blowback that is now confronting Pakistan with unprecedented challenges?

Infinity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Infinity, in its original Intention, attributed to Space, Duration, and Number.

He that would know what kind of idea it is to which we give the name of INFINITY, cannot do it better than by considering to what infinity is by the mind more immediately attributed; and then how the mind comes to frame it.

Numerology (hisab an-nim)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

These are thus groups that lay down rules for the discovery of the supernatural:

those that base their rules on the spiritual perceptions of the soul, as Muslims do
those that base their rules on speculations on astral influences, as assumed by Ptolemy and the diviners
those that base their rules on the guesswork and conjecturing of the diviners
- These are nothing but mistakes which they throw out like snares for weakminded people
- This is called hisab an-nim 359 is mentioned at the end of the Politics of Aristotle.

Hisab an-nim aims to predict the victor and the vanquished when kings go to war with each other. The procedure is to add the numerical total of the letters in the name of each king, according to the system of calculation in which the letters of the alphabet in the sequence alif, b, j . . . are given the numerical values of units, tens, hundreds, and thousands from 1 to 1,000.

People Should Study Philosophy over Religion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

If this curiosity and ambition does not make me speculate outside of common life, my inquiries would come from my weakness.

Superstition is much bolder in its systems and hypotheses than philosophy. Philosophy contents itself with assigning new causes and principles to the phenomena in the visible world.

Poverty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Poverty and the Importance of High Wages in Increasing the Industry of the Poor

³⁵ Is this improvement in the working poor good or bad for society?

The answer is obvious.

Production Bounties -- Herring Bounty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁵ A bounty on production would more directly encourage the production of any commodity than an export bounty.

It would impose only one tax on the people which is paid as the bounty.

Progress In Relation To Standards Of Life

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The true key-note of economic progress is the development of new activities rather than of new wants.

What is the connection between changes in the manner of living and the rate of earnings?

Sand Writing as Geomancy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In order to discover the supernatural and know the future, some of the common people invented a craft called “sand writing” (geomancy). They form combinations of dots in four “ranks.”

Self-reliance And Arduous Struggle

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Or policy is based on our own strength. That means regeneration through one’s own efforts.

We are not alone; all the countries and people in the world opposed to imperialism are our friends.

Simplicity And Refinement In Writing

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Fine writing, according to Mr. ADDISON, consists of sentiments, which are natural, without being obvious. There cannot be a juster, and more concise definition of fine writing. *95

Sentiments, which are merely natural, affect not the mind with any pleasure, and seem not worthy of our attention. The pleasantries of a waterman, ° the observations of a peasant, the ribaldry of a porter or hackney coachman, all of these are natural, and disagreeable. What an insipid comedy should we make of the chit-chat of the tea-table, copied faithfully and at full length? Nothing can please persons of taste, but nature drawn with all her graces and ornaments, la belle nature;° or if we copy low life, the strokes must be strong and remarkable, and must convey a lively image to the mind. The absurd naivety a of Sancho Pancho is represented in such inimitable colours by CERVANTES, that it entertains as much as the picture of the most magnanimous hero or softest lover. *96

Smith Back in Kirkcaldy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When Smith left Glasgow, his mother and cousin went back again to Kirkcaldy. He remained with them there for the next 11 years.

Hume thought that the countryside was unsuitable for a man of letters. He tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to move to Edinburgh. But Smith had everything he needed in Kirkcaldy=

The Coalition Of Parties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In a free government, the abolition of all distinctions of party may not be practicable, perhaps not desirable.

The only dangerous parties are those that aim to change the:

essentials of government,
succession of the crown, or
considerable privileges of several members of the constitution

They prefer violence over compromise.

The conditions governing the Caliphate

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The conditions governing the caliphate are:

knowledge
probity
competence
freedom of the senses and limbs from any defect that might affect judgment and action.

There is a difference of opinion concerning a fifth condition, that is, (5) Qurashite descent.

The double Service

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 18: The double Service

IT was a fundamental principle of the monarchy, that whosoever was subject to the military power of another person, was subject also to his civil jurisdiction.

The Levels of Reality

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Even though human reality is a uniform element, it has different levels which lead to different realities.

Level 1 is made up of our external sense perception, our worldly thoughts such as that for making a living

The Marginal Propensity to Consume and the Multiplier

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The net increment of investment can manifest as increased public works if we assume that there is:

no offset through decreased investment in other directions
no associated change in the propensity of the community to consume

Mr. Kahn was mainly concerned in the article referred to in the previous section:

The South Sea Joint Stock Company

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹¹ The South Sea Joint Stock Company never had any forts or garrisons to maintain.

It was entirely exempted from a great expence. But they had an immense capital divided among so many proprietors.

Universal Benevolence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁴ Our effective good offices can very seldom be extended beyond our own country.

But our goodwill has no boundary. It may embrace the immensity of the universe.

We cannot conceive of any being:

What is Wealth?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Wealth consists, not in the matter or substance, but in the value of that matter or substance.

A lot of metal money is worth no more than fewer metal money of higher value.

Coordinate and promote the 4 comprehensive strategic layout

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Coordinate and promote the “4 comprehensive” strategic layout

In the new era, the Central Committee with Xi as the core has formed a “4 comprehensive” strategic layout.

It conforms to the new expectations and new requirements of the people.

Hume and Kant

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Hume declared that he saw objects moving about, but never saw “causality”.

It was the voice of Attila that men were hearing.

It was Attila’s soul that spoke when Hume declared that he experienced a flow of fleeting states inside his skull, such as sensations, feelings or memories, but had never caught the experience of such a thing as consciousness or self.

Economic Development Reduces the Real Price of Manufactures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁴⁰ Improvement naturally reduces the real price of nearly all manufactures gradually.

The price of all manufacturing workmanship gets reduced without exception.

Fewer labour is needed because of better machinery, dexterity, and division and distribution of work.

The Nation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The nation is the individual’s national political “umbrella”; it is wider than the social “umbrella” provided by the tribe to its members. Tribalism damages nationalism because tribal allegiance weakens national loyalty and flourishes at its expense. In the same way, loyalty to the family flourishes at the expense of tribal loyalty and weakens it. National loyalty is essential to the nation but, at the same time, it is a threat to humanity.

Tonnage Bounties -- White Herrings

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³² The bounty to the white-herring fishery is a tonnage bounty.

It is proportioned to the burden of the ship, not to her diligence or success in the fishery.

Vessels too commonly fit out for catching the bounty, not the fish.

The Obligation of Promises

Fri, 03 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A Promise Is Not Natural Obligation

The rule of morality which enjoins the performance of promises is not natural.

This will appear from these 2 propositions:

A promise would not be intelligible before human conventions had established it
Even if a promise were intelligible, it would not be attended with any moral obligation

I. A promise is not intelligible naturally, nor antecedent to human conventions.

The Destruction Of The Protecting Strata

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

So far we have been considering the effects of the capitalist process upon the economic bases of the upper strata of capitalist society and upon their social position and prestige.

Office Of Clean Energy Demonstration (oced)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

The OCED was established in December 2021 to implement the IIJA. Its mis- sion is “[to] deliver clean energy demonstration projects at scale in partnership with the private sector to accelerate deployment, market adoption, and the equi- table transition to a decarbonized energy system.”51

When the Sense of Duty Should be our Conduct's Sole Principle

Tue, 01 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹³ Religion affords strong motives to the practice of virtue. It guards us from the temptations of vice through powerful restraints. Many have supposed that religious principles were the sole laudable motives of action. They said that we should not:

England's Economic Development was Due to Guarantee of Liberty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³³ England’s annual produce is greater now than a century ago at the restoration of Charles 2nd.

However, every five years some authoritative book or pamphlet is published demonstrating that=

Conclusion Of Book 3

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I hope that no accurate proof is lacking of this system of ethics.

Sympathy is a very powerful principle in human nature.

It has a great influence on our sense of beauty, when we:

Contrary Events

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I propose 3 subtle considerations to justify probability arising fron contrariety.

Just reasoning should retain its force, however subtle, in the same way as matter preserves its solidity:

in the air, fire, and animal spirits, and
in the grosser and more sensible forms.

No probability is so great as not to allow of a contrary possibility.

Digression on the wheat trade and wheat laws: Domestic wheat market

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁰ The praises for the following are unmerited:

The law which establishes the wheat export bounty
The regulations connected with the bounty

This is demonstrated by examining the nature of:

Famines are Caused by Bad Policy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁴ Whoever examines the history of European dearths and famines from 16th century to the present will find that a dearth always arose from a real scarcity.

This scarcity was created by:

Ideologically Adrift

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Bhutto’s Islamic Socialism

The task of defining this new narrative fell to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto—the first civilian politician to rule Pakistan after nearly fifteen years of army rule.

Having formed the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) only four years earlier, Bhutto ascended to power on a populist platform embodied in the slogan ‘roti [bread], kapra [cloth], makan [house]’. Like his predecessors Bhutto had to wrestle with questions of Islam and ideology. Some contemporary commentators pointed out that the separation of East Pakistan had resulted in a more compact entity where Islam was presumably no longer needed to bind the state. Unity could have derived from a robust democratic process accommodating political and ethnic differences and looking toward ‘geological, geographic, ethnic, and historic grounds for regarding the Indus Valley and its western and northern mountain marches as a distinct national unit separate from the rest of South Asia.’ The Islamic parties, however, vociferously attacked Bhutto and his socialist ideology as a threat to Islam. Bhutto settled on the concept of ‘Islamic socialism’ as his defining manifesto to stave off his critics on the religious right and to create a new national narrative that promisingly leveraged core Islamic principles of justice, equity, and poverty alleviation to tackle a developing nation’s fundamental socio- economic challenges.

Infinity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

How we conceive the Infinity of Space.

The same happens also in space, wherein, conceiving ourselves to be, as it were, in the centre, we do on all sides pursue those indeterminable lines of number; and reckoning any way from ourselves, a yard, mile, diameter of the earth or orbis magnus,—by the infinity of number, we add others to them, as often as we will. And having no more reason to set bounds to those repeated ideas than we have to set bounds to number, we have that indeterminable idea of immensity.

Island Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Andaman (Yentoman)

When sailing from Lan-wu-li to silan, ships might be driven to Andaman if the wind is not fair.

It is made up of 2 islands:

one large which is 70 li around
one small and uninhabited.

Its people are black skinned and eat men alive*. This is why sailors do not anchor here.

Liquor Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹⁰ In Great Britain, liquors for private use are not liable to any excise duties.

This exemption aims to save private families from the tax-gatherer’s odious visit. It causes those duties to fall much lighter on the rich than the poor.

Materialist Dialectics and Marxist Philosophy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Materialist Dialectics holds that:

external causes are the condition of change
internal causes are the basis of change
external causes become operative through internal causes.

In a suitable temperature, an egg changes into a chicken. But no temperature can change a stone into a chicken, because each has a different basis.

Methods Of Thinking And Work

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The history of mankind is one of continuous development from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom. This process is never-ending. In any society in which classes exist class struggle will never end.

National Characters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ Shallow people often carry all national characters to extremes. They categorize everyone and think that any people are knavish, cowardly, or ignorant without exception.

Men of sense condemn these undistinguishing judgments. But at the same time, they say that each nation has:

Philosophic conception of Fascism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philosophic conception

If Fascism does not wish to die or commit suicide, it must provide a doctrine.

Yet this shall not and must not be a robe of Nessus clinging to us for all eternity, for tomorrow is some thing mysterious and unforeseen. This doctrine shall be a norm to guide political and individual action in our daily life.

Precious Metals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Whatever brilliant or solid qualities the precious metals may possess, their value depends upon the use made of them, and that use is limited.

Like carriages, they have a value peculiar to them; a value that diminishes in proportion to the increase of their relative plenty, in comparison with the objects of exchange, and increases in proportion to their relative scarcity.

Prerogative

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 159. WHERE the legislative and executive power are in distinct hands, (as they are in all moderated monarchies, and well-framed governments) there the good of the society requires, that several things should be left to the discretion of him that has the executive power:

For the legislators not being able to foresee, and provide by laws, for all that may be useful to the community, the executor of the laws having the power in his hands, has by the common law of nature a right to make use of it for the good of the society, in many cases, where the municipal law has given no direction, till the legislative can conveniently be assembled to provide for it.

Property And Riches

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The relation of property most commonly produces pride and is the closest to it.

Ownership is a relation between a person and an object which permits him its free use and possession [that excludes others].

Smith in London to Publish

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1773-1776. Aet. 50-53

In the spring of 1773, Smith virtually completed the Wealth of Nations. He thought of going to London with the manuscript, to give it to a publisher.

Sticky Wages From the Inverse Relationship Between Labour and Stock

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁴ Some pretend that:

workers are more idle in bountiful years and more industrious during a shortage .
a good harvest relaxes their industry, while a scanty one quickens their industry.

Above-ordinary wages may render some workers idle, but not all workers. In reality, people work better:

The Amorous Passion, or Love Between The Sexes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The love between the man and woman, most deserves our attention of all the compound passions arising from a mixture of love and hatred with other affections, because of:

its force and violence
those curious principles of philosophy behind it.

In its most natural state, this love is derived from the conjunction of three different impressions or passions:

The British East India Joint Stock Company (1600-1874)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹⁵ The old English East India Company was established in 1600 by a charter from Queen Elizabeth.

It did business as a regulated company in its first 12 voyages to India.

The Direct Passions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The direct and indirect passions are founded on pain and pleasure.

Good or evil only needs to be presented to produce any kind of affection.

Upon the removal of pain and pleasure, the following are immediately removed:

The Marginal Propensity to Consume and the Multiplier

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The previous section explained a foreseen change in aggregate investment for the consumption industries to advance pari passu with the capital-goods industries without adding disturbance to the price of consumption-goods than is consequential, in conditions of decreasing returns, on an increase in the quantity which is produced.

The Protestant Succession

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When the Protestant Succession was still uncertain during the reign of Queen Anne, A member of parliament asked which party he would choose.

He would easily perceive the great advantage resulting from the restoration of the Stuart family; by which we should preserve the succession clear and undisputed, free from a pretender, with such a specious title as that of blood, which, with the multitude, is always the claim, the strongest and most easily comprehended.

The Science of Sufism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sufism is based on the assumption that the method of the Sufis was always the path of truth and right guidance by:

the important early Muslims,
the men around Muhammad,
the men of the second generation, and
those who came after them

The Sufi approach is based on:

The Shia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

25. Shi’ah tenets on the question of the imamate.

Linguistically, Shi’ah means “companions and followers.”

In the customary usage of old and modern jurists and speculative theologians, ‘Shiah’ is used for the followers and descendants of Ali. They believe that the imamate is not a public interest to be delegated or appointed.

The Universe

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Cleanthes

I suspect that the frequent repetition of the word ‘infinite’, which we meet with in all theological writers, are more for flattery than philosophy.

The Virtue of Self-command

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ A man is said to be perfectly virtuous if he acts according to the rules of:

perfect prudence,
strict justice, and
proper benevolence.

But the perfect knowledge of those rules alone will not enable him to act in this way. His own passions:

Wages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 4. The great vitality of the common belief that wages could be raised generally by merely making labour scarce.

To begin with, it is difficult to realize how different, and often even opposed, are the immediate and permanent effects of a change. People see that when there are competent men waiting for work outside the offices of a tramway company, those already at work think more of keeping their posts than of striving for a rise of wages; and that if these men were away, the employers could not resist a demand for higher wages. They dwell on the fact that, if tramway men work short hours, and there is no diminution in the number of miles run by the cars on existing lines, then more men must be employed; probably at higher wages per hour, and possibly at higher wages per day. They see that when an enterprise is on foot, as for instance the building of a house, or a ship, it must be finished at any cost, since there is nothing to be gained by stopping half way: and the larger the slices of work on it done by any one man, the fewer slices of work on it will be left for other people.

Sumatran Islands

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

5. Possi Besi Sumatra. Po-ssŭ (波斯).

Possi is above the southwestern countries. Their people are very dark skin and curly hair.

They wrap around their bodies cotton cloth with green (or blue) flowers (or spots), and wear golden circlets on each arm. They have no walled cities.

The Doctrine of Free Will

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The error of distinguishing power from its actual use is not all caused by the scholastic doctrine of free-will.

According to that doctrine, motives do not:

The Pleasure from Riches

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All men desire pleasure.

Desire will exist when there is no external obstacle to produce pleasure.

Men perceive no danger in following their inclinations.

In that case their imagination easily:

Woman

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Both man and woman are human beings. It follows that woman and man are equal as human beings.

Discrimination against woman by man is a flagrant act of oppression without justification.

Chapter 3: CCP leadership is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Xi Jinping

The most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CCP, and the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CCP, and the Party is the highest political leading force."

This major political thesis has further:

The Destruction Of The Institutional Framework Of Capitalist Society

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The capitalist process destroyed the institutional framework of feudal society.

Federal Energy Management Program (femp)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) describes its mission as working with “other federal agencies to meet energy-related goals, identify affordable solutions, facilitate public–private partnerships, and provide energy leadership to the country by identifying government best practices.”62 Congress has created a number of energy and energy efficiency requirements and guidelines for federal agencies,63 and FEMP works with those agencies to help them meet their congressionally mandated goals.

Analogy as a Kind of Probability and Origin of Chance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

3. Analogy as a Kind of Probability and Origin of Chance

This differs from the two in some material circumstances.

Brunei

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

Brunei is southeast of Canton.

From Java, it is 45 days’ journey.
From Malaysia, it is 40 days’ journey.
From South Vietnam, and Maharlika it is 30 days’ journey in either case.

All these distances are to be understood as taken with a fair wind (i. with the north-east monsoon)

Austerity Versus Public Spending

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁷ Frugality increases the public capital and prodigality reduces it.

Capitals neither increase nor decrease when revenues match expenses. Some modes of expence contribute more to the growth of public opulence than others.

Contrary Events

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All our reasonings on the probability of causes are founded on the transferring of past to future.

The transferring of any past experiment to the future is enough to give us a view of the object whether:

Decade of Instability

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Decade of Instability

Upon the demise of General Zia in 1988, Pakistan entered a tumultuous decade of political instability, near bankruptcy, international isolation, and a hardening jihadi culture—a period during which it remained dangerously adrift.

Digression on the Balance of Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is striking that every nation is anxious to obtain prohibitory regulations even if it does not profit by them.

The macro and micro cases are not parallel because we do not find individual householders wanting to obtain the same privileges of trade.

Does Climate Define National Characters?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰ If men’s characters depended on the air and climate, heat and cold should naturally have a mighty influence, since it has the greatest effect on all plants and irrational animals.

How to Investigate

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Everyone engaged in practical work must investigate conditions at the lower levels.

Such investigation is especially necessary for those who know theory but do not know the actual conditions, for otherwise they will not be able to link theory with practice.

Loss of Competitve Advantage From the Division of Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵¹ In this way, Europe’s ancient policy tried to regulate agriculture by maxims different from those which regulated manufactures.

In agriculture, this policy forced the farmer to be both the wheat farmer and merchant or retailer.

Other Simple Modes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Other simple Modes of simple Ideas of sensation.

Though I have, in the foregoing chapters, shown how from simple ideas taken in by sensation, the mind comes to extend itself even to infinity; which, however it may of all others seem most remote from any sensible perception, yet at last hath nothing in it but what is made out of simple ideas: received into the mind by the senses, and afterwards there put together, by the faculty the mind has to repeat its own ideas; —Though, I say, these might be instances enough of simple modes of the simple ideas of sensation, and suffice to show how the mind comes by them, yet I shall, for method’s sake, though briefly, give an account of some few more, and then proceed to more complex ideas.

Other Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰¹ There are several other duties which affect the price of goods more unequally and more indirectly.

An example is the French Peages. These were:

called Duties of Passage in old Saxon times.
established for maintaining roads or navigation just like our turnpike tolls

When applied to such purposes, such duties are most properly imposed according to the bulk or weight of the goods.

Probability

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Probability is the appearance of Agreement upon fallible Proofs.

DEMONSTRATION is the showing the agreement or disagreement of two ideas, by the intervention of one or more proofs, which have a constant, immutable, and visible connexion one with another; so PROBABILITY is nothing but the appearance of such an agreement or disagreement, by the intervention of proofs, whose connexion is not constant and immutable, or at least is not perceived to be so, but is, or appears for the most part to be so, and is enough to induce the mind to judge the proposition to be true or false, rather than the contrary.

Profits

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Interest is the Best Indicator of Profits

¹ The rise and fall in profits depend on the increasing or declining movement of the society’s wealth.

This is also the cause of the rise and fall in wages, although those causes affect profits and wages very differently.

The Board of Directors

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In Europe, the necessary qualification for an investor to vote at their general board were:

£500, which was the original share price of a stock of the company, and
at least 6 months ownership of this stock.

Parliament changed the qualifications by:

THE CASE FOR THE EXPORT–IMPORT BANK

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In 1986, President Ronald Reagan extended the charter of the Export–Import Bank (EXIM) by 6 years.

He declared that:

This sends an important signal to both our exporting community and foreign suppliers that American exporters will continue to be able to compete vigorously for business throughout the world.

The Ideal System of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Great Britain and Ireland, or any territory of equal extent would be divided into 100 counties. Each county has 100 districts, leading to 10,000 districts.

The Point of Propriety

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴ The point of propriety is the degree of any passion which the impartial spectator approves of. This point is differently situated in different passions.

In some passions, the excess is less disagreeable than the shortage.

The Sufi Removal of the Veil

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Sufis do not consider removal of the veil sound, unless it originates in straightforwardness.

People who do not eat and who retire from the world, such as sorcerers, Christians, and other ascetics, may obtain removal of the veil without the existence of straightforwardness. However, we mean only that removal (of the veil) which originates in straightforwardness. It may be compared with the reflections of a mirror. If it is convex or concave, the object reflected by it appears in a distorted form different from the actual form of the object, but if themirror is flat, the object appears in its correct form. As far as the “states” impressed upon the soul are concerned, straightforwardness means to the soul what flatness means in a mirror.

The Vibration of the Mind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

With regard to the passions, the human mind is not like a wind-instrument which loses the sound after the breath ceases.

It rather resembles a stringed instrument.

After each stroke, the vibrations still retain some sound which gradually and insensibly decays.

The Wealth Of Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was at length published on March 9, 1776.

Bishop Horne was one of Smith’s antagonists.

The Wigifiyah

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some of the Wigifiyah say that the imam who died will return to life in this world.

They adduce as a proof the story of the Seven Sleepers, the one about the person who passed by a village, and the one about the murdered Israelite who was beaten with the bones of the cow that his people had been ordered to slaughter, all of them stories included in the Qur’in.

Wages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

§ 8. The chief instrument by which trade unions have obtained their power of negotiating on even terms with their employers is a “Common Rule” as regards the standard wage to be paid for an hour’s work of a given class, or again for piece-work of a given class.

Growing Hostility

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The capitalist process produced that atmosphere of almost universal hostility to its own social order.

The capitalist process:

eventually decreases the importance of the function by which the capitalist class lives.
tends to break down its own defenses

Capitalism creates a critical frame of mind which, after having destroyed the moral authority of so many other institutions, in the end turns against its own.

Hope and Fear

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The hypothesis on hope and fear carries its own evidence along with it.

We shall be more concise in our proofs.

A few strong arguments are better than many weak ones.

Self-Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To discover these necessities and interests, we must consider the same qualities of human nature, which lead to the laws of society.

Men:

are naturally selfish or only have a confined generosity
are not easily induced to perform actions for the interest of strangers, except with a view to some reciprocal advantage
- They hope to obtain this advantage only by such a performance.

These mutual performances cannot be finished at the same instant.

The Love And Hatred Of Animals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Love and hatred are common to the whole sensitive creation.

Their causes have such a simple nature that they can easily be supposed to operate on animals.

There is no force of reflection or penetration required.

The Love Of Fame

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The secondary causes of pride and humility in the opinions of others has an equal influence on the affections.

Our reputation, character, and name are considerations of vast weight and importance.

The Love Of Fame

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This strongly confirms my:

system on the understanding
system on the passions

This is because these are analogous to each other.

When we sympathize with the passions of others, these movements:

The Civilization Of Capitalism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. The Sociology Of The Intellectual

Nevertheless, neither the opportunity of attack nor real or fancied grievances are in themselves sufficient to produce, however strongly they may favor, the emergence of active hostility against a social order.

Boundary of Human Improvement

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Condorcet’s conjecture on the organic perfectibility of man, and the indefinite prolongation of human life are false.

He infers an unlimited progress from a partial improvement, the limit of which cannot be ascertained as illustrated in the breeding of animals, and the cultivation of plants.

The General rules of justice

Tue, 01 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

¹²² The general rules of the virtue are called justice. This requires the greatest exactness.

Their modifications must be as accurate as the rules themselves.

If I owe a man £10, justice requires that I precisely pay him £10:

Arrogance in the Party must be eradicated

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Even if we achieve gigantic successes in our work, there is no reason to feel conceited and arrogant. Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. This is a truth we must always bear in mind.

Article 4-General Taxes -- Taxes on luxuries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰⁵ Taxes on luxuries generally are paid piecemeal. In the time and mode of payment they are the most convenient of all taxes. On the whole, such taxes are against the fourth maxim, but agree with the other three.

Battling Militancy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan today faces a growing threat from violent extremists and Islamic militants.

This reflects:

the fallout of the continuing war in Afghanistan
the limited gains achieved both by the US and Pakistan against al Qaeda
the increasingly violent activism of longer established organisations

As militant violence in Pakistan has escalated, it has grown in numbers and in sophistication.

Stock Lent At Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The stock lent at interest is always considered as a capital by its lender.

He expects that:

it will be restored to him in due time
the borrower will pay him a rent for using it

The borrower may use it as a capital or as a stock for immediate consumption. If he uses it as a capital, he employs it to maintain productive labourers.

Digression on the wheat trade and wheat laws: Foreign wheat market

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶² The 15th of Charles 2nd Chapter 7 authorizes two very absurd popular prejudices.

⁶³ It supposes that when wheat prices rise to 576 pence the quarter, wheat is likely to be so engrossed as to hurt the people.

Four Kinds of Unphilosophical Probability

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are 4 kinds of unphilosophical probability derived from the same principles.

Freedom Versus Dictatorship

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Freedom means that every human being gets proper education which qualifies him or her for the work which suits him or her.

Dictatorship means that human beings are taught that which is not suitable for them, and are forced to do unsuitable work.

Galen

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

After DEMEA left, CLEANTHES and PHILO continued the conversation.

Philo

I am less cautious on the subject of Natural Religion than on any other because:

Intellectual Property and Corporation Rules

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹⁹ When a mercantile company establishes a new business with a barbarous nation at their own risk and expence, it may be reasonable to:

incorporate them into a joint stock company, and
grant them a monopoly for a certain number of years in case of their success.

It is the easiest and most natural way the state can recompense them for hazarding a dangerous and expensive experiment. The public will afterwards reap the benefit of their experiment.

Intergenerational and Longitudinal Demographics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Intergenerational elasticity of income
Multigenerational poverty persistence
Age of inheritance receipt
Parental education vs. child outcomes

Legal and Market Interest Rates

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹¹ In our North American and West Indian colonies, both wages and interest, and consequently profits, are higher than in England.

Both the legal and market interest rates in the colonies run from 6-8%. High wages and high profits, however, rarely go together, except in the peculiar circumstances of new colonies.

Maharlika (The Philippines)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

Territories

Manila 麻逸

The kingdom of Maharlika* (Ma-i) is north of Borneo. Its capital has over 1,000 families settled together along both banks of a creek [Pasig River].

Philip 2nd

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When Philip 2nd became master of Portugal, and forbade all intercourse between his new subjects and the Dutch, whom he detested, what was the consequence?

The Dutch, who before resorted to Lisbon for the manufactures of India, of which they took off an immense quantity, finding this avenue closed against their industry, went straight to India for what they wanted, and, in the end, drove out the Portuguese from that quarter; and, what was meant as the deadly blow of inveterate hatred, turned out the main source of their aggrandizement. “Commerce,” says Fenelon, “is like the native springs of the rock, which often cease to flow altogether, if it be attempted to alter their course.” 164

The Death of Hume

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

After the publication of his book in the beginning of March, Smith still dallied in London, without going to see Hume in Edinburgh then bring him to London.

The Errors of Ibn Dihaq

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is a short exposition of (Sufi) opinion, as gathered from the discussion of Ibn Dihaq. It is most erroneous.

A country that we have left or will visit exists, even if we do not see it any more.

The Importance of the Bicameral system

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The lower sort of people and small proprietors can properly judge their peers who are close in rank or residence.

They will probably choose the best representative in their parochial meetings.

The Marginal Efficiency of Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When a man makes an investment, he buys the right to prospective returns.

I call this “the prospective yield of the investment”.

This prospective yield has a supply price.

This supply price:

The Principle of Self-estimation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²² The principle of self-estimation may be too high or too low.

We like to think highly of ourselves. We feel that some excessive regard is better than any shortage.

The transformation of the caliphate into royal authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Royal authority is the natural goal of group feeling. It results from group feeling, not by choice but through (inherent) necessity and the order of existence, as we have stated before.

The Types of Risk that Affect the Volume of Investment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The most important confusion on nthe meaning of the marginal efficiency of capital is due to the failure to see that it depends on the prospective yield of capital and not its current yield.

Why is Religion Bad?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Philo

If vulgar superstition is so salutary to society, then why does it have pernicious consequences on public affairs?

The Civilization Of Capitalism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There is, however, another factor. One of the most important features of the later stages of capitalist civilization is the vigorous expansion of the educational apparatus and particularly of the facilities for higher education.

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

JUI had its origin in the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind which was founded by a group of clerics of the Deobandi Muslim movement in pre-partition India.

This movement for Islamic revival:

had first emerged after the 1857 rebellion against British rule.
was a branch of Sunni Hanafi Islam
was primarily an anti-British movement

Their creed is named after a religious seminary established in 1867 in Deoband near Delhi.

Mao's 11 Types of Liberalism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

This is proof that Communism and Socialism are against Liberalism. It is only in the US where Liberalism got associated with Socialism

Types of Liberalism

Liberalism manifests in various ways.

Taxes on imports

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷² The 22nd of Charles 2nd chapter 13 imposed a duty of 192 pence the quarter on wheat imports whenever the home price did not exceed 640 pence the quarter.

The Civilization Of Capitalism

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The modern picture has:

increasing means
increase in the standard of life and in the leisure of the masses that changed and is still changing the composition of the collective patron for the tastes of whom the intellectuals have to provide.

There was and is the further cheapening of the book and newspaper and the large-scale newspaper concern. 8 There is now the radio. And there was and is the tendency toward complete removal of restraints, steadily breaking down those short-run attempts at resistance by which bourgeois society proves itself so incompetent and occasionally so childish a disciplinarian.

Office Of Intelligence And Counterintelligence (iac)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

DOE’s Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence “is responsible for all intel- ligence and counterintelligence activities throughout the DOE complex, including nearly thirty intelligence and counterintelligence offices nationwide.” It “lever- age[s] the Energy Department’s unmatched scientific and technological expertise in support of policymakers as well as national security missions in defense, home- land security, cyber security, intelligence, and energy security” and “is a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community.”79

The Circular Flow of Economics vs Supereconomics

Thu, 17 Oct 2019 00:00:00 +0000

To maximize profits, business-systems pool money together in order to create the equity that makes up the firms and corporations. Such organizations then create, buy, and sell real goods and services via secondary arbitrage*.

4: Unphilosophical Probability From Hasty General Rules

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Another unphilosophical kind of probability is that derived from hasty general rules, which:

we rashly form to ourselves, and
are the source of prejudice.

An example is: “An Irishman cannot have wit and a Frenchman cannot have solidity.”

Interest Rates

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷ The monied interest naturally increases with the increase in the circulating capital in a country.

The increase of those capitals for lending naturally accompanies the increase of the capitals.

In other words, as stock increases, the amount of stock to be lent at interest gradually grows.

CONQUEST

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Yet such have been the disorders ambition has filled the world with, that in the noise of war, which makes so great a part of the history of mankind, this consent is little taken notice of: and therefore many have mistaken the force of arms for the consent of the people, and reckon conquest as one of the originals of government. But conquest is as far from setting up any government, as demolishing an house is from building a new one in the place. Indeed, it often makes way for a new frame of a commonwealth, by destroying the former; but, without the consent of the people, can never erect a new one.

Digression on the wheat trade and wheat laws: The Carrying Trade of Wheat

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷³ In years of scarcity, the distress caused by the strict execution of those laws was probably very great.

But sometimes, its execution was suspended by temporary statutes which allowed wheat imports for a limited time.

Educational Institutions for the youth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹³⁰ The educational institutions for the youth may generate a revenue to defray their own expence.

The fee or honorary which the scholar pays the teacher is naturally a revenue of this kind.

Excessive Ego: Self-esteem, Pride, and Vanity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Egotistic Man

³¹ In prosperity, the egotistic man might have some advantage over the modest man. People applaud him louder. Yet with all things fairly computed, the real advantage is always:

Federal Reserve

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Over time, Congress has delegated the responsibility for the nation’s money first to the Department of the Treasury and now to the quasi-public Federal Reserve System.

The Federal Reserve was created by Congress in 1913 when most Americans lived in rural areas and the largest industry was agriculture.

French Taxation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²¹⁵ In France, the different revenue laws in the different provinces require many revenue officers to=

prevent the importation of certain goods, or
subject imported goods to certain duties.

These interrupt France’s interior commerce.

Hellfire Missiles

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Over the past few years, several militant leaders have been killed in operations conducted by Pakistani military and CIA drone strikes.

But they have been quickly replaced by new and more aggressive successors.

London 1777—Appointed Commissioner Of Customs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith remained at Kirkcaldy from May to December 1776, except for occasional visits to Edinburgh or Dalkeith.

But his thoughts, were again bent on London, as soon as his mother’s health allowed him to leave home. He seems to have enjoyed London. It inspired some hopes in friends like Strahan that he might even settle there permanently. After his departure for Scotland in April, Strahan used to write him of political news keeping him abreast of all that was going on.

Louis 14th

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Louis 14th wanted to restore the marine of France so he granted a bounty of 1 dollar per ton on every ship fitted out in France.

His object was to train sailors.

So likewise when the bounty is the mere refunding of a duty previously exacted.

Minorities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is a minority? What are its rights and responsibilities? How can the problem of minorities be solved according to the solution to various human problems presented by The Third Universal Theory?

Probability

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE DEGREES OF ASSENT

Our Assent ought to be regulated by the Grounds of Probability.

The grounds of probability we have laid down in the foregoing chapter: as they are the foundations on which our ASSENT is built, so are they also the measure whereby its several degrees are, or ought to be regulated: only we are to take notice, that, whatever grounds of probability there may be, they yet operate no further on the mind which searches after truth, and endeavours to judge right, than they appear; at least, in the first judgment or search that the mind makes.

Speculators Versus Enterprise

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

If I call:

Taiwan (Liukiu)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter

30. Northern Taiwan

Northern Taiwan (Liukiu) is 5-6 days sail east of Canton.

The king’s family name is Huan-ssi. But the natives call him Kolau.

His lives in Polotantung. It has a threefold mound and a palisade surrounded by running water and protected by thorn hedges, and the eaves of the palace building have many figures of birds and beasts carved upon them.

The Animal Spirits

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Human nature has an instability wherein most of our positive activities depend on spontaneous optimism rather than on a mathematical expectation, whether moral, hedonistic, or economic.

The Effect of Maximum Population and Maximum Stocks

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴ Wages and profits would be very low in a country:

which had acquired maximum riches natural to its soil, climate, and location, and
which could not advance further but was not going backwards.

A country at maximum population would have so much competition for employment. Wages would be reduced to bare sufficiency, preventing the population from increasing.

The Factors that Affect Expectations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Below are some of the factors which accentuate this precariousness.

The gradual increase in the share of persons who do not manage and have no special knowledge of the business.

This leads to a serious decline in the real knowledge in the valuation of investments by their owners or potential owners.

The Four Topics of Sufism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Many jurists and muftis have undertaken to refute these and similar statements by recent Sufis. They summarily disapproved of everything they came across in the (Sufi) path.

The truth is that discussion with the (Sufis) requires making a distinction. The Sufis discuss 4 topics:

The Importance of State of confidence in Long-Term Expectation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chapter 11 explained that the scale of investment depends on the relation between:

the interest rate and
the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital corresponding to different scales of current investment

The marginal efficiency of capital depends on the relation between:

The Modes of Thinking

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sensation, Remembrance, Contemplation, &c., modes of thinking.

When the mind turns its view inwards upon itself, and contemplates its own actions, THINKING is the first that occurs. In it the mind observes a great variety of modifications, and from thence receives distinct ideas. Thus the perception or thought which actually accompanies, and is annexed to, any impression on the body, made by an external object, being distinct from all other modifications of thinking, furnishes the mind with a distinct idea, which we call SENSATION;—which is, as it were, the actual entrance of any idea into the understanding by the senses.

The Obligation Of Promises Is An Invention For The Interest Of Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The knowledge of the observance of promises is not esteemed superior to the capacity of human nature, however savage and uncultivated.

Only a very little practice of the world is needed to make us see these consequences and advantages.

The State of Credit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Long Term Does not Beat Short Term

We have reached the third degree where we devote our intelligences to anticipating what average opinion expects the average opinion to be.

Some practise the fourth, fifth and higher degrees.

The State of Long-Term Expectation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In practice we have tacitly agreed to fall back on a convention.

This convention assumes that the existing state of affairs will continue indefinitely, except when we have specific reasons to expect a change.

The transformation of the caliphate into royal authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Al-Mas’udi says:

Al-Masudi

In the days of Uthman, the men around Muhammad acquired estates and money. On the day Uthman was killed, his treasurer had 150,000 dinars and 1,000,000 dirhams.

Unity and Discipline

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The unification of our country, the unity of our people and the unity of our various nationalities - these are the basic guarantees of the sure triumph of our cause.

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Enters a New Era

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Section 3: Resolutely achieve “two maintenances”

To uphold and strengthen the party’s overall leadership and give full play to the role of the highest political leadership force of the CCP, the most fundamental thing is to resolutely safeguard the core position of General Secretary Xi Jinping of the Party Central Committee and the core position of the whole party, and the most important thing is to resolutely safeguard the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. Achieving the “two safeguards” is a major issue of principle that has a bearing on the future and destiny of the party and the country, the primary task of the party’s political construction, and the fundamental political discipline and political rules that the whole party must abide by.

The greatest advantage of socialism with Chinese characteristicsis Party leadership

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The greatest advantage of socialism with Chinese characteristicsis Party leadership

The system manages the fundamentals, the overall situation, and the long term. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics is a scientific system formed by the party and the people in long-term practice and exploration, and it is the fundamental, basic and important systems that play the role of “4 beams and 8 pillars.”

Decomposition

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Faced by the increasing hostility of the environment and by the legislative, administrative and judicial practice born of that hostility, entrepreneurs and capitalists—in fact the whole stratum that accepts the bourgeois scheme of life—will eventually cease to function. Their standard aims are rapidly becoming unattainable, their efforts futile. The most glamorous of these bourgeois aims, the foundation of an industrial dynasty, has in most countries become unattainable already, and even more modest ones are so difficult to attain that they may cease to be thought worth the struggle as the permanence of these conditions is being increasingly realized.

Considering the role of bourgeois motivation in the explanation of the economic history of the last two or three centuries, its smothering by the unfavorable reactions of society or its weakening by disuse no doubt constitutes a factor adequate to explain a flop in the capitalist process—should we ever observe it as a permanent phenomenon—and one that is much more important than any of those that are presented by the Theory of Vanishing Investment Opportunity. It is hence interesting to observe that that motivation not only is threatened by forces external to the bourgeois mind but that it also tends to die out from internal causes. There is of course close interdependence between the two. But we cannot get at the true diagnosis unless we try to disentangle them.

The Pride And Humility Of Animals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The causes of pride and humility correspond exactly to our hypothesis.

Nothing can excite pride or humility unless it:

is related to ourselves
produces a pleasure or pain independent of the passion.

We have proven that:

Curiosity, Or The Love Of Truth

Fri, 10 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

What is the origin of our quest for truth?

Truth is of 2 kinds, consisting in:

Deputies Or Representatives

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As soon as public service ceases to be the chief business of the citizens, and they would rather serve with their money than with their persons, the State is not far from its fall. When it is necessary to march out to war, they pay troops and stay at home: when it is necessary to meet in council, they name deputies and stay at home. By reason of idleness and money, they end by having soldiers to enslave their country and representatives to sell it.

Monetary Rule Reform Options

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

While the above recommendations would reduce Federal Reserve (Fed) manipulation and subsidies, none would limit the inflationary and recessionary cycles caused by the Fed. For that, major reform of the Fed’s core activity of manipulating interest rates and money would be needed.

OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

The Office of Environmental Management’s mission is to “complete the safe cleanup of [the] environmental legacy resulting from decades of nuclear — 394 —Department of Energy and Related Commissions weapons development and government-sponsored nuclear energy research.”85 Its cleanup program is the world’s largest, and EM reports that 92 (of 107) sites have been completed.86 According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office, “DOE is responsible for the largest share of the federal government’s environmental liability—about 85 percent in fiscal year 2020.”87 Since 2011, EM has spent a cumulative total of USD63.2 billion, and its liability has grown by USD243 billion.88 It is currently projected that cleanup will take another 70 years (FY 2022 to FY 2091).89 Projected “Low Range” and “High Range” lifecycle costs total slightly less than USD652.4 billion and slightly more than USD887.2 billion, respectively.90 Needed Reforms

The Four Employment of capitals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The destiny of all capitals is to maintain productive labour.

But the amount of that labour varies extremely according to:

the diversity of their employment and
the value it adds to the national annual produce.

² A capital may be employed in 4 ways:

Criticism And Self-criticism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Communist Party does not fear criticism because:

the truth is on our side as Marxists
the basic masses, the workers and peasants, are on our side.

Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work (March 12, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 14.

Thoroughgoing materialists are fearless; we hope that all our fellow fighters will courageously shoulder their responsibilities and overcome all difficulties, fearing no setbacks or gibes, nor hesitating to criticize us Communists and give us their suggestions.

Edinburgh 1778

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

On settling in Edinburgh, Smith took a house in the Canongate—Panmure House.

It was at the foot of Panmure Close, one of the steep and narrow wynds that descend from the north side of the Canongate towards the base of the Calton Hill.

This house was his home for the rest of his days.

Eight Sources of French Taxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²²¹ In France, most of the crown’s actual revenue is derived from 8 sources:

Taille
Capitation
Two vingtiemes
Gabelles
Aides
Traites
Domaine
The farm of tobacco

The last 5 are under farm in most of the provinces.

Faith and Reason

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Necessary to know their boundaries.

It has been above shown, 1. That we are of necessity ignorant, and want knowledge of all sorts, where we want ideas. 2. That we are ignorant, and want rational knowledge, where we want proofs. 3. That we want certain knowledge and certainty, as far as we want clear and determined specific ideas. 4. That we want probability to direct our assent in matters where we have neither knowledge of our own nor testimony of other men to bottom our reason upon. From these things thus premised, I think we may come to lay down THE MEASURES AND BOUNDARIES BETWEEN FAITH AND REASON: the want whereof may possibly have been the cause, if not of great disorders, yet at least of great disputes, and perhaps mistakes in the world. For till it be resolved how far we are to be guided by reason, and how far by faith, we shall in vain dispute, and endeavour to convince one another in matters of religion.

Korea (Sinlo)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Barter using rice

The Koreans (Sinlo) descend from the Pien-han.

Korea rises opposite to the sea entrance to Canton. But, from the popular superstition on what geomancers call the relation between north and south, traders going to Korea must first go to Ssi-ming, and then go out to sea again. Others say that the water current of Canton gradually lessens, which makes it necessary to pass by Ssi-ming.

Reason

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Various Significations of the word Reason.

THE word REASON in the English language has different significations: sometimes it is taken for true and clear principles: sometimes for clear and fair deductions from those principles: and sometimes for the cause, and particularly the final cause. But the consideration I shall have of it here is in a signification different from all these; and that is, as it stands for a faculty in man, that faculty whereby man is supposed to be distinguished from beasts, and wherein it is evident he much surpasses them.

Retooling Institutions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the last two decades theoretical and empirical evidence have offered a new insight: that broader socio-economic development including the distribution of the benefits of growth is determined by the quality of governance and institutions.

Scholarships

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹³⁹ Whatever forces students to any college or university independent of the teachers’ merit or reputation reduces the necessity of that merit or reputation.

The privileges of graduates in arts, law, physics, and divinity are in some cases obtained only by residing a certain number of years in certain universities.

The Carrying Trade of Wheat

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁰ The merchant carrier imports foreign wheat and re-exports it.

He contributes to the plentiful supply of the home market.

His direct purpose is not to sell wheat at home.
He will be willing to do so, even for much less money than in a foreign market, because he saves freight and insurance cost.

The country becomes the storehouse for other countries through the carrying trade. Its people can very seldom be in want themselves.

The Effect of Regulations fixing the Manner of Production

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The interference of the public authority, with regard to the details of agricultural production, has generally been of a beneficial kind. The impossibility of intermeddling in the minute and various details of agriculture, the vast number of agents it occupies, often widely separated in locality and pursuits, from the largest farming concerns to the little garden of the cottager, the small value of the produce in comparison with its volume, are so many obstacles that nature has placed in the way of authoritative restraint and interference.

The General Theory of the Rate of Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

Here, we dissect Keynes’ reasoning on why his system is totally different from Classical – because he enshrines the love for cash, just like any Mercantilist!

Chapter 11 shows that there are forces causing the rate of investment to rise or fall so as to keep the rate of return on investments equal to the rate of interest.

The meaning of the oath of allegiance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The bay’ah (oath of allegiance) is a contract to render obedience.

It is as though the person who renders the oath of allegiance made a contract with his amir, to the effect that he surrenders supervision of his own affairs and those of the Muslims to him and that he will not contest his authority in any of (those affairs) and that he will obey him by (executing) all the duties with which he might be charged, whether agreeable or disagreeable.

The Nature of General Rules

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

According to my system, all reasonings are nothing but the effects of custom.

Custom only influences by:

enlivening the imagination, and
giving us a strong conception of anything

Our judgment and imagination can never be contrary.

The science of dream interpretation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This belongs to the sciences of the religious law. It originated in Islam when the sciences became crafts 553 and scholars wrote books on them.

Dream visions and dream interpretation existed among the ancients, as among later generations. It existed among former (pre-Islamic) religious groups and nations. However, their dream interpretation did not reach us, 554 because we have been satisfied with the discussions of Muslim dream interpreters.

The Vain Man

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁰ It is quite otherwise with the vain man.

He courts the company of his superiors as much as the proud man shuns it.
He thinks that their splendour reflects a splendour on those who are around them.
He haunts the courts of kings and the levees of ministers.
He gives himself the air of being a candidate for fortune and preferment.

What was afterwards called the Jurisdiction of the Lords

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

BESIDE the composition which they were o= bliged to pay to the relations for murders or injuries, they were also unde= r a necessity of paying a certain duty, which the codes of the barbarian la= ws call=E2=80=A1 fredum. We have no term in our modern language to = express it; yet I intend to treat of it at large; and in order to give an i= dea of it, I begin with defining it a recompence for the protection granted= against the right of prosecution. Even to this day, f= red, in the Swedish language, signifies peace.

Wrong Assent or Error

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Causes of Error, or how men come to give assent contrary to probability.

KNOWLEDGE being to be had only of visible and certain truth, ERROR is not a fault of our knowledge, but a mistake of our judgment giving assent to that which is not true.

The party's leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the prosperity

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The party’s leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the prosperity of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics

The party’s leadership is the fundamental and lifeline of the party and the country, and the interests and happiness of the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country. Since the beginning of reform and opening up, the CCP has persisted in strengthening and improving the party’s leadership, actively coped with various risks and tests faced by the party under the conditions of long-term ruling and reform and opening up, continued to promote the new great project of party building, maintained the party’s advanced nature and purity, and maintained the flesh-and-blood ties between the party and the masses. Practice has proved that the Communist Party of China has undergone a long period of revolutionary forging and firmly walked in the forefront of the times, always being the backbone of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation, and always the leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. For some time now, there has been a serious erroneous tendency inside and outside the party to downplay or even negate the party’s leadership.

The Philosopher For and Against Capitalism

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

While scientists were performing astounding feats of disciplined reason, breaking down the barriers of the “unknowable” in every field of knowledge, charting the course of light rays in space or the course of blood in the capillaries of man’s body—what philosophy was offering them, as interpretation of and guidance for their achievements, was the plain Witch-doctory of Hegel, who proclaimed that matter does not exist at all, that everything is Idea (not somebody’s idea, just Idea), and that this Idea operates by the dialectical process of a new “super-logic” which proves that contradictions are the law of reality, that A is non-A, and that omniscience about the physical universe (including electricity, gravitation, the solar system, etc.) is to be derived, not from the observation of facts, but from the contemplation of that Idea’s triple somersaults inside his, Hegel’s, mind. This was offered as a philosophy of reason.

Decomposition

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In order to realize what all this means for the efficiency of the capitalist engine of production we need only recall that the family and the family home used to be the mainspring of the typically bourgeois kind of profit motive.

Economists have not always given due weight to this fact. When we look more closely at their idea of the self-interest of entrepreneurs and capitalists we cannot fail to discover that the results it was supposed to produce are really not at all what one would expect from the rational self-interest of the detached individual or the childless couple who no longer look at the world through the windows of a family home. Consciously or unconsciously they analyzed the behavior of the man whose views and motives are shaped by such a home and who means to work and to save primarily for wife and children. As soon as these fade out from the moral vision of the businessman, we have a different kind of homo oeconomicus before us who cares for different things and acts in different ways.

The Four Employments Of Capitals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁹ The retailer’s capital replaces, with profits, the merchant’s capital from whom he buys goods.

It enables the merchant to continue his business.

The retailer is the only productive labourer whom it immediately employs.

Residence of Capitals Used in Different Employments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹³ The agricultural and retail capital of any society must always reside within that society.

Their employment is confined to a precise spot, to the farm and to the retailer’s shop. They must generally belong to the residents.

Indirect Speech

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Indirect speech is a mark of greater respect than direct speech.

Sometimes direct insults that we throw are less displeasing than indirect satire because it revenges us for the injury done to us.

More Reflections On Justice And Injustice

Fri, 03 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Arguments To Prove That Justice Is Artificial

The 3 fundamental laws of nature are:

The stability of possession
Its transference by consent
The performance of promises.

The peace and security of human society entirely depend the strict observance of those three laws.

CLEARING DECKS

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

CAN socialism work?

Of course it can. No doubt is possible about that once we assume, first, that the requisite stage of industrial development has been reached and, second, that transitional problems can be successfully resolved. One may, of course, feel very uneasy about these assumptions themselves or about the questions whether the socialist form of society can be expected to be democratic and, democratic or not, how well it is likely to function. All that will be discussed later on. But if we accept these assumptions and discard these doubts the answer to the remaining question is clearly Yes.

Ferc: Electric Reliability And Resilience

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

The Federal Power Act tasks FERC, along with the FERC-designated North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), with promoting the reliability of the bulk power system (the transmission and generation needed to power the electric grid).107 NERC develops technical standards, and FERC adopts them as mandatory standards (including cyber security standards) with which transmis- sion providers, generators, and utilities must comply. Under the Federal Power Act, critical electric infrastructure security and issues like electromagnetic pulse (EMP) are addressed by both FERC and DOE.108 In addition, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act directed FERC to establish incentive-based rate treat- ments by encouraging utilities to invest in advanced cyber security technology and participate in cyber security threat information-sharing programs.

1778 Letters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Soon after Smith settled in Edinburgh, he received a presentation copy of a new edition of Maximes from his old French friends=

the Duchesse d’Enville and
the Duc de la Rochefoucauld, her son.

It was written by François de La Rochefoucauld, their ancestor. It was accompanied by the following letter from the Duke himself. He informs Smith that despite of the way François is mentioned in the Theory of Moral Sentiments, the Duke once tried to translate it.

Agreeableness or cost of job

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock must be perfectly equal or continually tending to equality in the same neighbourhood.

If there was advantageous employment, so many people would crowd into it in the one case, and so many would desert it in the other, that its advantages would soon be at level with other employments. This would happen where:

Appendix

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The 2 following Accounts are joined to illustrate what is said in the Book 4, Chapter 5 on the Tonnage bounty to the White Herring Fishery.

An Account of Busses fitted out in Scotland for 11 Years, with the Number of Empty Barrels carried out, and the Number of Barrels of Herrings caught; also the Bounty at a Medium on each Barrel of Seasteeks, and on each Barrel when fully packed.

Article 2-Educational Subjects

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Language Learning

¹⁴⁸ When Christianity was first established by law, a corrupted Latin had become the common language of Western Europe.

Church services and the Bible translations read in churches were both in that corrupted Latin.

Cause and Effect Need to be Tied to Each Other

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Efficacy of Causes Creates a Needed and Consequential Connection from Its Effects

Why do cause and effect need to be connected to each other? (Section 2)

Home Trade, Foreign Trade, Carrying Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁴ Wholesale trade is the buying and selling by wholesale.

It may be reduced to 3 kinds:

The home-trade

This is the purchase of local produce in one part of a country to sell in another part of the same country. It includes the inland and the coasting trade.

Japan (Wo)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Activity	Method
Trade	Copper Money

The country of Wo is northeast of Canton. It is currently called Ji-pon, meaning a country near where the sun rises.

Some people say that they changed the old name because they disliked it.

Modes Of Pleasure And Pain

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pleasure and Pain, simple Ideas.

AMONGST the simple ideas which we receive both from sensation and reflection, PAIN and PLEASURE are two very considerable ones. For as in the body there is sensation barely in itself, or accompanied with pain or pleasure, so the thought or perception of the mind is simply so, or else accompanied also with pleasure or pain, delight or trouble, call it how you please.

Retooling Institutions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Restructuring Federal, Provincial and District Governments

Two significant historic structural changes have taken place under the PPP-led coalition government in 2008.

Powers and functions on the concurrent list under the constitution have been transferred to the Provinces making provincial autonomy a more meaningful and operational concept.

The Communists

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Communist should:

have largeness of mind
be staunch and active
look upon the interests of the revolution as his very life
subordinate his personal interests to those of the revolution
always and everywhere adhere to principle
wage a tireless struggle against all incorrect ideas and actions, so as to consolidate the collective life of the Party and strengthen the ties between the Party and the masses

He should be more concerned about the Party and the masses than about any individual, and more concerned about others than about himself. Only thus can he be considered a Communist.

The Effect of Regulations fixing the Manner of Production

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

However, as society is possessed of a natural right to regulate the exercise of any class of industry, that without regulation might prejudice the rest of the community, physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries, are with perfect justice subjected to an examination into their professional ability.

The Idea of dream interpretation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The rational spirit has its perceptions and passes them on to the imagination.

The imagination then forms them into pictures but it forms them only into such pictures as are somehow related to the (perceived) idea.

The Liquidity Preference

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The 3 divisions of the love for future cash depend on:

the transactions-motive, i.e. the need of cash
the precautionary-motive as the desire for security as to the future cash equivalent
the speculative-motive, i.e. the object of securing profit from knowing better than the market what will the future be

A debt-market allows wide fluctuations in the love for cash due to speculation.

The Succession

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The caliph is the guardian and trustee of the Muslims.

Usurpation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 197. AS conquest may be called a foreign usurpation, so usurpation is a kind of domestic conquest, with this difference, that an usurper can never have right on his side, it being no usurpation, but where one is got into the possession of what another has right to.

This, so far as it is usurpation, is a change only of persons, but not of the forms and rules of the government: for if the usurper extend his power beyond what of right belonged to the lawful princes, or governors of the commonwealth, it is tyranny added to usurpation.

CLEARING DECKS

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

My definition agrees with all the others.

It turns on an exclusively economic point.

Every socialist wishes to revolutionize society from the economic angle and all the blessings he expects are to come through a change in economic institutions. This of course implies a theory about social causation—the theory that the economic pattern is the really operative element in the sum total of the phenomena that we call society.

The Social Cycles of Egypt

Tue, 27 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Cycle	Social Age
Worker	19

The Arab Spring shows a Worker cycle.

Cadres and Leaders

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In order to guarantee that our Party and country do not change their colour, we must:

have a correct line and correct policies
train and bring up millions of successors who will carry on the proletarian revolution.

Will there be people who can carry on the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary cause started by the older generation?

The Sciences

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵¹ The ancient Greek philosophy was divided into 3 great branches:

Physics or natural philosophy
Ethics or moral philosophy
Logic

This general division is perfectly agreeable to the nature of things.

K-Percent Rule

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

K-Percent Rule

Under this rule, proposed by Milton Friedman in 1960,31 the Federal Reserve would create money at a fixed rate—say 3 percent per year. By offering the inflation benefits of gold without the potential disruption to the financial system, a K-Percent Rule could be a more politically viable alternative to gold.

An Economic Crisis State?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Pakistan economy was a trend-setter in Asia up to the 1960s. It has steadily deteriorated and has lurched from one financial crisis to the next.

At the heart of the problem has been the poor management of public finances and deep-seated unresolved structural issues in the economy that bad management and poor governance has exacerbated.

The Carrying Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁰ The capital employed in the carrying trade is diverted from supporting its productive labour to support that of foreign countries. It may replace the capitals of foreign countries.

Commercial Treaties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The commerce of foreign merchants and manufacturers becomes so favoured when a nation:

enters a treaty that permits the entry of certain goods from that foreign country, while banning those from other countries
exempts the goods of that foreign country from duties, while subjecting those of other countries.

Those foreign merchants and manufacturers derive great advantage from the treaty.

Deity as the Cause

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some maintain that bodies operate by their substantial form.

Others, by their accidents or qualities.
Several, by their matter and form.
Some, by their form and accidents.
Others, by certain virtues and faculties distinct from all this.

All these feelings again:

European Education

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵⁹ The following was the common course of philosophical education in most European universities:

Logic was taught first
Ontology came in second
Pneumatology came in third. This was the doctrine on the nature of the human soul and the Deity
A debased system of moral philosophy came in fourth. This was immediately connected with:
- The doctrines of Pneumatology
- The immortality of the human soul
- The rewards and punishments from the Deity to be expected in a life to come

A short and superficial system of Physics usually concluded the course.

Free Trade for Ireland

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In 1779, Smith was consulted by the Government on the probable effects of the contemplated concession of free trade to Ireland.

Two letters of Smith still remain=

one to the Earl of Carlisle, First Lord of Trade and Plantations, and
the other to Henry Dundas—which state his views on this subject.

The policy of commercial restriction was most cruelly used against the Irish between the Restoration (1660) and the Union (1707).

Hainan

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hainan is the Chu-ai and Tan-ir of the Han period.

When the Emperor Wu-ti (BC 140-86) 86) had made the conquest of Southern Yue, he sent a mission from Suwon across the sea to reconnoitre Hainan.

Inequality from Constancy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴ Wages vary with the constancy or inconstancy of employment.

¹⁵ “Employment is much more constant in some trades than in others.”

In most manufactures, a journeyman can get a job almost everyday. But a mason or bricklayer, on the contrary, cannot work in bad weather.

Investment Rate versus Interest Rates

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In truth, the classical theory has not been alive to the relevance of changes in the level of income or to the possibility of the level of income being actually a function of the rate of the investment*.

Issues With the Early Succession

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Yazid was wicked as a caliph

Mu’awiyah could not have known about it. Mu’awiyah’s probity and virtue were too great. While he lived, he censured Yazid for listening to music and forbade him to do it, and (listening to music) is a lesser sin than (Yazid’s later wickedness) and is judged differently by the different schools.

Privileged Trading Companies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A government sometimes grants to individual merchants, and much oftener to trading companies, the exclusive privilege of buying and selling specific articles such as tobacco or of trafficking with a particular country, as with India.

The Classical Rate of Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Investment is the use of assets (circulating or fixed) to earn profits.

Interest is the revenue from lending those circulating assets to someone else for them to earn a profit from.
Interest rate is the rate of revenue in lending.
Savings are the assets that are taken out of one’s own circulation to be circulated by someone else.

According to the Classical Theory:

THE DIVISION OF THE SCIENCES

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Science may be divided into three sorts.

All that can fall within the compass of human understanding, being either, FIRST, the nature of things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their manner of operation: or, SECONDLY, that which man himself ought to do, as a rational and voluntary agent, for the attainment of any end, especially happiness: or, THIRDLY, the ways and means whereby the knowledge of both the one and the other of these is attained and communicated; I think science may be divided properly into these three sorts:—

The history of the intellectual sciences

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

These sciences naturally arise from us being thinking beings. They are not restricted to any particular religious group.

They are studied by the people of all religious groups who are all equally qualified to learn them and to do research in them. They have existed (and been known) to the human species since civilization had its beginning in the world.

The Youth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. Young people, full of vigour and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. Our hope is placed on you.

The Party is the decider of major decisions

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Party is the decider of major decisions

As the highest political leading force, it is very important for the CCP to make decisions on major issues of the Party and the country. Without decision-making power, the so- called leadership is an empty phrase. Along the way, the CCP has continuously moved from victory to victory, and every step is inseparable from scientific and effective decision- making, careful planning and effective implementation. Being good at grasping problems, thinking of methods, and making decisions is a concentrated embodiment of the party’s leadership level and ruling ability.

The Socialist Blueprint

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

FIRST of all we must see whether or not there is anything wrong with the pure logic of a socialist economy. For although no proof of the soundness of that logic will ever convert anyone to socialism or, in fact, prove much for socialism as a practical proposition, proof of logical unsoundness or even failure in an attempt to prove logical soundness would in itself suffice to convict it of inherent absurdity.

Godwin's Work

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mr Godwin has an ingenious and able work on political justice.

Small Business Administration

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission Statement

Overview

Created almost 70 years ago, the SBA was launched under the Small Business Act with a mission to “aid, counsel, assist and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small business concerns.”1 According to its current mission statement: The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) helps Americans start, grow, and build resilient businesses.

Ali as Caliph

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Differences of the sort in Islam include those:

between Ali on the one hand, and Mu’awiyah, as well as az-Zubayr, Talhah, and ‘A’ishah on the other,
between al-Husayn and Yazid, and
between Ibn az-Zubayr and ‘Abd-al-Malik.

Ali

When Uthman was killed, the important Muslims were dispersed over the various cities. They were not present when the oath of allegiance was rendered to Ali.

Ancient Educational Institutions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁶⁶ Different educational institutions were established in other ages and nations.

¹⁶⁷ In the ancient Greek republic, every free citizen was instructed in gymnastic exercises and music, under the public magistrate.

Arithmetic: The sciences concerned with numbers

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is the knowledge of the properties of numbers combined in arithmetic or geometric progressions.

Arithmetic progression is where:

each number is always higher by one than the preceding number
the sum of the first and last numbers of the progression is equal to the sum of any two numbers in the progression that are equally far removed from the first and the last number, respectively, of the progression.
Or, the sum of the first and last numbers of a progression is twice the middle number of the progression, if the total number of numbers (in the progression) is an odd number. It can be a progression of even and odd numbers, or of even numbers, or of odd numbers.
Or, if the numbers of a geometrical progression are such that the first is half of the second and the second onehalf of the third, and so on,
or if the first is 1/3 of the second and the second one-third of the third, and so on, the result of multiplying the first number by the last number of the progression is equal to the result of multiplying any two numbers of the progression that are equally far removed from the first and the last number, respectively, of the progression.
Or, (the result of multiplying the first number by the last number of a geometrical progression,) if the number of numbers (in the progression) is odd, is equal to the square of the middle number of the progression. For instance, the progression may consist of the powers of two= two, four, eight, sixteen.
Or, there are the properties of numbers that originate in the formation of numerical muthallathah (triangle), murabba’ah (square), mukhammasah (pentagon), and musaddasah (hexagon) progressions, 607 where the numbers are arranged progressively in their rows by 608 adding them up from one to the last number.

Thus, a muthallath(ah) is formed.

Chang-Hua, Hainan

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chang-Hua is north-west of the Li-mu mountain, and is the same as the ancient Tan-chou.

The city walls are 14 feet high and 220 paces in circumference.

The city was built by the noblewoman Tan-ir
She made the goblins work for her.
With basket and shovels, they completed the whole work in a single night.

According to another version, the people were called Tan-ir (pendant ears) because their ears hung down on their shoulders.

Education

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Education, or learning, is not necessarily that routinized curriculum and those classified subjects in textbooks which youths are forced to learn during specified hours while sitting in rows of desks.

From Aid-Fuelled Growth to Volatility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Zia’s regime represented the second episode of aid-fuelled growth after Pakistan became a ‘front-line’ state with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

His economic policies were unremarkable.

The economy was kept on a stable path thanks to the ultra-conservative approach of Ghulam Ishaq Khan.

Gold in Coinage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁷ The goldsmith’s trade is very big in Great Britain.

Most of the new plate that they sell is made from old plate melted down. Thus, the addition made to the whole plate of the kingdom cannot be very great. It could require only a very small annual importation.

Gold in Coinage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²² The law for encouragement of the coinage by rendering it duty-free, was first enacted during the reign of Charles 2nd for a limited time.

It continued by different prolongations until in 1769 when it was rendered perpetual.

Interest Rates According to Different Economists

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THERE is not much discussion of interest rates in the works of Marshall, Edgeworth or Professor Pigou*.

Matter and Will as the Cause

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Matter as the Cause

Other philosophers maintain the efficacy of second causes.

They attribute a derivative, real power and energy to matter.

They confess that this energy does not lie in any of the known qualities of matter.

Origin of the Point of Honour

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The laws of the Barbarians are strange.

The law of the Frisians allows only half a sou in composition to a person that had been beaten with a stick. Yet for ever so small a wound it allows more.

Power

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This Idea how got.

The mind being every day informed, by the senses, of the alteration of those simple ideas it observes in things without; and taking notice how one comes to an end, and ceases to be, and another begins to exist which was not before; reflecting also on what passes within itself, and observing a constant change of its ideas, sometimes by the impression of outward objects on the senses, and sometimes by the determination of its own choice; and concluding from what it has so constantly observed to have been, that the like changes will for the future be made in the same things, by like agents, and by the like ways,—considers in one thing the possibility of having any of its simple ideas changed, and in another the possibility of making that change; and so comes by that idea which we call POWER.

Regulations affecting the Grain Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The general principles which govern the commerce of all other commodities, should be equally applicable to the commerce of grain.

But grain, or whatever else may happen to be the staple article of human subsistence to any people, deserves more particular notice.

Trust and Risk

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Trust

²⁰ Wages vary according to the trust reposed in the workers.

²¹ The wages of goldsmiths and jewellers are superior to other workmen because they are entrusted with precious materials.

Wealth of Nations Abroad and Home

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

These communications with leading statesmen were showing the impression that the Wealth of Nations had made in this country. Smith was receiving equally satisfactory proofs of its recognition abroad. The book had been translated into Danish in two volumes by F. Dräbye in 1779-80. Apparently, he contemplated publishing a second edition.

Women are Dominated by Authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A man in China is usually subjected to the domination of 3 systems of authority:

Political authority
Clan authority
Religious authority

Women, are also dominated by these, but also dominated by the men as the authority of the husband.

The Socialist Blueprint

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To facilitate matters we will assume that means of production are present in given and, for the moment, unalterable quantities.

Now let the central board resolve itself into a committee on a particular industry or, still better, let us set up an authority for each industry that is to manage it and to cooperate with the central board which controls and coordinates all these industrial managers or managing boards. This the central board does by allocating productive resources—all of which are under its control—to these industrial managements according to certain rules.

Algebra of al-Khuwarizmi

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Another subdivision of arithmetic is algebra. This discovers the unknown from the known data, if there exists a relationship between them requiring it.

Special technical terms have been invented in algebra for the various multiples (powers) of the unknown.

Insurance Risk

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³¹ The chance of loss is frequently under-valued and rarely valued more than it is worth.

This is proven by the very moderate profit of insurers.

To be successful in insurance, the common premium must:

Shifting Sands

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

General Musharraf acknowledged that he did not know economics.

But he was a good listener, loved long-winded, coloured power-point presentations and he learnt well. As usual, given the precarious state of the economy with low foreign exchange reserves, Pakistan entered into an IMF program, which took the shape of a three-year highly concessional Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) with high access. Despite the arrangement, foreign exchange reserves initially continued to hover at the very low level of USD1-1.7 billion.

The Socialist Blueprint

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

But no great difficulties arise if we go beyond the precincts of the theory of the stationary process and admit the phenomena incident to industrial change.

So far as economic logic is concerned, it cannot be held that socialism of the kind envisaged, while theoretically capable of coping with the recurrent tasks of the administration of a stationary economy, would necessarily fail in the solution of the problems presented by “progress.” We shall see later why it is nevertheless important for the success of a socialist society that it should embark upon its career not only as richly endowed as possible by its capitalist predecessor—with experience and techniques as well as with resources—but also after the latter has sown its wild oats, done its work and is approaching a stationary state. But the reason for it is not in any inability of ours to devise a rational and uniquely determined course for the socialist society to take whenever the opportunity for an improvement in the industrial apparatus presents itself.

History Of Mismanagement

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Throughout its history, various SBA programs and practices have generated negative news headlines and scathing Government Accountability Office (GAO) and Inspector General (IG) reports that have centered on mismanagement, lack of competent personnel and/or systems, and waste, fraud and abuse.22

Import Substitution versus Export Promotion

Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Import Substitution: Austere Nations. Export Promotion: Liberal or Productive Nations

Import substitution is an economic policy that replaces imports with local manufactures. It was popularized by Argentina in the 1970’s and subsequently spread around the world. Its main goal is to lower a country’s expenses.

Al-Husayn as Caliph

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When people saw Yazid’s wickedness, the Shi’ah in al-Kufah invited al-Husayn to come to them. They said that they would take his side. Al-Husayn thought that a revolt against Yazid was his duty.

Camphor, Frankincense, Myrrh, Sweet Benzoin

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

1. CAMPHOR

Nau-tzi, or camphor, comes from Brunei and Pin-su.

It is wrongly said to come from Palembang, Sumatra because that place is a hub for foreign trade.

Inequalities in Wholesale and Retail Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Wages in the Pharmaceutical Industry [Apothecaries]

³⁸ ‘Pharmaceutical profit’ denotes something uncommonly extravagant.

Mixed Modes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Mixed Modes, what.

Having treated of SIMPLE MODES in the foregoing chapters, and given several instances of some of the most considerable of them, to show what they are, and how we come by them; we are now in the next place to consider those we call MIXED MODES; such are the complex ideas we mark by the names OBLIGATION, DRUNKENNESS, a LIE, &c.; which consisting of several combinations of simple ideas of DIFFERENT kinds, I have called mixed modes, to distinguish them from the more simple modes, which consist only of simple ideas of the SAME kind. These mixed modes, being also such combinations of simple ideas as are not looked upon to be characteristical marks of any real beings that have a steady existence, but scattered and independent ideas put together by the mind, are thereby distinguished from the complex ideas of substances.

Ownership of Reforms

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan needs many macroeconomic and structural reforms.

These have been unfulfilled even after 63 years and many failed IMF programs.

Pakistan’s record of taking reform steps and then rolling them back had earned it the sobriquet of ‘stop-start adjustment’.

Revolutionary Culture And Art

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the world today all culture, all literature and art belong to definite classes and are geared to definite political lines.

There is no such thing as art for art’s sake, art that stands above classes, art that is detached from or independent of politics.

Ricardo and Von Mises

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ricardo’s Theory in Principles of Political Economy (p.511)

The interest of money is not regulated by the rate at which the Bank will lend, whether it be whatever percent, but by the rate of profit which can be made by the employment of capital. This is total independent of the quantity or of the value of money.

Smith Interviewed

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In his letter to Cadell, Smith reproaches himself with his idleness during his first few years in Edinburgh. He had bought a good many new books in London, or new editions of old ones,

Speculation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Can speculative commerce be depended on for this reserve against a deficiency?

At first sight it might appear that it could, that self-interest would be an adequate motive.

The difference of the price of wheat in years of abundance and scarcity is very great.

The geometrical sciences

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This studies quantities (measurements) . Quantities (measurements) may be continuous, like lines, planes, and (geometrical) solids, or discontinuous, like numbers.

It also studies the essential properties of the quantities (measurements), as, for instance=

The Origin of Chivalry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Male connections with females are founded on:

the pleasure of enjoyment
the happiness of loving and being beloved and
the ambition of pleasing the ladies because they are the best judges of some of those things which constitute personal merit.

This general desire of pleasing produces gallantry. It is not love itself, but the delicate and perpetual dissembler of love.

What is the Nature of Creative Power?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Power cannot subsist alone.

It is always regarded as an attribute of some being or existence.

We must be able to:

place this power in some particular being, and
conceive that being as endowed with a real force and energy which causes such effects.

We must distinctly and particularly:

Women's Education and Basic Educational Institutions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁷⁵ There are no public educational institutions for women. There is accordingly nothing useless, absurd, or fantastic in their common education.

They are taught what their parents judge necessary or useful for them to learn and nothing else.

The practical requirements of '2 maintenance'

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The practical requirements of “two maintenance”

Safeguarding the core position of General Secretary Xi Jinping of the Party Central Committee and the core of the whole Party, safeguarding the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, is not abstract but concrete, and must be implemented in reality and seen in action.

The Socialist Blueprint

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

So would that family likeness between commercial and socialist economy which the reader cannot have failed to notice all along. Since this resemblance seems to have given pleasure to non-socialists and some socialists and to have annoyed other socialists, it is just as well to restate explicitly in what it consists and to what it is due.

It will then be seen how little reason there is for either the pleasure or the annoyance. In trying to construct a rational schema of a socialist economy we have made use of mechanisms and concepts traditionally specified by terms that are familiar to us from our discussions of the processes and problems of capitalist economy. We have described a mechanism which is immediately understood as soon as we utter the words “market,” “buying and selling,” “competing” and so on.

The Socialist Blueprint

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The tactical advantages to be reaped by placing oneself on this standpoint are indeed obvious enough to explain what at first sight looks like surprising broad-mindedness. A competent socialist who sees as clearly as any other economist all the weaknesses of Marxian and of popular arguments can thus admit whatever he feels should be admitted without compromising his convictions because the admissions refer to a historical stage that (so far as it ever did exist) is safely dead and buried; he is enabled, by judiciously confining his condemnatory verdict to the non-competitive case, to lend qualified support to some indictments, such as that in modern capitalism production is for profit and not for the consumption of the people, which otherwise would be merely silly; and he can baffle and puzzle good bourgeois by telling them that socialism will only do what they really wanted all along and what their own economic ulemas always taught them.

The Institution Of Government Is Not A Contract

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The executive power is:

established after the legislative power is well established.
naturally separate from the legislative

If the Sovereign possesses the executive power, right and fact would be so confounded.

COVID-19 Lending Program Accountability and Cleanup

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A major immediate priority for the next Administration should be a final accounting and accelerated cleanup of fraudulent COVID-19 loan and grant activity. As noted by the SBA IG, “managing COVID-19 stimulus lending is the greatest overall challenge facing SBA, and it may likely continue to be for many years as the agency grapples with fraud in the programs….”40 The next Administration should:

The Psychological and Business Incentives To Liquidity

Fri, 30 Oct 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

We replace ’liquidity-preference’ with ’love for cash'

What are the motives for liquidity-preference or the love for cash?

Dammar

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

6. DAMMAR

Tu-nau-hiang comes from the country of Cambodia.

It comes from a tree which resembles the pine and juniper in shape. But its gum lies concealed in the bark.

Education for the Poor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁸¹ The common people have little time to spare for education.

Their parents cannot afford to maintain them even in infancy. As soon as they are able to work, they must get employment to earn their subsistence.

General Idea of the Abbe Du Bos=E2=80=99s Book on the Establishment of= the French Monarchy in Gaul

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

BEFORE I finish this book, it will not b= e im, proper to write a few strictures on the Abbe du Bos’s performance, because my notions are perpetually contrary to his; and if he ha= s hit on the truth, I must have missed it.

How to Create Equality in Wages and Profits

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴² Those 5 circumstances create inequalities in wages and profits.

But they create equality when the advantages and disadvantages in employments are both taken into account. They balance out gains and losses.

Macroeconomic Reform Agenda

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan needs to realise that macroeconomic stability and an environment of low inflation is pro-growth and pro-poor.

No country has grown at a strong and steady pace while it is being buffeted with macroeconomic instability and high and variable inflation. The Asian Tigers succeeded in bringing poverty levels to the low teens by the determined implementation of pro-growth policies that simultaneously kept inflationary pressures in check. Bringing inflation down and keeping it down should be the government’s highest priority since it will foster growth, reduce inter-personal tensions and alleviate poverty. Inflation is often called the ‘cruellest tax of all’ because it hurts disproportionately those who can least afford to bear it or to offset it as the rich are most enabled to do.

Music And Art

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Humans, being backward, are still unable to speak one common language.

Until this human aspiration is attained, which seems impossible, the expression of joy and sorrow, of what is good and bad, beautiful and ugly, comfortable and miserable, mortal and eternal, love and hatred, the description of colours, sentiments, tastes and moods – all will be expressed according to the language each person speaks spontaneously. Behaviour itself will result from the reaction produced by the feeling that the language creates in the speaker’s mind.

Repetition Does Not Create Nor Discover Any Innate Power

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

[The inability of repetition to create an original idea is proven by:]

The repetition of like objects in like relations of succession and contiguity discovers nothing new in any one of them, since we cannot:

draw any inference from it, nor
make it a subject of our demonstrative or probable reasonings (Section 6).

If we could draw an inference, it would be of no consequence in the present case, since no kind of reasoning can create a new idea such as this idea of power.

Studying Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In transforming a backward agricultural China into an advanced industrialized country, we are confronted with arduous tasks and our experience is far from adequate. So we must be good at learning.

The American Question

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Smith continued to be a:

warm political supporter of the Rockingham Whigs and
a warm opponent of the North ministry.

This was despite=

the patronage he received from Lord North and
his friendship with the Duke of Buccleugh and Henry Dundas

The first Earl of Minto (then Sir Gilbert Elliot) visited Edinburgh in 1782. He wrote in his journal=

The Code of Laws on judicial Combats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Those combats were most contrary to good sense. Yet after it was established, a kind of prudential management was used to execute it.

The regulations of Prince St. Lewis made such great changes to that judiciary order.

The Effect on National Wealth, Resulting from the Productive Efforts of Public Authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The substance of the argument of the prohibitionists is that domestic agriculture must be encouraged, even at the consumer’s expense, in order to avoid the risk of starvation by external means.

The religious functions of the caliphate

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To be caliph in reality means acting as substitute for Muhammad with regard to the preservation of the religion and the political leadership of the world.

Muhammad was concerned with both things, with religion in his capacity as the person commanded to transmit the duties imposed by the religious laws to the people and to cause them to act in accordance with them, and with worldly political leadership in his capacity as the person in charge of the (public) interests of human civilization.

The Science of Astronomy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Astronomy studies the motions of the fixed stars and the planets.

From the manner in which these motions take place, astronomy deduces by geometrical methods the existence of certain shapes and positions of the spheres requiring the occurrence of those motions which can be perceived by the senses. Astronomy thus proves, for instance, by the existence of the precession of the equinoxes, that the center of the earth is not identical with the center of the sphere of the sun.

Karl Marx

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Karl Marx was the most consistent translator of the altruist morality into practical action and political theory.

He advocated a society where all would be sacrificed to all through the immediate immolation of the able, the intelligent, the successful and the wealthy.

Comparison Of Blueprints

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I. A PRELIMINARY POINT

THE reader who has followed so far will naturally expect me to embark upon a comparative appraisal of the socialist plan. Perhaps it would be wise to disappoint that expectation. For nobody who is not completely lacking in a sense of responsibility can fail to see that comparison between a system which we have lived with and a system which as yet is but a mental image—no socialist will accept the Russian experience as a full-weight realization—must be extremely hazardous. But we will take the risk, bearing in mind all the time that beyond the realm of fact and argument over which we are going to travel there is the realm of individual preferences, convictions, evaluations into which we cannot enter. And we will improve our chances of success by severely restricting our goal and frankly recognizing difficulties and pitfalls.

Argument 2: Property, Right, And Obligation Do Not Admit of Variations

Sat, 04 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

All kinds of vice and virtue run insensibly into each other.

They may approach so imperceptibly that it is difficult to know when the one ends and the other begins.

Sba Policy Priorities For 2025 And Beyond

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Legislation

The new Administration can support SBA reform legislation proposed in Congress that aligns with key measures outlined in this chapter. It also can support legislative initiatives that would help SBA to focus on its core statutory activities such as capital access, federal contracting opportunities, and regulatory advocacy. For example:

Article 3-Moral Education for People of all Ages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹⁰ The educational institutions for people of all ages are chiefly those for religious instruction.

It aims to prepare them for a better world in a life to come. Its teachers may depend on:

Burke in Scotland

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Burke had been elected Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow in November 1783 in succession to Dundas. He came to Scotland to be installed in the following April. He spent 8 or 10 days in Smith’s company.

Colonies and Their Products

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Colonies are settlements formed in distant countries by an elder nation, called the mother-country.

When the latter wishes to enlarge its intercourse with a country, already populous and civilized, whose territory it has, therefore, no hopes of getting into its own possession, it commonly contents itself with the establishment of a factory or mercantile residence, where its factors may trade, in conformity with the local regulations, as the Europeans have done in China and Japan. When

Gharu Wood

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Chon-hiang comes from different places.

The best is from Cambodia (Chon-la)
The second quality is from South Vietnam (Champa)
The poorest qualities are those of Sumatra and Java.

It is customary to distinguish between:

Open Market Operations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The demand for money to satisfy the former motives generally responds to the actual change in:

economic activity and
the level of incomes.

The aggregate demand for money to satisfy the speculative-motive continually responds to changes in the interest rate, as a curve.

Postscript: The Great Flood of 2010

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Great Flood in the summer of 2010 caused widespread damage to the economy, especially to major and minor crops and the livestock sector. Irrigation, transport and power sectors were also badly hurt. Manufacturing was for the most part spared by the ferocity of the flood. The World Bank and Asian Development Bank’s estimate of the flood damage was around USD10 billion. What all this means for the economy going forward is difficult to tell but a plausible scenario can be sketched out.

Profit and Wage Inequality from Economic Policy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵⁶ The policy of Europe prevents perfect liberty and creates other more important inequalities.

⁵⁷ Inequality is done in 3 ways:

By restraining the competition to fewer than natural
By increasing the competition beyond the natural
By obstructing the free circulation of labour and stock from employment to employment and from place to place

A. The Economic Policy that Reduces Competition leading to Inequality

⁵⁸ The policy of Europe creates a very important inequality in the employments of labour and stock by reducing competition.

The Bounds prescribed to the Custom of judicial Combats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

WHEN pledges of battle had been received upon a civil affair of small importance, the lord obliged the parties to withdraw them.

If a fact was notorious;* for instance, if a man had been assassinated in the open market-place, then there was neither a trial by witnesses, nor by combat; the judge gave his decision from the notoriety of the fact.

The Dissolution Of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 211. The dissolution of society is different from the dissolution of the government.

That which makes the community, and brings men out of the loose state of nature, into one politic society, is the agreement which every one has with the rest to incorporate, and act as one body, and so be one distinct commonwealth.

The Modes of Thinking

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OUR COMPLEX IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES

The mind being, as I have declared, furnished with a great number of the simple ideas, conveyed in by the senses as they are found in exterior things, or by reflection on its own operations, takes notice also that a certain number of these simple ideas go constantly together; which being presumed to belong to one thing, and words being suited to common apprehensions, and made use of for quick dispatch are called, so united in one subject, by one name; which, by inadvertency, we are apt afterward to talk of and consider as one simple idea, which indeed is a complication of many ideas together: because, as I have said, not imagining how these simple ideas CAN subsist by themselves, we accustom ourselves to suppose some SUBSTRATUM wherein they do subsist, and from which they do result, which therefore we call SUBSTANCE.

The office of judge

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is one of the positions under the caliphate. It settles suits and breaks off disputes and dissensions, following the religious laws laid down by the Qur’an and the Sunnah.

The Power in Causes and Effects is Created by the Mind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This propensity of the mind to imbue its impressions on objects is why we think that necessity and power lies in the objects we consider, and not in our mind that considers them.

The science of logic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Logic concerns the norms enabling a person to distinguish between right and wrong, both in definitions that give information about the essence of things, and in arguments that assure apperception.

Tyranny

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 199. Usurpation is the exercise of power, which another hath a right to; so tyranny is the exercise of power beyond right, which no body can have a right to.

This is making use of the power any one has in his hands, not for the good of those who are under it, but for his own private separate advantage.

Comparison Of Blueprints

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This definition does not identify economic efficiency with economic welfare or with given degrees of satisfaction of wants.

Even if any conceivable socialist economy were sure to be in our sense less efficient than any conceivable commercial economy, the majority of people—all in fact for whom the typical socialist cares—might still be “better off” or “happier” or “more content” in the former than in the latter. My first and main reply is that relative efficiency retains independent meaning even in such cases and that in all cases it will be an important consideration. But secondly I do not think that we lose much by adopting a criterion that neglects those aspects. This however is a very debatable matter on which it is just as well to be a little more explicit.

Capitalism: Outside Ownership

Thu, 16 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Capitalism is a mutation of the mercantile system mentioned in the previous subchapter.

In order to create the mercantile companies to rake in precious metals from foreign trade, stock certificates were invented.

The Case for the SUPERIORITY Of the SOCIALIST BLUEPRINT

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Thus our criterion of superiority or inferiority after all covers more ground than it seems to. But if we stand by it, what is that strong case for the superiority of the socialist blueprint of which I spoke before? The reader who has perused the analysis in Chapter VIII may well wonder.

The Institution Of Government

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Under what general idea then should the act by which government is instituted be conceived as falling? I will begin by stating that the act is complex, as being composed of two others—the establishment’ of the law and its execution.

Trade: The Case For Fair Trade

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

For decades the world has struggled with a shifting maze of punitive tariffs, export subsidies, quotas, dollar-locked currencies, and the like. Many of these import-inhibiting and export-encouraging devices have long been employed by major exporting countries trying to amass ever larger [trade] surpluses.

Neoclassical Macroeconomics

Fri, 17 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Liberalism and Capitalism were combined in the late 19th century through the concept of profit maximization from the Marginal Revolution.

This created Laissez-fare Capitalism which finally led to the Great Crash of 1929.

Appendix A: Temporary and Permanent Emigration, Considered as National Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When a traveller arrives in France, and there spends 2000 dollars, it must not be supposed that the whole sum is clear profit to France.

The traveller expends it in exchange for the values he consumes= the effect is just the same, as if he had remained abroad and sent to France for what he wanted, instead of coming and consuming it here; and is precisely similar to that of international commerce, in which the profit made is not the whole or principal value, received, but a larger or smaller percentage upon that principal according to the circumstances.

Exclusive Corporations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Reducing Competition through Exclusive Corporations

⁷² All corporations, and most of corporation laws, were established to prevent this reduction of price by restraining free competition.

Judicial Combats and Appeal of false Judgment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Judicial combats ended the affair forever. It was incompatible with a new judgment, and new prosecutions. This made appeals unknown in France. Appeals were established by the Roman and Canon laws to a superior court, in order to re-judge the proceedings of an inferior court.

Police: The religious functions of the caliphate

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The police

In the ‘Abbasid dynasty and in the dynasties of the Umayyads in Spain and under the ‘Ubaydid(-Fatimids) in Egypt and the Maghrib, the control of crimes and imposition of punishments required by the religious law was also a special (task) and was delegated to the chief of police (sahib ashshurtah).

Postscript: The Great Flood of 2010

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Over the last two decades Pakistan has had the resilience to survive against all odds. How can it succeed is the main topic of this chapter.

Despite its many challenges, during this period, Pakistan has grown at an average rate of over five per cent. As a country with a population of 175 million people today, it is important to understand that 99 per cent of the fabric of a diverse and rich culture and people can and do make a difference.

Sandalwood

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

12. SANDAL-WOOD (檀香)

Tan-hiang comes from Takang and Tiwu, as well as Palembang, Sumatra.

The tree, even its leaves, resembles the Chinese lichee.

The natives fell the tree and dry it in the shade. Its aroma is pure and strong and apt to evaporate; in burning

Sport, Horsemanship And The Stage

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Sport is either private or public.

The first type of sport concerns the individuals themselves.

The Control of Interest Rates

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In any given state of expectation, a fall in r will be associated with an increase in M2. This is because:

If the general view as to what is a safe level of r is unchanged, every fall in r reduces the market rate relatively to the “safe” rate and therefore increases the risk of illiquidity.

The Definition of Cause

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Cause is Contiguous and Precedent to or United with its Effect and is Discovered by Experience

Cause and effect is either:

The Five Universals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The theologians invented the science of speculative theology in order to support the articles of faith with rational evidence.

Their approach was to use particular evidence which they mentioned in their books.

The Independents' Sect

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹³ But there are also some professions which bring no advantage or pleasure to anyone.

The supreme power must:

alter its conduct with regard to those professionals
give them public encouragement for their subsistence
provide against negligence by:
- annexing honours to their profession,
- establishing a long subordination of ranks and a strict dependence, or
- some other expedient.

Examples are those employed in the finances, fleets, and magistracy.

The Origin of Government

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Short-Sightedness Of Humans

Men are most certainly governed by interest in a great measure.

Even when they extend their concern beyond themselves, it is not to any great distance.

The Population Question

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Dr. Richard Price had recently stirred a sensation by his attempt to prove that England’s population=

was declining, and
had actually declined nearly 30% since the Revolution.

The first to go against him was William Eden. Eden’s Fifth Letter to the Earl of Carlisle was published in 1780. It exposes the weakness of Price’s statistics. It argues that both England’s population and trade had increased. Price replied to these criticisms in the same year.

The Advantages Of Government

Sat, 04 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

It is impossible to change or correct anything material in our nature.

The utmost we can do is to:

change our circumstances and situation, and
render the observance of the laws of justice our nearest interest, and their violation our most remote.

But this is impractical with respect to all mankind.

Section 4: Establish the institutional mechanism for the party's comprehensive leadership

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The party’s overall leadership is concrete and must be embodied in all aspects of governing the country and in the design, arrangement, and operation of the institutions, systems, and systems of state power. Establishing and improving scientific and effective systems and mechanisms is the key to implementing the party’s comprehensive leadership.

The Case for the SUPERIORITY Of the SOCIALIST BLUEPRINT

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As a matter of blueprint logic, the socialist blueprint is drawn at a higher level of rationality.

This, I believe, is the correct way of putting the matter. It is not a case of rationality versus irrationality. The farmer whose reaction to hog and fodder prices produces the hog cycle is, individually and from the standpoint of the moment, acting perfectly rationally. So is the management of a concern that maneuvers in an oligopolistic situation. So is the firm that expands in the boom and restricts in recession. It is the kind and scope of rationality that makes the difference.

Rebellion

Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sect. 227. In both the fore-mentioned cases, when either the legislative is changed, or the legislators act contrary to the end for which they were constituted

Those who are guilty are guilty of rebellion: for if any one by force takes away the established legislative of any society, and the laws by them made, pursuant to their trust, he thereby takes away the umpirage, which every one had consented to, for a peaceable decision of all their controversies, and a bar to the state of war amongst them. They, who remove, or change the legislative, take away this decisive power, which no body can have, but by the appointment and consent of the people; and so destroying the authority which the people did, and no body else can set up, and introducing a power which the people hath not authorized, they actually introduce a state of war, which is that of force without authority: and thus, by removing the legislative established by the society, (in whose decisions the people acquiesced and united, as to that of their own will) they untie the knot, and expose the people a-new to the state of war, And if those, who by force take away the legislative, are rebels, the legislators themselves, as has been shewn, can be no less esteemed so; when they, who were set up for the protection, and preservation of the people, their liberties and properties, shall by force invade and endeavour to take them away; and so they putting themselves into a state of war with those who made them the protectors and guardians of their peace, are properly, and with the greatest aggravation, rebellantes, rebels.

What Defines Capitalism?

Thu, 16 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

A major topic of debate among economists is whether Adam Smith was a proponent of capitalism.

Rural Labor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁰ The people of the countryside are dispersed in distant places and cannot easily combine.

They have never been incorporated. The corporation spirit never has prevailed among them. Husbandry is the great trade of the countryside. No apprenticeship was ever necessary for husbandry.

The Human Element

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A WARNING

IT IS likely that many opponents of socialism will accept my result.

But their assent will mostly take the following form:

“Oh well, of course, if you had demigods to direct the socialist engine and archangels to man it, all that might well be so. But the point is that you have not and that, human nature being what it is, the capitalist alternative with its pattern of motivations and its distribution of responsibilities and rewards after all offers, though not the best conceivable, yet the best practicable arrangement.”

The Impossibility of Godwin's Supposition

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I have supported Mr Godwin’s system of society once completely established.

Austere vs Liberal Morals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁹⁹ In every civilized society which has the distinction of ranks, there were always two systems of morality.

The strict or austere

This is generally admired and revered by the common people.

Coconuts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

19. Coconuts

The ye-tsi, as regards the trunk and leaves, closely resembles the coir-palm and areca-palm.

The fruit grows in the leaves in bunches of several nuts of the size of a 5-pint vessel. It is the biggest of fruits, with the sole exception of the jack-fruit.

Collective Ideas of Substances

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A collective idea is one Idea.

Besides these complex ideas of several SINGLE substances, as of man, horse, gold, violet, apple, &c., the mind hath also complex COLLECTIVE ideas of substances; which I so call, because such ideas are made up of many particular substances considered together, as united into one idea, and which so joined; are looked on as one; v. g. the idea of such a collection of men as make an ARMY, though consisting of a great number of distinct substances, is as much one idea as the idea of a man: and the great collective idea of all bodies whatsoever, signified by the name WORLD, is as much one idea as the idea of any the least particle of matter in it; it sufficing to the unity of any idea, that it be considered as one representation or picture, though made up of ever so many particulars.

Inequality by Increasing Competition Through Wage subsidies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

B. The Economic Policy unnaturally increases the competition in some employments, leading to an opposite inequality

Scholarships

^88-89 Many pensions, scholarships, exhibitions, bursaries, etc. were founded for the education of young people.

Laka Wood

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

15. LAKA-WOOD

Kiang-chon-hiang is also called tzi-tong-hiang or red vine incense.

It comes from:

Sumatra: This is the best kind of the purity and strength of its fragrance.
Java
P’ong-fong
all districts of:
- Kuang-tung
- Kuang-si.

Its aroma is strong and penetrating.

Long and Short Processes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Some lengthy or roundabout processes are physically efficient. But so are some short processes.

Lengthy processes are not physically efficient because they are long.

Some, probably most, lengthy processes would be physically very inefficient, for there are such things as spoiling or wasting with time.[1]

Rules in Judging Causes and Effects

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is Easy to Give Rules, But Hard to Implement Them

Experience is needed to know whether an object is the cause of another object.

Anything can produce anything.

Creation, annihilation, motion, reason, and volition may arise from one another, or from any other object that we can imagine.

Sundry Observations on the Nature of Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

AN act of individual saving is a decision not to have dinner today. But it does lead to a spending of that saving to buy dinner at a later date.

The Appeal of Default of Justice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE appeal of default of justice was when the court of a particular lord deferred, evaded, or refused to do justice to the parties.

During the time of our princes of the second race, though the count had several offices under him, their person was subordinate, but not their jurisdiction. These officers in their court-days, assizes, or placita, gave judgment in the last resort as the count himself; all the difference consisted in the division of the jurisdiction. For instance, the count had* the power of condemning to death, of judging of liberty, and of the restitution of goods, which the centenarii had not.

The Nature and Uses of Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 1. General Remarks

In a society ever so little advanced in civilization, no single individual produces all that is necessary to satisfy his own wants; and it is rarely that an individual, by his single exertion, creates even any single product; but even if he does, his wants are not limited to that single article; they are numerous and various, and he must, therefore, procure all other objects of his personal consumption, by exchanging the overplus of the single product he himself creates beyond his own wants, for such other products as he stands in need of.

The position of official witness (adalah)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is a religious position depending on the office of judge and connected with court practice.

The men who hold it give testimony-with the judge’s permission-for or against people’s (claims). They serve as witnesses when testimony is to be taken, testify during a lawsuit, and fill in the registers which record the rights, possessions, and debts of people and other (legal) transactions. This is the significance of the position.

The Science of Physics and Avicenna

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This studies:

bodies from their motion and stationariness.
the heavenly and the elementary bodies (substances)
the human beings, animals, plants, and minerals created from those elementary bodies.

the springs and earthquakes in the earth
the clouds, vapors, thunder, lightning, and storms in the atmosphere
the beginning of motion in bodies - that is, the soul in the different forms in which it appears in human beings, animals, and plants.

The books of Aristotle on the subject are available to scholars.

The Source Of Allegiance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Promises And The Establishment Of Government

Government is a very advantageous invention.

Sometimes, it is even absolutely necessary to mankind.

It is not necessary in all circumstances.

It is possible for men to preserve society for some time without government.

Visit to London

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In April, he had improved enough to travel to London to consult Hunter.

But he was wasted to a skeleton.

William Playfair:

was brother of his friend the Professor of Mathematics
was one of the early editors of the Wealth of Nations
met Smith soon after his arrival in London

Where Does Pakistan Stand Globally?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Any country that wants to succeed in the global economy needs to closely study competition, not to mimic but to understand how other countries have identified what works for them and how to benchmark themselves with what others do globally.

The Science of Agriculture

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This craft is a branch of physics.

It concerns the study of the cultivation and growth of plants through:

irrigation
proper treatment
improvement of the soil 734
observance of the suitable season
the care for plants by applying these things

The ancients were very much concerned with agriculture. Their study of agriculture was general.

Demigods and Archangels

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Returning to our bourgeois who talked about demigods and archangels, we can easily dispose of the first; no demigods will be required to direct the socialist engine because, as we have seen before, the task to be solved will— once transitional difficulties have been disposed of—be not only no more difficult but easier than the task that faces a captain of industry in the modern world.

Liberalism, Libertarianism, Objectivism

Thu, 02 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Traders get revenue from circulating goods and services of which they get a cut from each transaction.

This is why they want as much freedom as possible so that there would be as much circulation as possible.

Cotton and Mats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

23. COTTON

The ki-pei tree resembles a small mulberry-tree, with a hibiscus-like flower furnishing a floss over 1/2 inch long. It is very much like goose-down, and containing some dozens of seeds.

Epoch of the Reign of St. Lewis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

ST. LEWIS abolished the judicial combats in all the courts of his demesne. But he did not suppress them in the courts of his barons, except in the case of appeal of false judgment.

Government is an Artificial Invention

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Those philosophers, who assert justice to be a natural virtue antecedent to human conventions, can reasonably:

resolve all civil allegiance into the obligation of a promise, and
assert that it is our own consent alone, which binds us to any submission to magistracy.

All government is plainly an invention of men.

How to solve religious conflicts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰² There state can use two very easy and effective remedies to peacefully correct the disagreeably rigorous morals of little sects.

Remedy 1: The study of science and philosophy.

²⁰³ The state should make the study of science and philosophy universal among the middle class.

Improve Governance and Infrastructure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Improve Governance

The problems of governance stem from the inability of governments and public sector institutions to deliver public services in the face of rising demands and expectations.

Without improved governance, delivery systems and effective implementation, Pakistan will find it difficult to:

Inequality from Restrictions on Immigration and Employment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Economic Policy that Restricts the Free Movement of Labor and Stock leads to Inequality

⁹⁷ This creates a very inconvenient inequality in the different employments.

Institutional Conditions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Capital has to be kept scarce enough in the long term to have a marginal efficiency at least equal to the interest rate for a period equal to the life of the capital.

The British Society for extending the Fisheries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In 1786, the British Society for extending the Fisheries was incorporated for that purpose by Royal Charter with a capital of £150,000.

It has the Duke of Argyle for Governor and many leading personages for directors.

The Caliph's title of 'Commander of the Faithful'

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This was created in the period of the first four caliphs.

This is because the men around Muhammad and all the other

The early Muslims called Abu Bakr the, when he received the oath of allegiance, “representative” (khalifah, caliph) of the Messenger of God. He had this title until he died.

The Nature and Uses of Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 2: The Material of Money

If money were employed as a mere intermedial object of exchange between an object in possession and the object of desire, the choice of its material is of no great importance.

The Science of Metaphysics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This studies existence.

First, it studies general matters affecting corporeal and spiritual things, such as the quiddities, oneness, plurality, necessity, possibility, and so on.

Then, it studies the beginnings of existing things and (finds) that they are spiritual things. It goes on to study the way existing things issue from (spiritual things), and also (studies) their order. Then, (it studies) the conditions of the soul after its separation from the body and its return to (its) beginning.

Adhere to the fundamental position of centering on the people

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The masses are:

the creators of material and spiritual wealth
the decisive force for social change

Xi Jinping pointed out:

“We must always:

Section 3: Steadily advancing in the direction of common prosperity for all the people

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since ancient times, human society has pursued and explored common prosperity, but true common prosperity can only be achieved when socialism develops to a certain extent. As a Marxist political party, the CCP regards leading the people to create a better life and achieve common prosperity as its unswerving goal. As Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The development we pursue is development that benefits the people, and the prosperity we pursue is the common prosperity of all the people.” Whether reform and development succeed or not, the ultimate criterion is whether the people have jointly enjoyed the fruits of reform and development. “1

Challenge #2: Communist China’S Economic Aggression And Quest For World Domination

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Among all of its bilateral trade relationships, America’s relationship with Communist China is the most fraught with difficulty.

The problem is not just that the relentlessly mercantilist and protectionist trade policies that China has pursued ever since its accession to the WTO in 2001 have led to chronic, massive, and ever-expanding trade deficits. Communist China’s economic aggression in the traditional trade policy space is further facilitated by equally aggressive industrial policies and technology transfer–forcing policies that are designed to shift the world’s manufacturing and supply chains to Communist Chinese soil.

Our civil duties

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Without our civil duties:

no government could subsist, nor
no peace or order could be maintained in large societies where there are:
- so many possessions on the one hand, and
- so many real or imaginary wants on the other.

Our civil duties, therefore, must soon:

Boost Exports

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan has never had a consistent, coherent and well articulated export-focused growth strategy.

Exports are often treated as a residual after-thought once the domestic market has been catered for. This is inexplicable given that the country has had a persistently large trade deficit, which has been increasingly difficult to finance each year.

Church Politics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁰⁹ In the Christian church’s ancient constitution, the bishop of each diocese was elected by the joint votes of:

the clergy, and
the people of the episcopal city.

The people did not long retain their right of election.

How a Commodity Becomes Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 3: The Accession of Value a Commodity receives by being Vested with the Character of Money

Money is currency, not because of the authority of the government, but because it is a commodity bearing a peculiar and intrinsic value.

Inequality from Wage Controls

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Wage Controls

¹¹⁹ The ancient practice of setting wages by laws have now gone entirely into disuse.

¹²⁰ Doctor Burns says:

After over 400 years, the attempt to strictly limit everyone to equal wages should by now be ended to allow industry and ingenuity.

Observations on Appeals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Appeals were challenges to a combat. They must have been made immediately on the spot.

Beaumanoir says:

“If the party leaves the court without appealing he loses his appeal, and the judgment stands good.” This continued still in force, even after all the restrictions of judicial combat.

Pachak

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Mu-hiang comes from the country of Ma-lo-mo of the Arabs. It is also found in Shi-ho and Nu-fa.

The plant resembles the Chinese ssi-kua (Luffa cylindrica, Koem.).

The root is gathered during the winter months. These are chopped into pieces of 1-2 inches in length and sun-dried.

Pope and Patriarch

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Patriarch was called ‘Pope’ meaning ‘Father of fathers’.

It first appeared in Egypt, according to the theory of Jirjis b. al-‘Amid in his History In the Christian religion and on the word “Kohen” used by the Jews.

Rebellion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The distinction of moral good and evil is founded on the pleasure or pain resulting from the view of any sentiment or character.

That pleasure or pain must be known to the person who feels it.

Relation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Relation, what.

BESIDES the ideas, whether simple or complex, that the mind has of things as they are in themselves, there are others it gets from their comparison one with another. The understanding, in the consideration of anything, is not confined to that precise object: it can carry any idea as it were beyond itself, or at least look beyond it, to see how it stands in conformity to any other. When the mind so considers one thing, that it does as it were bring it to, and set it by another, and carries its view from one to the other—this is, as the words import, RELATION and RESPECT; and the denominations given to positive things, intimating that respect, and serving as marks to lead the thoughts beyond the subject itself denominated, to something distinct from it, are what we call RELATIVES; and the things so brought together, RELATED. Thus, when the mind considers Caius as such a positive being, it takes nothing into that idea but what really exists in Caius; v.g. when I consider him as a man, I have nothing in my mind but the complex idea of the species, man. So likewise, when I say Caius is a white man, I have nothing but the bare consideration of a man who hath that white colour. But when I give Caius the name HUSBAND, I intimate some other person; and when I give him the name WHITER, I intimate some other thing: in both cases my thought is led to something beyond Caius, and there are two things brought into consideration. And since any idea, whether simple or complex, may be the occasion why the mind thus brings two things together, and as it were takes a view of them at once, though still considered as distinct: therefore any of our ideas may be the foundation of relation. As in the above-mentioned instance, the contract and ceremony of marriage with Sempronia is the occasion of the denomination and relation of husband; and the colour white the occasion why he is said to be whiter than free-stone.

The Essential Properties of Interest and Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The interest rate of money sets a standard to which the marginal efficiency of a capital-asset must attain if it is to be newly produced.

This makes it play a part in limiting the level of employment.

At first sight, this is most perplexing.

The French Nobility

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE Abbe du Bos maintains, that at the commencement of our monarchy there was only one order of citizens amo= ng the Franks.

This assertion, so injurious to the noble blood of our princ= ipal families, is equally affronting to the three great houses which succes= sively governed this realm. The origin of their grandeur would not therefor= e have been lost in the obscurity of time.

The Reason of Animals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Animals Have Reason Just as Humans Have Reason

The most obvious truth is that beasts have thought and reason just like humans.

The Sciences of sorcery and talismans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

These are sciences showing how human souls may become prepared to exercise an influence upon the world of the elements, either without any aid or with the aid of celestial matters.

Section 4: Continuously promote development of the human person the all-round

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The idea of comprehensive human development is the fundamental value and highest proposition of Marxism, an important part of Marxist theory, and an important content of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Comprehensive human development is not only the basic principle of communism, but also the value goal of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The Altruist Morality of Socialism

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Witch Doctor’s morality of altruism damns all those who achieve success or enjoyment.

This made evasion a virtue.

This morality of altruism replaced self-esteem.

Such moralists proclaimed themselves to be the defenders of the poor against the rich, righteously evading the fact that the rich were not Attilas any longer—and the defenders of the weak against the strong, righteously evading the fact that the strength involved was not the strength of brute muscles any longer, but the strength of man’s mind.

How to Fix Greece

Wed, 15 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

We can use our DCIT tool as black box for the 4 laws of value to analyze the Greek crisis to prove that austerity and high taxes are not the best solutions.

The Measures Of Allegiance

Fri, 10 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Allegiance For Protection And Security

Some political writers thought of a promise, or original contract, as the source of our allegiance to government.

They intended to establish a perfectly just and reasonable principle. But the reasoning which established it was fallacious and sophistical.

Insist on doing everything for the people

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Insist on doing everything for the people

The CCP is a Marxist party, the vanguard of:

the Chinese working class
the Chinese people
the Chinese nation

It has no special interests of its own other than the interests of the people.

Yes, Trade Deficits Matter

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Our country has been behaving like an extraordinarily rich family that possesses an immense farm. In order to consume 4% more than we produce— that’s the trade deficit—we have, day by day, been both selling pieces of the farm and increasing the mortgage on what we still own.

Commodity Interest Rates

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What will be the various commodity-rates of interest over 1 year for different types of assets?

Each commodity is a standard.

The returns on each commodity must be reckoned in this context as being measured in terms of itself.

Cubebs, Asofatida, Aloes, Coral-tree

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

28. Cubebs

Pitongkie come from a plant of creeping habits, which blossoms in the spring and bears fruit in the summer, resembling the kienniutzi. It has a white flower and black seeds, which are packed up after being dried in the sun.

Define a Coherent Exchange Rate Policy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A ‘stable’ exchange rate is a reflection of how ‘well’ the economy is being managed.

Governments frequently intervene in exchange rate management matters and ask that the exchange rate is kept stable in nominal terms or only fluctuates around a tight band.

How the Proceedings at Law Became Secret and Incur Costs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

DUELS had introduced a public form of proceeding. Beaumanoir says:

The witnesses should give their testimony in open court.

Sorcerers and the Evil Eye

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the Maghrib, there is a type of magical practitioners who are known as “rippers” (baaj).

They point at a garment or a piece of leather, and it is torn to shreds.
Or they point at the bellies of sheep and goats with a ripping gesture, and they are ripped open.

Such sorcerers nowadays are called “rippers” in the Maghrib because most of their magical practice concerns ripping animals open.

The Decline of the Church

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²¹⁴ The gradual improvements of arts, manufactures, and commerce which destroyed the power of the great barons destroyed the whole temporal power of the clergy in Europe.

Like the great barons, the clergy found something in the manufactures and commerce which they could exchange their rude produce.

The ranks and titles of royal and governmental authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

By himself, the ruler is weak. He carries a heavy load and needs help from others for his necessities and much more to:

The Utility of Coinage, and of the Charge of its Execution

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

No mention has hitherto been made of the value that money derives from the impression and coinage. I have merely pointed out the various utility of gold and silver as articles of commerce, wherein originates their value; and considered their fitness to act as money, as part of that utility.

The Objects Of Allegiance

Sun, 05 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Submission To Government

Sometimes it may be justifiable to resist supreme power in sound politics and morality.

But ordinarily, nothing can be more pernicious and criminal.

Such revolutions always cause:

Grasp the people's new expectations for a better life

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Grasp the people’s new expectations for a better life

A better life is the foundation of people’s happiness and social harmony. Satisfying the people’s expectations for a better life is the essential requirement of the CPC’s adherence to building the party for the public and ruling for the people. The Party’s efforts in revolution, construction, and reform are all aimed at enabling the people to live a better life. Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental starting point and foothold of all our party’s actions.“1 To test the effectiveness of all work, we must ultimately see whether the people have truly benefited from the benefits, whether the people’s living standards have been truly improved, and whether the people’s rights and interests have been truly guaranteed. To grasp the people’s new expectations for a better life in the new era, we need to pay attention to its salient characteristics.

Alterations of the Standard Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 5: Alterations of the Standard Money

The government fixes arbitrarily the commodity, that shall serve as money. This is by convenience.

Should a government attempt to force an ill-adapted medium into circulation, it would sustain a loss, itself on every bargain, and the people would, by degrees, adopt some other medium.

Control Inflation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There is growing consensus among central bankers that medium- to long-term price stability is the overriding goal of monetary policy.

Research has shown that maintaining low and stable inflation has helped economies to grow, as businesses, households and individual consumers are able to make better investment, savings and wage contract decisions. If inflation gets out of control either due to an over heating of the economy or supply side factors, central banks have generally resorted to monetary tightening as a means to control inflation.

Opaque Glass, Pearls

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Liuli comes from several Arab countries.

The method followed in melting it is the same as that of China – by burning:

oxide of lead
nitrate of potash
gypsum

To these materials the Arabs add southern borax which causes the glass to be elastic without being brittle and indifferent to temperature.

The Modes of Thinking

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

CAUSE AND EFFECT, AND OTHER RELATIONS.

Whence the Ideas of cause and effect got.

In the notice that our senses take of the constant vicissitude of things, we cannot but observe that several particular, both qualities and substances, begin to exist; and that they receive this their existence from the due application and operation of some other being. From this observation we get our ideas of CAUSE and EFFECT. THAT WHICH PRODUCES ANY SIMPLE OR COMPLEX IDEA we denote by the general name, CAUSE, and THAT WHICH IS PRODUCED, EFFECT. Thus, finding that in that substance which we call wax, fluidity, which is a simple idea that was not in it before, is constantly produced by the application of a certain degree of heat we call the simple idea of heat, in relation to fluidity in wax, the cause of it, and fluidity the effect. So also, finding that the substance, wood, which is a certain collection of simple ideas so called, by the application of fire, is turned into another substance, called ashes; i. e., another complex idea, consisting of a collection of simple ideas, quite different from that complex idea which we call wood; we consider fire, in relation to ashes, as cause, and the ashes, as effect. So that whatever is considered by us to conduce or operate to the producing any particular simple idea, or collection of simple ideas, whether substance or mode, which did not before exist, hath thereby in our minds the relation of a cause, and so is denominated by us.

The Natural Rate of Interest

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

“liquidity” and “carrying-costs” are both a matter of degree.

The peculiarity of “money” consists in a high liquidity relatively to low carrying-costs.

A “non-monetary” economy is one in which there is no asset for which the liquidity-premium is always in excess of the carrying-costs.

The Public Prosecutor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Salic, Ripuarian, and other barbarous laws punished crimes with pecuniary fines. They did not have a public officer who does criminal prosecutions. And indeed the issue of all causes being reduced to the reparation of damages, every prosecution was in some measure civil, and might be managed by any one.

The Reformation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²²¹ The reformation was strong enough to overturn the church and its state in countries where the government was weak, unpopular, and not firmly established, as in Scotland.

The Science of the secrets of letters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This science is now called simiya “letter magic”.

The word was transferred from talismans to this science and is used by Sufi practitioners of magic.

This science originated in Islam after some time it was created. The extremist Sufis appeared and tried to remove the veil of sense perception. They produced wonders and were active in the world of the elements.

The Wazirate

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The wazirate is the mother of governmental functions and royal ranks.

Wizarah is derived either from mu’azarah “help,” or from wizr “load,” as if the wazir were helping the person whom he supports to carry his burdens and charges. Thus, its meaning comes down to “help.” 446

The Case For Free Trade

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Trade policy is a statement of American identity.

Our trade policy choices reveal America’s values and where we put our trust. Do we place our trust in Washington elites to revive a declining country, or do we trust in America’s tradition of entrepreneurs and everyday people blazing new trails?

Alterations of the Standard Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 6: Why Money is neither a Sign nor a Measure

adulterated coin, that he again may pay over at the same rate as he receives it, than to curtail his claim by ¼, ½, or in any other proportion. Let us see how the two methods differ. Money would be a mere sign or representative, had it no in- trinsic value of its own; but, on the contrary, whenever it is employed in sale or purchase, its intrinsic value alone is con- sidered. When an article is sold for a dollar piece, it is not the impression or the name that is given or taken in exchange, but the quantity of silver that is known to be contained in it. As a proof of the truth of this position, if the government were to issue crown pieces made of tin or pewter, they would not be worth so much as those of silver. Though declared by law to be of equal value, a great many more of them would be required in purchase of the same commodities; which would not happen if they were nothing but a mere sign.

All-round human development is the value pursuit of socialism

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

All-round human development is the value pursuit of socialism

In the era in which Marx lived, he based on the cruel reality of capitalist man-made servitude, explored the enslavement and restraint of human beings by solidified social relations, and emphasized that only by relying on the high development of productive forces can we fundamentally overcome this limitation, and finally realize the active abandonment of human self-alienation, that is, realize the free and comprehensive development of human beings.

The Record Of Socialist Parties

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As soon as we turn to an examination of the records of socialist parties, doubts will inevitably arise about the validity of their contention that they have uniformly championed the democratic creed.

Godwin's Conjecture

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mr Godwin’s conjecture respecting the future approach of man towards immortality on earth seems to be rather oddly placed in a chapter which professes to remove the objection to his system of equality from the principle of population. Unless he supposes the passion between the sexes to decrease faster than the duration of life increases, the earth would be more encumbered than ever. But leaving this difficulty to Mr Godwin, let us examine a few of the appearances from which the probable immortality of man is inferred.

Neoliberalism, Oligarchy, and Technocracy

Thu, 02 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Oligarchy

In Socrates’ Law of Social Cycles, the Oligarchy follows after the Aristocratic cycle.

Contrary to popular belief, Oligarchy is the rule by money, not the rule by a few. This is because the aristocratic cycle is also ruled by a few people.

Educational Fees

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²²⁷ The church benefices cannot be very big if they are all nearly equal.

This mediocrity of benefice may be carried too far but has very agreeable effects.

Only the most exemplary morals can give dignity to a man of small fortune.

How the Institutions of St. Lewis Fell Into Oblivion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The origin, progress, and decline of institutions happened within a very short period.

The code called St. Lewis’s institutions, was never designed as a law for the whole kingdom, though such a design is mentioned in the preface. It is a general code which determines=

Ivory, Rhinoceros Horns, Castoreum, Civet, Parrots

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

36. Ivory

Siang-ya, or ivory, comes from several Arab countries and the two countries of Chonla India and South Vietnam.

The Arab product is better and is found most in Malomo.

Section 7: How to Estimate the Sums mentioned in History

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In reducing the money of former ages into money of the present day, the best informed historians have contented themselves with converting the actual quantity of gold and silver, designated by the term made use of by the authority cited, into the current money of their own times.

The story of Abu Yazid al-Bistami

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

One evening, he was in a hurry when he reached the bank of the Tigris.

The 2 banks of the river came together so that he would have been able to cross over. But Abu Yazid invoked God’s protection and said: “I will not sell my share in God for a farthing.”

The Summary of the General Theory

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

My proposed system has the following as a given:

the existing skill and quantity of available labour
the existing quality and quantity of available equipment
the existing technique
the degree of competition
the tastes and habits of the consumer
the disutility of:
- different intensifies of labour and
- the activities of supervision and organisation
the social structure

These:

The Wazir

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Afterwards, royal authority flourished. The (official) councilor and assistant for tribal and group affairs and good relations (with the various tribes and groups) made his appearance. For him, the name of wazir was used.

Turning Energy Around

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan’s energy sector is in crisis.

Power outages of up to 18 hours a day disrupt the lives of people and threaten the economy in an unprecedented way.

Despite abundant installed capacity, the power system is mired in critical operational issues including a pervasive circular debt.

Pakistan's Energy Resource Potential

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan’s energy resource potential is substantial and remains largely unharnessed although not all of it is currently financially or technically exploitable.

This potential is in the form of depleting fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) as well as renewables (hydro, solar, wind, wood fuels and agricultural residues). Among fossil fuels, in the petroleum (oil and gas) sub-sector, Pakistan has a large prospective area (or, in geological language, sedimentary basin) covering 830,000 square kilometres. Probable reserves are estimated at twenty-seven billion barrels of oil and 282 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas.

Long Possession

Mon, 06 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The First Source Of Authority: Long Possession

Most established governments get their authority from the principle of long possession in any one form of government, or the succession of princes.

Ambergris, Tortoise-shell

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

41: Ambergris

In the Western Arabian Sea, there are many whales [dragons]. When a whale sleeps, his spittle floats on the water, collects and hardens.

The fishermen gather it as a most valuable substance. Fresh ambergris is white. It turns red when slightly stale, and black when it is old.

Section 8: The Absence of any fixed ratio of Value between one Metal and another

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The same error, which led public functionaries to believe, that they could fix the relative value of any metal to com- modities, has also induced them to determine by act of law the relative value of the metals employed as money, one to the other. Thus, it has been arbitrarily enacted, that a given quantity of silver shall be worth 24 liv., and that a given quan- tity of gold shall likewise be worth 24 liv. In this manner, the ratio of the nominal value of gold to that of silver came to be legally established.

The Expense of supporting the Sovereign's Dignity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²³² The sovereign also needs a certain expence to support his dignity. This expence varies with=

the different periods of improvement
the different forms of government

²³³ In an opulent society, all the orders of people are everyday growing more expensive in their houses, furniture, dress, etc.

The Meaning of Saving and Investment Further Considered

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The actual economic system is also coloured by:

the propensity to consume
the marginal efficiency of capital curve
the interest rate

Full employment has proven to be a rare and short-lived occurrence.

The office of doorkeeper (hijibah)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the Umayyad and ‘Abbasid dynasties, the title of doorkeeper (hajib) was restricted to the person who guarded the ruler from the common people and would not give them access to him, or only in such ways, and at such times, as he determined. It was lower in rank at that time than the other functions. The wazir could intervene whenever he saw fit.

The Za'irajah

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The science of letter magic has a branch that has the technique of finding out answers from questions through connections between the letters used in the question.

Adhere to the new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Development is:

the eternal theme of human society
also the eternal theme of Marxism.

The concept of development is the forerunner of development actions and a concentrated embodiment of development ideas, development directions and development focuses.

Implementing The Conservative Vision

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Vision will be crucial for the next conservative Administration, but nuts-and-bolts policies are also important. Making the conservative vision for trade a reality will require several actions, some of which may prove to be more difficult to achieve than others. Specifically:

Right of Succession

Tue, 07 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Fourth Source Of Authority: Right of Succession

The right of succession naturally prevails after the founding sovereign dies when long possession, present possession, or conquest do not take place.

A Mental Experiment

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Suppose that a community, in a way which satisfies the reader’s criteria of democracy, reached the decision to persecute religious dissent. The instance is not fanciful. Communities which most of us would readily recognize as democracies have burned heretics at the stake—the republic of Geneva did in Calvin’s time—or otherwise persecuted them in a manner 6 In plain English, this saying of one of the more prominent leaders meant that they fully realized the risk involved in staging bolshevism in a country entirely dependent on capitalist powers for its food and with French and Italian troops practically at its door, but that, if pressure from Russia via Hungary should become too great, they would not split the party but would try to lead the whole flock into the bolshevik camp.

How To Check The Usurpations Of Government

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

What we have just said:

confirms Chapter 16
makes it clear that:
- the institution of government is not a contract, but a law
- the depositaries of the executive power:
  - are not the people’s masters, but its officers
  - can set them up and pull them down when it likes
  - for them, there is no question of contract, but of obedience
  - in taking charge of the functions the State imposes on them they are doing no more than fulfilling their duty as citizens, without having the remotest right to argue about the conditions.

When therefore the people sets up an hereditary government, whether it be monarchical and confined to one family, or aristocratic and confined to a class, what it enters into is not an undertaking; the administration is given a provisional form, until the people chooses to order it otherwise.

Changes in Money-Wages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Book 5: Money-Wages and Prices

The Classical Theory assumed that:

How the Judiciary Forms were borrowed from the Decretals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The judicial forms of the canon law were preferred to those of the Roman law because they constantly had before them the ecclesiastic courts which followed the forms of the canon law.

Integrated Energy Planning

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Energy analysts and policy-makers alike agree that energy sector planning and policy formulation need to be carried out on an integrated basis. The appropriate mechanism to achieve this is known by various acronyms.

Introduction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY

Wherein Identity consists.

ANOTHER occasion the mind often takes of comparing, is the very being of things, when, considering ANYTHING AS EXISTING AT ANY DETERMINED TIME AND PLACE, we compare it with ITSELF EXISTING AT ANOTHER TIME, and thereon form the ideas of IDENTITY and DIVERSITY. When we see anything to be in any place in any instant of time, we are sure (be it what it will) that it is that very thing, and not another which at that same time exists in another place, how like and undistinguishable soever it may be in all other respects: and in this consists IDENTITY, when the ideas it is attributed to vary not at all from what they were that moment wherein we consider their former existence, and to which we compare the present. For we never finding, nor conceiving it possible, that two things of the same kind should exist in the same place at the same time, we rightly conclude, that, whatever exists anywhere at any time, excludes all of the same kind, and is there itself alone. When therefore we demand whether anything be the SAME or no, it refers always to something that existed such a time in such a place, which it was certain, at that instant, was the same with itself, and no other. From whence it follows, that one thing cannot have two beginnings of existence, nor two things one beginning; it being impossible for two things of the same kind to be or exist in the same instant, in the very same place; or one and the same thing in different places. That, therefore, that had one beginning, is the same thing; and that which had a different beginning in time and place from that, is not the same, but diverse. That which has made the difficulty about this relation has been the little care and attention used in having precise notions of the things to which it is attributed.

Section 9: Money as It Should Be

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The precious metals are so well adapted for the purposes of money, as to have gained a preference almost universal.

as no other material has so many recommendations, no change in this particular is desirable.

The 7 principles of Za'irajah

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Note: The letters of the chords and the table are composed of 3 basic types:

Arabic letters

These are taken at their face value as numerals

Ghubar letters.

They are treated differently. Some are taken at their face value, when there are no more than four cycles. If there are more than four, they are used as tens as well as hundreds, as required by the operation.

The Basis of Value and of Supply and Demand

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Book 2: The Distribution of Wealth

Chapter 1 The Basis of Value and of Supply and Demand

Book 1 explained:

how human industry, with the aid of capital and of natural agents and properties, produces every kind of utility, which is the primary source of value
how social institutions and public authority operate to the benefit or the prejudice of production.

Book 2 will explain the distribution of wealth by analyzing:

The ministry of financial operations and taxation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The ministry of taxation:

is concerned with tax operations
guards the rights of the dynasty in the matters of income and expenditures

It:

Collectivism is Dead

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Perhaps the most craven attitude of all is the one expressed by the injunction “don’t be certain.”

As stated explicitly by many intellectuals, it is the suggestion that if nobody is certain of anything, if nobody holds any firm convictions, if everybody is willing to give in to everybody else, no dictator will rise among us and we will escape the destruction sweeping the rest of the world.

The inherent requirements of China's actual development

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The inherent requirements of China’s actual development

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and the main contradictions in our society have been transformed, but the basic national conditions of our country that are still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain for a long time have not changed

Dealing with Disruption

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Trade is disruptive. Though its long-run effect on employment is approximately zero, in the short run it can cost jobs and even depopulate towns.61 America’s resilience depends on its ability to adjust, but successful and timely adaptation is generally spontaneous in nature—the work of human action but not human design. Planned adjustment by governments has a much poorer track record.

Changes in Money-Wages

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The reduction in money-wages will have no lasting tendency to increase employment except by its repercussions either:

on the propensity to consume for the society as a whole, or
on the marginal efficiencies of capital curve, or
on the interest rate.

There is no method of analysing the effect of a reduction in money-wages, except by following up its possible effects on these 3 factors.

Flux and Reflux of the ecclesiastic and temporal Jurisdiction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE civil power was in the hands of an infinite number of lords. This made it easy for the ecclesiastic jurisdiction to gain daily a greater extent.

The ecclesiastic courts weakened the courts of the lords and strengthened the royal jurisdiction which then gradually checked the clergy’s jurisdiction.

National Wealth

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Wealth is, in all countries, distributed in every degree of gradation, from the populous level of mediocrity to the solitary pinnacle of extreme affluence.

Accordingly, the products most generally desirable are really demanded by a limited number only, because they alone have wherewithal to obtain them; and even their ability may be more or less according to cir- cumstances. Whence it may be further concluded, that the same product or products may be in greater demand at a lower scale of price, and when attainable by less productive exer- tion, although nowise increased in utility, merely because accessible to a greater number of consumers; and, on the con- Each class of productive agency has a current price peculiar to itself. If the productive agency exerted in the production of a bushel of wheat can obtain for itself but 1-15 of its own product, it will be entitled to no more than 1-15 of the value of any other product obtainable by exchange for that quantity of wheat; for instance to 1-15 of a dollar= and so of other products.

Other Za'irajah Methods

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

People have methods other than the zd’irajah for finding out answers from questions.

However, those answers are not rhymed.

The secret of obtaining a rhymed answer from the za’irajah lies in the fact that a verse, namely, that of Malik b. Wuhayb -“A weighty question, etc.”- enters (into the operation).

Signs or Representatives of Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

People imagine that all debts to foreigners can be paid by bills of exchange; and measures have been frequently suggested, and sometimes adopted, for the encouragement of this fictitious mode of payment.

The Glorious Revolution

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

English readers will here ask about the Glorious Revolution which:

had such a happy influence on our constitution, and
had such mighty consequences.

In the case of enormous tyranny and oppression, it is lawful to take arms even against supreme power.

The ministry of official correspondence and writing

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This office is not required by the nature of royal authority. Many dynasties were able to dispense with it completely, such as the dynasties rooted in the desert.

IN SEARCH OF A DEFINITION

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

We have a starting point from which to proceed with our investigation. But a definition that is to serve us in an attempt to analyze the relations between democracy and socialism is not yet in sight. A few preliminary difficulties still bar the outlook.

How Integrated Energy Planning Can Address Pakistan's Special Issues

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Several issues in Pakistan’s energy sector, similar to those found in other parts of the developing world have been discussed earlier. IEP provides an analytical platform to address these and to test out the efficacy of a range of policy options. Some other special issues are dealt with below.

Other Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ideas of Proportional relations.

BESIDES the before-mentioned occasions of time, place, and causality of comparing or referring things one to another, there are, as I have said, infinite others, some whereof I shall mention.

Other Za'irajah Methods

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A number of Maghrib people know the science of letter magic.

They have produced extraordinary things.

Every virtue depends on exertion.

Pigou’s Theory of Unemployment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pigou makes the volume of employment to depend on 2 factors:

The real rates of wages for which workpeople stipulate
The shape of the Real Demand Function for Labour

He assumes that the actual money-rate of wages divided by the price of wage-goods leads to the real rate demanded.

The Laws of Nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Nations as Persons

A new set of duties arises among neighbouring states, suitable to the nature of their commerce with each other after:

civil government has been established over most of mankind, and
different societies have been formed contiguous to each other.

Political writers tell us that in every kind of intercourse, a body politic is like one person.

The Letter of Abd-al-Hamid to his Fellow Secretaries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The ruler who picks a secretary from the rank and file has many conditions to consider. These are completely presented in the Epistle that the secretary Abd-al-Hamid addressed to his fellow secretaries:

The Revival of the Roman Law and the Change in the Tribunals

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Roman law seemed to rise out of its ashes upon the discovery of Justinian’s digest towards the year 1137

Schools were then established in Italy, where it was publicly taught. They had the Justinian code, and the Novellae. This code was so favourably received in Italy as to eclipse the law of the Lombards.

The Sources of Revenue

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Book 1 showed that products are raised by human industry, capital, and natural powers and agents.

The products thus raised, form the revenue of those possessed of these means of production, and enable them to procure such of the necessaries and comforts of existence, as are not furnished gratuitously either by nature, or by their fellow-creatures.

The Jones Act

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Jones Act (Merchant Marine Act of 1920) requires that ships traveling between U.S. ports must be:

U.S.-built
U.S.-owned
U.S.-crewed

In practice, this is an “America last” policy that has decimated the American maritime industry.

Za'irajah Method: Deduction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Deductions that can be drawn with the help of letter systems as to deeply hidden thoughts.

This goes as follows: If someone asks what is the sickness of the patient, the cause of whose disease is not known, and what medicine will be appropriate for its cure, one orders the person who asks the question to name something that can be applied to the name of the unknown sickness, so that the word he names can be made the foundation of (the operation).

Section 2: It has enriched and developed Marxist development

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The new development concept is the Sinicization and epochalization of the Marxist outlook on development by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core in the new era, and is the latest theoretical achievement of combining the basic principles of the Marxist outlook on development with China’s specific reality, enriching and developing the Marxist outlook on development.

The Setting Of The Problem

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I. The Dictatorship of the Proletariat

NOTHING is so treacherous as the obvious. Events during the past twenty or twenty-five years have taught us to see the problem that lurks behind the title of this part. Until about 1916 the relation between socialism and democracy would have seemed quite obvious to most people and to nobody more so than to the accredited exponents of socialist orthodoxy.

Godwin's system

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mr Godwin considers the objection to his system of equality from the principle of population.

Chastity and Modesty

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Difference Between Male And Female Anatomy

The difficulty in this system on the laws of nature and nations is in the universal approbation or blame:

which follows their observance or transgression, and
which some may think is not fully explained from society’s general interests.

To remove all scruples of this kind, I shall consider the duties of modesty and chastity in women.

Education as a Strategic Imperative

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Education lies at the heart of Pakistan’s multiple challenges.

If Pakistan is to emerge as a stable, moderate polity reaping dividends from its burgeoning population it must be able to provide the young both:

Real and Relative Variation of Price

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When revenue is added to capital, it thenceforth ceases to be revenue, or, as such, to be capable of satisfying the wants of the proprietor. It can only yield an increased revenue, being an item of productive capital, consumable in the manner of capital, that is to say, in such way as to yield a product in exchange and return for the value consumed.

The Employment Function

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

We replace ’liquidity-preference’ with ’love for cash’, ‘wage-unit’ with ‘hourly-common-wage’

Chapter 3 defined the aggregate supply function Z = φ(N).

The Police

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The chief of police is subordinate to the person in charge of “the sword” in the dynasty, who at times uses the chief of police to execute his orders.

In Ifriqiyah, the chief of police is now called the “magistrate” (hakim).
In Spain, he is called the “town chief” (sahib al-madinah).
In the Turkish dynasty in Egypt, he is called the “governor” (wali).

This was originally created by the ‘Abbasid dynasty. He it had a twofold duty:

The Proof by Witnesses

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE judges, who had no other rule to go by than the usages, inquired very often by witnesses into every cause that was brought before them.

The usage of judicial combats was then beginning to decline, so they made their inquests in writing.

The Science of Alchemy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This studies the substance through which gold and silver can be artificially generated.

he alchemists acquire knowledge of the tempers and powers of all created things and investigate them critically.

Education Failing to deliver quality

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Stage 2: Failure to deliver quality

Pakistan’s education sector is anomalous in that it has three parallel and largely unconnected systems of education operating simultaneously. These are the public and non elite private schools, the elite private schools, and the religious seminaries—the madrasahs. Approximately 67% of the school going children are enrolled in public schools, close to 29% are in private schools—the majority of these are in the non-elite variant—and 4% attend madrasahs (see table 2). The three systems follow their own curricula, teaching methods, and examination processes. Consequently, quality of education and the type of student body in each vary greatly. Only the public education system is fully regulated by the government.

The Alchemy of Ibn Bishrun

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I shall pass on here an epistle on alchemy written by Abu Bakr b. Bishrun to Ibn as-Samh. Both were pupils of Maslamah.

Full Employment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When effective demand is deficient, there is underemployment of labour.

Men are unemployed but are willing to work at less than the existing real wage.

Consequently, as effective demand increases, employment increases.

Other Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

CHAPTER 29. CLEAR AND OBSCURE, DISTINCT AND CONFUSED IDEAS.

Ideas, some clear and distinct, others obscure and confused.

Having shown the original of our ideas, and taken a view of their several sorts; considered the difference between the simple and the complex; and observed how the complex ones are divided into those of modes, substances, and relations—all which, I think, is necessary to be done by any one who would acquaint himself thoroughly with the progress of the mind, in its apprehension and knowledge of things—it will, perhaps, be thought I have dwelt long enough upon the examination of IDEAS. I must, nevertheless, crave leave to offer some few other considerations concerning them.

Prices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A fall of price may be general and affect all commodities at once. Or it may be partial and affect certain commodities only.

Suppose that stockings are $1 a pair.

Reversing Failure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Inability to reverse these failures will not only limit Pakistan’s economic growth but carries the potential of rupturing the very fabric of society though polarisation and unrest.

While there is very little hard evidence for education having contributed directly to terrorism in Pakistan, anecdotal evidence combined with profiles of most actors involved in terrorist attacks does suggest a linkage. Indeed, it would be naive to believe an absence of any correlation. The mechanisms through which this connection would be playing out are aptly described by Winthrop and Graff (2010) as:

The Alchemy of Ibn Bishrun

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The fine and the coarse elements are as easily separated (under the influence of fire) as water and oil (are), or similar things.

The mixtures, which are the elements of alchemy, agree with one another. They are derived from one substance.

The different importance of the ranks of the sword and the pen

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Both “the sword” and “the pen” are instruments for the ruler to use in his affairs.

However, at the start of the dynasty, so long as its people are occupied in establishing power, the need for “the sword” is greater than that for “the pen.”

The latest achievements of the Marxist outlook on development

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The latest achievements of the Marxist outlook on development

The outlook on development is the world outlook and methodology of human development, and is people’s overall view on the connotation, essence, purpose and requirements of development. The Marxist outlook on development is an open and constantly developing theoretical system, and its actual form has always been revitalized and enriched in the process of integrating with specific countries, specific times, and specific practices.

Germany

Fri, 03 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

How to Fix Germany

The current decline of Germany, made obvious by the collapse of its government, comes from the wrong policies of the Merkel era – it is strange how Germany wasted away its nuclear energy and heavy industries.

Israel

Sun, 05 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Day	Current Week	Current Month	Current Year
Negative Thinker	12	3	2	5

Alchemy is Sorcery

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

I constructed a geometrical figure to illustrate it. It proves the correctness of Maslamah’s statement.

For instance, when the compound is complete and perfect, the element of air in it is, to the element of air in the egg, in the same proportion as the element of fire in the former is to the element of fire in the latter.

Nominal Variation of Price, and of the Peculiar Value of Bullion and of Coin

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In treating of the elevation and depression of the price of commodities, although value has been expressed in money, no notice has been taken of the value of money itself; which, to say the truth, plays no part in real, or even in relative variation of the price of other commodities.

Other Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

REAL AND FANTASTICAL IDEAS

Ideas considered in reference to their Archetypes.

Besides what we have already mentioned concerning ideas, other considerations belong to them, in reference to THINGS FROM WHENCE THEY ARE TAKEN, or WHICH THEY MAY BE SUPPOSED TO REPRESENT; and thus, I think, they may come under a threefold distinction, and are:—First, either real or fantastical; Secondly, adequate or inadequate; Thirdly, true or false.

Pakistan As A Nuclear State

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Has the advent of nuclear weapons calmed down anxieties and brought about a level of national confidence in Pakistan to enable the state to meet other challenges?

What role do nuclear weapons play in a nation’s destiny? The 1998 nuclear test ought to have reinforced a simple lesson for security thinkers in South Asia. It should focus national leadership into calming crises and preventing wars.

The characteristic emblems of royal and government authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The ruler has emblems and arrangements that are the necessary result of pomp and ostentation. They are restricted to him, and by their use he is distinguished from his subjects, his intimates, and all other leaders in his dynasty.

The corruption of philosophy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The sciences occur in civilization. They are much cultivated in the cities. They can greatly harm religion.

The Theory of Prices

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Theory of Value has traditionally been based on supply and demand, particularly in changes in:

marginal cost and
the elasticity of short-term supply.

But when they pass to the Theory of Money and Prices:

The need for intellectual leadership

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Today, the businessman and the intellectual face each other with the mutual fear and the mutual contempt of Attila and the Witch Doctor.

The businessman has lost confidence in all theories, and functions on a range-of-the-moment expediency, not daring to look at the future. The intellectual has cut himself off from reality and plays a futile word-game with ideas, not daring to look at the past.

The Common Good and the Will of the People

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

THE 18th-century philosophy of democracy has the following definition: the democratic method is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions which realizes the common good by making the people itself decide issues through the election of individuals who are to assemble in order to carry out its will.

Rejoin the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Dropping out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement might have been the Trump Administration’s biggest trade policy mistake.

The TPP was already negotiated and would have strengthened an alliance against China, including most of its biggest trading partners in East Asia and the Americas. America’s departure created tensions and infighting, distracting the U.S. and its allies from the goal at hand: countering China.

Section 3: Adhere to the new development concept to lead the overall development situation

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The implementation of the new development concept is a profound change that has a bearing on the overall development of our country, and we must accelerate the transformation of ideology and concepts, promote the reform of systems and mechanisms, and earnestly transform the new development concept into a program of action for the overall situation, specific ideas for planning development, work measures for implementing development tasks, and practical results in promoting scientific development.

Changes in the Quantity of Money

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

(i) Changes in the quantity of money primarily affect effective demand through its influence on the interest rate.

If this were the only reaction, the quantitative effect could be derived from the 3 elements:

How Revenue is Distributed In Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A portion of the demand for the precious metals is occasioned by their gradual destruction by use; for, although less subject to decay than most products, they are still perishable in a certain degree.

The 1998 Nuclear Tests

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In the spring of 1998, for the first time in India’s history, Hindu nationalist parties under the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) received a plurality of the national vote.

They had a mandate to declare India as a nuclear power and push their traditional hard line on Pakistan.

The corruption of philosophy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The arguments concerning the existentia beyond sensual perception - the spiritualia - constitute what the (philosophers) call “the divine science” or science of metaphysics.

The essences of (the spiritualia) are completely unknown. One cannot get at them, nor can they be proven by logical arguments, because an abstraction of intelligibilia from the individual existentia of the outside world is possible only in the case of things we can perceive 1026 by the senses, from which the universals are thus derived.

The Mint

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This stamps the dinars and dirhams used in commercial transactions.

This is done with an iron die with pictures or words engraved in reverse.
The stamp is pressed on the dinar or the dirham which transfers those engravings onto the coin.

Before this is done:

THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE and INDIVIDUAL VOLITION

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

However conclusively those arguments may tell against this particular conception of the will of the people, they do not debar us from trying to build up nother and more realistic one. I do not intend to question either the reality or the importance of the socio-psychological facts we think of when speaking of the will of a nation.

How to fix Japan

Wed, 23 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Day	Current Week	Current Month	Current Year
?	?	?	?	?

Why Abenomics and Keynesian Economics Failed

Japan has been suffering from chronic deflation since 1991 after the bursting of their asset price bubble.

Astrology is wrong, has weak achievements, harmful goal

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Astrologers think that astrology, with the knowledge it gives of astral powers, individually or in combination, and of astral influences upon elemental creations, enables them to know the things that are going to be in the world of the elements, before they are created.

Operational Deterrent

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Musharraf took over as Army Chief in October 1998 in tense regional and domestic circumstances.

Pakistan was under international sanctions because of the nuclear tests.

Relations with India were tense due to the ongoing Kashmir uprising and arrival of the Hindu nationalist party.

Other Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

ADEQUATE AND INADEQUATE IDEAS

Adequate Ideas are such as perfectly represent their Archetypes.

Of our real ideas, some are adequate, and some are inadequate. Those I call ADEQUATE, which perfectly represent those archetypes which the mind supposes them taken from: which it intends them to stand for, and to which it refers them. INADEQUATE IDEAS are such, which are but a partial or incomplete representation of those archetypes to which they are referred. Upon which account it is plain,

The meaning and value of the legal dirham and dinar

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The dirham and the dinar differ in value and weight in different regions, cities, and provinces.

True Inflation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

True inflation happens when a further increase in effective demand produces no increase in output.

Instead, the demand raises the cost-unit proportional to the increase in effective demand.

Up to this point, the effect of monetary expansion is entirely a question of degree, and there is no previous point at which we can draw a definite line and declare that conditions of inflation have set in.

What Branches of Production Yield the most Liberal Recompense to Productivity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What Branches of Production Yield the most Liberal Recompense to Productive Agency

The aggregate value of a product refunds to its different concurring producers the amount of their advances, with profit in most cases, that constitutes their revenue.

The Customs of France

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

FRANCE was governed by written customs. The particular usages of each lordship constituted the civil law.

Every lordship had its civil law, according to Beaumanoir, and so particular a law, that this author who is looked upon as a luminary, and a very great luminary, of those times, says, he does not believe that throughout the whole kingdom there were two lordships intirely governed by the same law.

Embark on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Formulating strategic planning and determining strategic arrangements is the consistent leadership method of the CCP, a basic experience of the Party in leading and promoting socialist modernization, and a unique advantage of the party system with Chinese characteristics. The 19th National Congress of the CCP pointed out: “From building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way to basically realizing modernization, and then to building a modern and powerful socialist country in an all-round way, it is a strategic arrangement for the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.” 1 This “two-step” strategic arrangement for the new era on the basis of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way has completely outlined the timetable and road map for China’s socialist modernization construction between the “two hundred years.” Section 1: Attaching importance to strategic arrangements is an important experience of the CPC in governing the country Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “Strategic issues are fundamental issues for a political party and a country. If we make accurate strategic judgments, plan scientifically strategically, and win the initiative strategically, there will be great hope for the cause of the party and the people. “2 The CCP has struggled for nearly a hundred years:

Malthus Versus Godwin

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

If the reasonings of the preceding chapter are just, the corollaries respecting political truth, which Mr Godwin draws from the proposition, that the voluntary actions of men originate in their opinions, will not appear to be clearly established.

The Organization of Chapters

Sat, 07 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

We organize the Chapters according to the 4 properties of waves:

Topic	Worker	Warrior	Thinker	Trader
1 Intro	Workers	Warriors	Thinkers	Traders
2 Expression (Culture or Metaphysicality)	Rights	Power or Politics	Philosophy	Economics
3 Manifestation (Physicality)	Family, Social Security	Military	Education-Religion	Banks, Commerce
4 Dynamics	Demographics shifts	Political changes	Viral ideas Science Technology	Economic Crises blocs
5 Institutions	Legislative Constitution	Executive	Judiciary	Resources
6 Index or Measure	Quality of Life, Human Rights, Women Rights, Animal Rights	Crime rate, Stability	Educational Attainment	GDP NDP
7 Reforms	Marriage, Childcare, Healthcare	Profiling	Dharma, Language	Usufruct Economy
8 Philosophies	Democracy	Communism	Theocracy	Oligarchy

Libya

Tue, 06 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Day	Current Week	Current Month	Current Year
?	?	?	?	?

The origins of the Libyan Civil war was connected to Arab Spring which began in Tunisia and spread to Egypt.

Concepts and Definitions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Word	Acronym	Meaning
Charge	Rotation direction of that particle
Gravitational Signature		the unique code or idea that is the basis for the discrete entity. In a living body, this manifests as its DNA
Magnetic Field	The flow of virtual photons around that hole
Magnetic Moment	A hole in particles for virtual photons to pass through
Magnetism	The tendency for materials to attract and repel independent of gravitation
Monad	A 1-dimensional Substance
Quantum	the smallest unit of Substance
Quantum of Aether	Qoa	Substance of idea, feeling, or the abstract mind or soul that has those ideas and feelings
Quantum of Space-time	Qost	Invisible spacetime particles in the Spatial Layer
Substance	A Cartesian Substance subject to measurement
Spin	Orientation of that particle relative to the virtual photon
Spin Number	Ratio of Virtual Photons needed to rotate the particle. 1/2 spin means 2 virtual photons are needed for each rotation

Conclusion on Part 6

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵⁴ Prudence is recommended to us by the concern for our own happiness.

Justice and beneficence are recommended to us by the concern for the happiness of others. Justice restrains us from hurting that happiness. Beneficence prompts us to promote it.

Notes on the Trade Cycle

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The preceding chapters showed what determines the volume of employment at any time.

It follows that our theory can explain the Trade Cycle.

The Trade Cycle is highly complex.

The Revenue of Industry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 1: The Profits of Industry in general

The general motives, which stimulate the demand of products, have been above investigated. 38

When the demand for any product whatever, is very lively, the productive agency, through whose means alone it is obtainable, is likewise in brisk demand, which necessarily raises its ratio of value= this is true generally, of every kind of productive agency.

The Seal

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The use of the seal is one of the government functions and a royal office.

The sealing of letters and diplomas was known to rulers before and after Islam. It has been established in the two Sahihs that when the Prophet wanted to write to the Byzantine Emperor, he was told that the non-Arabs accepted only sealed letters.

The worthlessness of astrology

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The worthlessness of astrology from the point of view of the religious law, as well as the weakness of its achievements from the rational point of view, are evident.

Astrology does harm to human civilization.

Emerging Force Postures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistani anxiety did not dissolve even after demonstrating its nuclear weapon capability in 1998.

India’s conventional forces and its advancing nuclear capability continue to make Pakistan vulnerable to Indian coercion.

Notes on the Trade Cycle

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The preceding analysis may appear to be in conformity with the view of those who hold

Some people think that:

over-investment is the characteristic of the boom
the avoidance of this over-investment is the only possible remedy for the ensuing slump
the slump cannot be prevented by a low interest rate
the boom can be avoided by a high interest rate.

There is force in the argument that a high interest rate is much more effective against a boom than a low interest rate is against a slump.

Other Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

TRUE AND FALSE IDEAS

Truth and Falsehood properly belong to Propositions, not to Ideas.

Though truth and falsehood belong, in propriety of speech, only to PROPOSITIONS: yet IDEAS are oftentimes termed true or false (as what words are there that are not used with great latitude, and with some deviation from their strict and proper significations?) Though I think that when ideas themselves are termed true or false, there is still some secret or tacit proposition, which is the foundation of that denomination: as we shall see, if we examine the particular occasions wherein they come to be called true or false. In all which we shall find some kind of affirmation or negation, which is the reason of that denomination. For our ideas, being nothing but bare APPEARANCES, or perceptions in our minds, cannot properly and simply in themselves be said to be true or false, no more than a single name of anything can be said to be true or false.

The impossibility of alchemy and the harm it causes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Many unemployed peopleare led by greed to cultivate alchemy. They think that:

The Profits of the Man of Science

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 2: The Profits of the Man of Science

I am speaking only of the revenue a man of science derives from his calling. There is nothing to prevent his being at the same time a landed proprietor, capitalist or adventurer and possessed of other revenue in these different capacities.

The Tiraz

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is part of royal and governmental pomp and dynastic custom to have the names of rulers or their peculiar marks embroidered on the silk, brocade, or pure silk garments that they wear.

Carry out strategic planning for the realization of socialist modernization

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Carry out strategic planning for the realization of socialist modernization and successfully create, develop and improve socialism with Chinese characteristics

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, faced with a situation in which all wastes and all undertakings were waiting to be revived, the Chinese Communists, mainly represented by Comrade Deng Xiaoping, clearly proposed to follow their own path and build socialism with Chinese characteristics, formulated a development strategy for basically realizing socialist modernization in three steps by the middle of the 21st century, and successfully created socialism with Chinese characteristics.

HUMAN NATURE IN POLITICS

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It remains to answer our question about the definiteness and independence of the voter’s will, his powers of observation and interpretation of facts, and his ability to draw, clearly and promptly, rational inferences from both. This subject belongs to a chapter of social psychology that might be entitled

Mercantilism, Usury Laws, Stamped Money, Under-Consumption Theories

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Book 6 Short Notes Suggested by the General Theory

FOR 200 years, people saw:

a national advantage in a favourable balance of trade
a grave danger in an unfavourable balance

This is more if it results in an efflux of the precious metals.

Reversing Strategic 'Shrinkage'

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan has been a strategically challenged since it was created.

It faces hostility from India; gross
It has:
- inadequacies in the military and financial and bureaucratic structures
- a huge refugee influx.

Pakistan survived those early years due to:

The methods of waging war

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The origin of war is the desire of certain human beings to take revenge on others. Each (party) is supported by the people sharing in its group feeling.

The Profits of the Operative Labourer

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 4: The Profits of the Operative Labourer

Simple, or rude labour may be executed by any man possessed of life and health; wherefore, bare existence is all that is requisite to insure a supply of this description of industry.

Why Alchemy is Wrong

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The (alchemical) process follows these lines:

The (alchemists) take a substance possessing primary preparedness. They use it as the basis.

In treating and processing it, they imitate the way nature processes substances in mines and, eventually, transforms them into gold or silver. They (try) hard to increase the active and passive powers (in the process), so that it will be completed in a shorter time (than required by nature). It has been explained in the proper place that an increase in the power of the agent shortens the time needed for his activity.

Rand's 2 Basic Minimum Principles

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Founding Fathers were America’s first intellectuals and, so far, her last.

It is their basic political line that the New Intellectuals have to continue. Today, that line is lost under layer upon layer of evasions, equivocations and plain falsehood; today’s Witch Doctors claim that the basic premise of the Founding Fathers was faith and uncritical compliance with tradition; today’s Attila-ists claim that that basic premise was the subordination of the individual to the collective and his sacrifice to the public good.

HUMAN NATURE IN POLITICS

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Definiteness and rationality in thought and action 11 are not guaranteed by this familiarity with men and things or by that sense of reality or responsibility.

Quite a few other conditions which often fail to be fulfilled would be necessary for that. For instance, generation after generation may suffer from irrational behavior in matters of hygiene and yet fail to link their sufferings with their noxious habits.

Four Facts About Mercantilism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

III

Professor Heckscher has a great work on Mercantilism which had 4 conclusions.

Reviving the Economy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

For 4 consecutive years until 2007, Pakistan recorded encouraging but uneven economic growth.

The political turmoil of the following 2 years, mounting terrorist attacks, erosion of business confidence and the impact of the concurrent global economic crisis pushed the Pakistan economy into a severe and fundamental crisis.

The 7 Valid Purposes of Writing a literary composition

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The storehouse of human science is the soul of man. In it, God has implanted perception (idrak) enabling it to think and, thus, to acquire (scientific knowledge).

The process starts with perception (tasawwur) of the realities and is then continued by affirmation or negation of the essential attributes of the (realities), either directly or through an intermediary.

The Closed Formation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

At the beginning of Islam, all battles were fought in closed formation, although the Arabs knew only the technique of attack and withdrawal.

Two things caused them to fight in closed formation:

The Wages of the Adventurer

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Why is the adventurer’s wages are generally higher than those of the mere labourer even if he gets no profit as a capitalist?

The limit of strict necessity varies, not only according to the more or less comfortable condition of the labourer, and his family, but likewise according to the several items of expense reputed unavoidable in the country he inhabits.

Other Relations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS

Something unreasonable in most Men.

There is scarce any one that does not observe something that seems odd to him, and is in itself really extravagant, in the opinions, reasonings, and actions of other men.

Silvio Gesell

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Gesell was a successful German[26] merchant in Buenos Aires. He studied monetary problems by the crisis of the late ’80s, which was especially violent in Argentina.

The Afghan Conundrum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In Afghanistan: a war going in the wrong direction, a fatally flawed election, reconstruction at a standstill and a growing political vacuum that the Taliban is filling even as some NATO countries contemplate withdrawing their troops.

The Difficult Road Back to Strategic Assertion

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Washington and its allies was able to act so blatantly against Pakistan’s national interests because of:

the domestic vulnerability weakness of Pakistani leaders
their complete dependence on the US for survival

This did not end with the change of government in 2008.

The great number of scholarly works is an obstacle to attaining scholarship

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Among the things that are harmful to the human quest for knowledge and to the attainment of a thorough scholarship are the great number of works (available), the large variety in technical terminology (needed for purposes) of instruction, and the numerous (different) methods (used in those works).

The Independence accruing to the Moderns from the Advancement of Industry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The maxims of political economy are immutable.

the same cause regularly producing the same effect; the wealth of Tyre and of Amsterdam originated in a common source. It is society that has been subject to change, in the progressive advancement of industry.

The Reason For Low And High Tax Revenues

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

At the beginning of the dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments.

This is because when the dynasty follows the ways (sunan) of the religion.

Section 2: Grasp the strategic connotation of a modern powerful socialist country

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The 19th CPC National Congress gave a macroscopic outlook and overall description of “basically realizing socialist modernization” and “comprehensively building a modern and powerful socialist country”, which has profound connotations and rich meanings, and has distinct characteristics of comprehensiveness, people’s nature, practicality, and epochality.

The Great Many Brief Handbooks On Scholarly Subjects Is Detrimental To Instruction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Many recent scholars have turned to brief presentations of the methods and contents of the sciences.

They want to know the methods and contents.
They present them systematically in the form of brief programs for each science.

These brief handbooks express all the problems of a given discipline and the evidence for them in a few brief words that are full of meaning.

We the Living

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This novel was published in 1936 and reissued in 1959.

Its theme is: the individual against the state; the supreme value of a human life and the evil of the totalitarian state that claims the right to sacrifice it.

HUMAN NATURE IN POLITICS

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

IV. REASONS F OR T HE S URVIVAL O F T HE C LASSICAL D OCTRINE

But how is it possible that a doctrine so patently contrary to fact should have survived to this day and continued to hold its place in the hearts of the people and in the official language of governments?

Benevolence vs. Self-Love

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Godwin in the preface to his Enquirer, drops a few expressions which seem to hint at some change in his opinions since he wrote the Political Justice; and as this is a work now of some years standing, I should certainly think that I had been arguing against opinions which the author had himself seen reason to alter, but that in some of the essays of the Enquirer, Mr Godwin’s peculiar mode of thinking appears in as striking a light as ever.

Keynes' Journey

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The book “The Physiology of Industry”, published in 1889 by J. A. Hobson and A. F. Mummery, was the first open step in my heretical career.

The Conventional Military Balance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan has an effective conventional defence capability against India, due to:

better strategic planning and acquisitions, mainly from China
lethargy and mistakes in India’s defence acquisition and development programmes.

However, India has embarked on a major arms build-up which includes plans to acquire 120 plus advanced strike aircraft, nuclear submarines, AWACs (Airborne Warning and Control systems), antiballistic missiles, satellite and space capabilities.

The Obama Administration and Pakistan

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Immediately on assuming office, President Barack Obama conducted several rapid reviews of policy towards Afghanistan and Pakistan and unveiled his first plan on 27 March 2009.

The new policy promised major attention to be paid to what was now termed Af-Pak and the region.

The Revenue of Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The capital used in productiion establishes a demand for capital to be so employed. It enables its owners to charge for that service.

“The profit of capital” earned by capitalist is distinct from the profit of the industry employing it.

The Right Attitude In Scientific Instruction And How To Give Such Instruction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The teaching of scientific subjects to students is effective only when it proceeds gradually and little by little.

At first, the teacher presents the student with the principal problems within each chapter of a given discipline.

China's modernization adheres to peaceful win-win cooperation

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

China’s modernization is a modernization that adheres to win-win cooperation and follows the path of peaceful development

China’s modernization adheres to the concept of peaceful development and win-win cooperation, does not follow the Western path of aggression, colonization and expansion, and does not agree with the logic of “a strong country must be hegemonic”, and has successfully opened up a road to the rejuvenation of a great power that is “strong but not hegemonic.”

A Ruler doing Commercial Activity is Ruinous to the Tax Revenue

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A dynasty may find itself in financial trouble because of its:

luxury and high expenditures and
the insufficiency of the tax revenue to pay them.

So it imposes customs duties on the commercial activities of its subjects.

The premium of insurance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Thus, the ratio of the premium of insurance, which frequently forms the greater portion of interest, depends on the degree of security presented to the lender. This security consists chiefly in 3 circumstances;

The Ruler And His Entourage Are Wealthy Only In The Dynasty's Middle Period

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

At the start of the dynasty, the revenues are distributed among the tribe 659 and the people who share in the ruler’s group feeling, in accordance with their usefulness and group feeling and because they are needed to establish the dynasty, as we have stated before.

The Social Philosophy Arising From the General Theory

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

THE outstanding faults of the economy are:

its failure to provide for full employment
its arbitrary and inequitable distribution of wealth and incomes.

My theory will obviously affect employment. But it is also relevant to inequality in 2 respects.

The study of the auxiliary sciences should not be prolonged

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are 2 kinds of sciences:

The religious sciences

This includes Qur’an interpretation, Prophetic traditions, jurisprudence, and speculative theology

The 2-step strategic arrangement

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The “2-step” strategic arrangement for the new era on the basis of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way

In accordance with the “two-step” strategic arrangement for the new era on the basis of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, to promote China’s socialist modernization drive, it is necessary to accelerate the development process and raise the level of development, which is both an inspiring grand blueprint and a historical process of unremitting struggle. This requires the whole party and the people of the whole country to grasp the international and domestic situation and China’s development conditions, seize the opportunity, seize the momentum, earnestly accelerate the process of socialist modernization, strive to expand the broad space of socialist modernization, and effectively promote the comprehensive improvement of China’s material, political, spiritual, social and ecological civilizations.

Another Theory Of Democracy

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

1. Competition For Political Leadership

Most students of politics have by accepted the criticisms on the classical doctrine of democracy in the preceding chapter.

Most of them accept another theory which is much truer to life and at the same time salvages much of what sponsors of the democratic method really mean by this term. Like the classical theory, it may be put into the nutshell of a definition.

Involuntary Employment

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

My theory:

is moderately conservative
indicates the vital importance of establishing central controls in matters which nowadays are left to individual initiative

The State will have to guide the propensity to consume:

The Enlargement of Government and the End of War

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The enlargement of government is for adjusting the propensity to consume and the inducement to invest.

To a contemporary American financier, this would seem as a terrific encroachment on individualism.

But it is the only practicable means of avoiding the entire destruction of existing economies and individual initiative.*

The India Factor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Can Pakistan and India move away from their enduring rivalry and make peace?

Can the shadow of the November 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks be removed by sustained diplomatic engagement between the two countries?

The Instruction of Children

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Instructing children in the Qur’an is a symbol of Islam.

Muslims have, and practice, such instruction in all their cities. This is because it imbues hearts with a firm belief in Islam and its articles of faith, which are (derived) from the verses of the Qur’an and certain Prophetic traditions.

The Profits of Capital

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

We have now sufficiently considered the nature and motive of the interest paid by the borrower to the lender of capital, and, though it appears pretty plainly, that this interest is com- pounded of the rent of the capital, and of the premium of insurance against the risk of its partial or total loss, we have also seen enough, to comprehend the extreme difficulty of severing and distinguishing these two ingredients.

The reduction of the allowances given by the ruler reduces the tax revenue

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Dynasty and government serve as the world’s greatest marketplace, providing the substance of civilization.

The property of the ruler’s entourage will be small if:

the ruler holds on to property and revenue, or
they are lost or not properly used by him

The gifts which they, in their turn, had been used to give to their entourage and people, stop. All their expenditures are then cut down.

Anthem

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This novelette was first published in England in 1938.

Its theme is: the meaning of man’s ego. It projects a society of the future, which has accepted total collectivism with all of its ultimate consequences: men have relapsed into primitive savagery and stagnation.

Definitions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Word	Keynesian Definition	Superphysics Definition
User cost	The entrepreneur’s cost of using his own equipment
Full employment	the maximum quantity of employment at a given real wage	All beings wanting to work being able to work
Marginal Disutility of Employment		Slave Wages
Multiplier
Natural Interest Rate	The interest rate which will preserve the status quo	The rate that keeps economic balance in order to maintain zero inflation

Injustice

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Injustice should not be understood to imply only the confiscation of money or other property from the owners, without compensation and without cause.

It is commonly understood in that way, but it is something more general than that.

Nuclearisation and Impact of 9/11

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

On May 11 and 13 1998, India conducted 5 nuclear tests codenamed ‘Shakti’ and proclaimed it to be a nuclear weapon state. They created a great sense of alarm in Pakistan.

Severity to students does them harm

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Severe punishment during teaching harms the student, especially little children, because it belongs among the things that make for a bad habit.

The Employments of Capital most beneficial to Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When a nation has an immense accumulation of capital, it will do well to embark it in all these different channels of industry; for they are all lucrative.

and in nearly equal degree to the capitalist, though in very different degrees to the nation at large.

The Principle Applied

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The theory outlined in the preceding section we are now going to try out on some of the more important features of the structure and working of the political engine in democratic countries.

Access to the ruler becomes restricted in a dynasty growing senile

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

At the beginning, the dynasty is remote from royal aspirations.

It needs group feeling through which its power and domination can materialize, and the desert attitude is characteristic of group feeling.

Scholars are least familiar with the ways of politics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scholars are used to mental speculation and to a searching study of ideas which they abstract from the sensibilia and conceive in their minds as general universals.

This makes them applicable to some matter in general, but not to any particular matter, individual, race, nation, or group of people.

The Profit of Landed Property

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

What is the profit of land independent of that accruing from the industry and capital, devoted to its cultivation; and to consider the profit of land in the abstract, and whence it originates, without any inquiry as to who may be the cultivator, whether the proprietor himself, or a tenant under him.

Persisting in Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Comprehensively Opening Up

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Reform and opening up is the most distinctive feature of contemporary China and the most distinctive character of contemporary Chinese communists. Without reform and opening up, there would be no socialism with Chinese characteristics, and there would be no excellent situation in which China is prosperous today. Since the 18th National Congress of the CCP, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has held high the banner of reform and opening up, carried forward the spirit of reform and opening up, persisted in comprehensively deepening reform and comprehensive opening up, and promoted major breakthroughs in the theory and practice of reform and opening up, creating a new situation in contemporary China’s reform and opening up.

The Inference

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I. Some Implications Of The Preceding Analysis

THE theory of competitive leadership has proved a satisfactory interpretation of the facts of the democratic process. So we shall naturally use it in our attempt to unravel the relation between democracy and a socialist order of things. As has been stated before, socialists claim not only compatibility; they claim that democracy implies socialism and that there cannot be true democracy except in socialism. On the other hand, the reader cannot but be familiar with at least some of the numerous pamphlets that have been published in this country during the last few years in order to prove that a planned economy, let alone full-fledged socialism, is completely incompatible with democracy. Both standpoints are of course easy to understand from the psychological background of the contest and from the natural wish of both parties to it to secure the support of a people the great majority of whom fervently believes in democracy. But suppose we ask: where lies the truth?

The Inference

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Parliament is in session, he is lucky if he has a couple of hours in the morning left for thinking things over and for real work. Individual miscarriages and defeats of a government as a whole are not infrequently due to physical exhaustion of the leading man or men. 4 How could he, so it might well be asked, undertake to lead and supervise an administrative organism that is to embrace all the problems of economic life?

Essay on the Principle of Population

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the Wealth of Nations, Smith inquires into the causes which affect the happiness of nations or the happiness and comfort of the lower orders of society, which is the most numerous class in every nation.

Most of the scholars in Islam have been Persians

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Most Muslim scholars both in the religious and in the intellectual sciences have been non-Arabs. When a scholar is of Arab origin, he is non-Arab in language and upbringing and has non-Arab teachers. This is so in spite of the fact that Islam is an Arabic religion, and its founder was an Arab.

Rent of Land

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 2: Rent of Land

surface, adapted to the culture of the grape, determines the supply of that productive service. If the soil, capable of grow- ing good wine, be very limited in extent, and the demand for such wine very brisk, the profit of the soil itself will be ex- travagantly high.

The division of a Dynasty into two

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The first perceptible consequence of a dynasty’s senility is that it splits.

This is because, when royal authority comes into its own and achieves the utmost luxury and prosperity and when the ruler controls all the glory and has it all for himself, he is too proud to let anyone share in it.

The only way to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The only way to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics

Reform and opening up went hand in hand with socialism with Chinese characteristics. The great practice of reform and opening up is an inexhaustible source of power for the formation and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The reason why socialism with Chinese characteristics has vigorous vitality lies in the fact that it is a socialism that implements reform and opening up. It is in the great practice of reform and opening up that socialism with Chinese characteristics has ushered in a great leap from its founding, development to perfection. Reform and opening up have deepened the understanding of the law of socialist construction and provided strong support for adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Once Senility Has Cometo a Dynasty, It Cannot Disappear

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Senility is a chronic disease that cannot be cured or made to disappear because it is something natural, and natural things do not change.

Rent of Land

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

One nation cannot take from another the revenues of its industry.

A German tailor, establishing himself in France, there makes a profit, in which Germany had no participation. But, if this tailor contrive to amass a little capital, and after the lapse of several years carry it back with him to his native country, he injures France to the same extent as a French capitalist, who should emigrate with the same amount of fortune. 82

The Nonage

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

PROLOGUE

A vast amount of research has still to be done before a history of modern socialism in action can be written that will meet the requirements of scholarship.

A person whose first language was not Arabic has a harder time acquiring the sciences

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is because all scientific research deals with ideas of the mind and the imagination.

This applies to the religious sciences in which research is mostly concerned with words and the substance of which is the laws derived from the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and the language used in (both the Qur’an and the Sunnah) that leads to (the formulation of) these (laws). These are all matters of the imagination.

How Dynasties Disintegrates

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Any royal authority must be built upon two foundations.

Might and group feeling

This is manifests in its soldiers.

The money which supports the soldiers and provides the whole structure needed by royal authority.

Disintegration befalls the dynasty at these two foundations.

The Mode in Which the Quantity of the Product Affects Population

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Trade and barter adapt the products to the general nature of the demand.

The objects most in demand are food and habitation. The wants of each family or individual, are more or less fully satisfied, in proportion to the ability to purchase these objects. which ability depends upon the productive means and exertion of each respectively; in plain terms, upon the revenue of each respectively.

The Fountainhead

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This novel was published in 1943. Its theme is: individualism versus collectivism, not in politics, but in man’s soul; the psychological motivations and the basic premises that produce the character of an individualist or a collectivist. The story presents the career of Howard Roark, an architect and innovator, who breaks with tradition, recognizes no authority but that of his own independent judgment, struggles for the integrity of his creative work against every form of social opposition—and wins.

The Subsistence Economy

Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Subsistence: The Hallmark of the Shudra Class

A subsistence economy is one where production is oriented toward immediate survival—growing just enough food, earning just enough wages, or producing just enough goods to meet the basic needs of the producer and their immediate family. There is no surplus, no savings, and no long-term investment.

The Dynasty's authority

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

At first, it expands to its limit. Then it is narrowed down in successive stages, until the dynasty dissolves 713

Chapter 3 stated that each dynasty has its specific share of provinces and districts and no more. 715 Its expansion depends 716 on the distribution of the dynasty’s group (strength) for the (military) protection of its territory and regions.

The influence of the Quality of a national product upon the local distribution of the Population

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 2. The influence of the Quality of a national product on the local distribution of the Population

The cultivation of pasture land, requires much less human labour than that of arable.

The Sciences Concerned with the Arabic language

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

There are 4 pillars of the Arabic language:

lexicography
grammar
syntax and style (bayan)
literature

Knowledge of them all is necessary for religious scholars, since the source of all religious laws is the Qur’an and the Sunnah, which are in Arabic.

The key to realizing the 2 centenary goals

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The key to realizing the “two centenary goals” and realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

Since the 15th National Congress of the CCP first put forward the “two centenary goals”, the CCP has been working hard for them. Shortly after the 18th National Congress of the CCP in 2012, Comrade Xi Jinping clearly put forward the new goal of “realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.”

The rule of the bromide.

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To preserve one’s integrity is a hard battle. Why preserve that which one knows to be corrupt already? His soul gives up its selfrespect. You’ve got him. He’ll obey. He’ll be glad to obey—because he can’t trust himself, he feels uncertain, he feels unclean. That’s one way. Here’s another. Kill man’s sense of values. Kill his capacity to recognize greatness or to achieve it. Great men can’t be ruled. We don’t want any great men. Don’t deny the conception of greatness. Destroy it from within. The great is the rare, the difficult, the exceptional. Set up standards of achievement open to all, to the least, to the most inept—and you stop the impetus to effort in all men, great or small. You stop all incentive to improvement, to excellence, to perfection. . . .

Democracy In The Socialist Order

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The judgment passed by orthodox socialism on the men of the nonage must be revised for the following reasons:

If the socialist schemes of those centuries were dreams, most of them were rationalized dreams.

What individual thinkers more or less perfectly succeeded in rationalizing were not simply their individual dreams but the dreams of the non-ruling classes. Thus, those thinkers were not living completely in the clouds; they also helped to bring to the surface what slumbered below but was getting ready to wake up. In this respect even the anarchists, back to their medieval predecessors who nourished in many a convent and still more in the tertiary groups of the Franciscan Order, acquire a significance which Marxists usually do not accord to them. However contemptible their beliefs may seem to the orthodox socialist, much of the propelling force of socialism comes, even today, from those irrational longings of the hungry soul—not belly—which they voiced. 2

How a New Dynasty Begins

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

When the ruling dynasty starts on the road to senility and destruction, the rise of the new dynasty happens in 2 ways:

The Different Kinds of Consumption

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Whatever cannot possibly lose its value is not liable to consumption.

A landed estate cannot be consumed. But its annual productive agency may; for when once that agency has been exerted, it cannot be exerted again.

The science of lexicography

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This science is concerned with explaining the (conventional) meanings of the words of the language. This comes about as follows.

The habit of the Arabic language, as far as the vowels called i’rab by the grammarians are concerned, became corrupted. 1254

Section 2: Persist in comprehensively deepening reform

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

China’s reform and opening up began with the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, adhered to the principle of prioritizing the easy before the difficult, and gradually progressively to the convening of the 18th National Congress of the CCP. After the 18th National Congress of the CCP, China’s reform entered the period of tackling tough problems and deep waters, “It can be said that the easy and happy reforms have been completed, the delicious meat has been eaten, and the rest are hard bones.“1 It can be said that the complexity, sensitivity and arduousness of further promoting reform are no less than more than 30 years ago, when reform and opening up reached a new and important juncture. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee deliberated and adopted the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform, which put forward the guiding ideology, goals, tasks and major principles for comprehensively deepening reform, rationally laid out the strategic priorities, priorities, main directions of attack, working mechanisms, promotion methods, timetables, and road maps for comprehensively deepening reform, and opened a new era of comprehensively deepening reform and promoting reform through the overall design of the system.

The Soul Of An Individualist

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This is the speech that Howard Roark makes in his own defense, while on trial for having dynamited a government housing project under construction.

He had designed the project for another architect, Peter Keating, on the agreement that it would be built exactly as he designed it.

Pestilences and Famines frequently occur when there is Abundant Civilization

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

At the beginning, dynasties are inevitably kind in the exercise of their power and just in their administration.

The Effect of Consumption in General

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The immediate effect of consumption of every kind is, the loss of value, consequently, of wealth, to the owner of the article consumed. This is the invariable and inevitable consequence, and should never be lost sight of in reasoning on this matter.

The Science Of Rhetorical Figures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This is a science which originated in Islam after Arabic philology and lexicography.

It belongs among the philological sciences because it is concerned with words and the ideas they convey and are intended to indicate.

Human Civilization Requires Political Leadership

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

People in any social organization must have someone who exercises a restraining influence and rules them and to whom recoursemay be had.

The Effect of Productive Consumption

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The value absorbed by productive consumption is called Capital. The trader, manufacturer, and cultivator, purchase the raw material 8 and productive agency, which they consume in the preparation of new products. The immediate effect is precisely the same as that of unproductive consumption, namely, to create a demand for the objects of their consumption, which operates upon their price, and upon their production.

The Inimitability of the Qur'an

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Contemporary Easterners are more concerned with commenting on and teaching (the Miftah) than any other (work).

In general, the people of the East cultivate this discipline more than the Maghribis.

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 1)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

It is your duty to:

fear the one and only God
be afraid of Him
watch Him
keep away from His wrath
guard your subjects night and day.

With the help of the good health with which God has clothed you, apply yourself to:

Socialist Groups In The United States

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the United States a totally different social pattern proved as unfavorable as was the Russian to the growth of a genuinely socialist mass movement. Thus the two cases present similarities that are no less interesting than the differences.

Socialist Groups In The United States

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

What syndicalism really is we shall see best in the French picture. 16 Before attempting to do so we shall briefly note a few things about French socialism in general.

The Situation That Marx Faced

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

According to Engels, Marx in 1847 adopted the term “communist” over “socialist” because socialism had by that time acquired a flavor of bourgeois respectability.

But Marx and Engels themselves were bourgeois intellectuals.

Language is a technical habit

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

All languages are habits similar to crafts techniques. They are habits (located) in the tongue and serve the purpose of expressing ideas.

The good or inadequate (character of such expression) depends on the perfection or deficiency of the habit. This does not apply to individual words but to word combinations.

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 2)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Have Good Opinion of Others [Stay Positive]

Have a good opinion of God, and your subjects will cause you no trouble.

In all your affairs, try to get in touch with Him, and you will always enjoy His favor.

The Effect of Unproductive Consumption in General

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The most judicious kinds of consumption are:

Such as conduce to the satisfaction of positive wants

by which term I mean those, upon the satisfaction of which depends the existence, the health, and the contentment of the generality of mankind; being the very reverse of such as are generated by re fined sensuality, pride, and caprice. Thus, the national consumption will, on the whole, be judicious, if it absorb the articles rather of convenience than of display the more linen and the less lace; the more plain and wholesome dishes, and the fewer dainties; the more warm clothing, and the less embroidery, the better. In a nation whose consump- tion is so directed, the public establishments will be remarkable rather for utility than splendour, its hospitals will be less magnificent than salutary and extensive; its roads well furnished with inns, rather than unnecessarily wide and spacious, and its towns well paved, though with few palaces to attract the gaze of strangers.

Section 3: Adhere to comprehensive openness

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform

Since the reform and opening up, the CCP has governed the country from a new perspective, attached great importance to system building, and emphasized that institutional issues are more fundamental, overall, stable and long-term. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, with great political courage and wisdom, put forward the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform with the overall goal of improving and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. This general goal responds to the objective requirements put forward by the forward expansion of the reform process, embodies the deepening and systematization of the party’s understanding of reform, and is a major breakthrough in the party’s theoretical innovation process.

The Common Good

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

“Degrees of ability vary, but the basic principle remains the same: the degree of a man’s independence, initiative and personal love for his work determines his talent as a worker and his worth as a man. Independence is the only gauge of human virtue and value. What a man is and makes of himself; not what he has or hasn’t done for others. There is no substitute for personal dignity. There is no standard of personal dignity except independence.

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 3)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Economic Policy

Do not be greedy.

Let the treasures and riches you gather and hoard up be:

piety
the fear of God
justice
the improvement of your subjects
the cultivation of their country
the supervision of their affairs
the protection of the masses
support of the unfortunates.

Once property is gathered and stored in treasuries, it does not bear fruit.

The Social Cycles of Myanmar

Tue, 27 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Cycle	Social Age
Worker	16

The current coup or civil war is explained by the populist cycle shifting to the militant cycle

Individual Consumption — Its Motives and its Effects

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Great inequality of private fortune is hostile to those kinds of consumption, that must be regarded as most judicious.

In proportion as that inequality is more marked, the artificial wants of the population are more numerous, the real ones more scantily supplied, and the rapid consumption more common and destructive. The patrician spendthrifts and imperial gluttons of ancient Rome thought they never could squander enough. Besides, immoral kinds of consumption are infinitely more general, where the extremes of wealth and poverty are found blended together.

Modern Arabic Language

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Perhaps, if we were to concern ourselves with the presentday Arabic language and evolve its laws inductively, we would find other things and possibilities indicating what the vowel endings, which no longer exist, used to indicate, things that exist in the (present-day language) and that have their own peculiar rules.

Tahir bin al-Husayn's Letter (Part 4)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Taxation Policy

The land tax maintains the subjects.

Through it, God has:

strengthened and exalted Islam
helped and protected the Muslims
confounded and annoyed the enemies of Islam
humbled and humiliated the people of the enemy

Therefore, distribute the land tax among those to whom it belongs. Do it justly, fairly, equitably, and generally.

The truth about the Fatimid

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

At the end of time, a man from the family of the Prophet will appear.

He will strengthen Islam and make justice triumph. The Muslims will follow him. He will dominate over the Muslim realm.

FROM 1875 TO 1914

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I. ENGLISH DEVELOPMENTS and the SPIRIT Of fABIANISM

THERE is some symbolic significance in these two dates.

1875 saw the birth of the first purely socialist party that was powerful enough to count as a factor in politics.

Sweden On The One Hand And Russia On The Other

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Every country has its own socialism. But things did not differ greatly from the English paradigma in those continental countries whose contributions to humanity’s fund of cultural values is so strikingly out of proportion to their size—the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries in particular. Take Sweden for an instance. Like her art, her science, her politics, her social institutions and much besides, her socialism and her socialists owe their distinction not to any peculiar features of principle or intention, but to the stuff the Swedish nation is made of and to its exceptionally well-balanced social structure. That is why it is so absurd for other nations to try to copy Swedish examples; the only effective way of doing so would be to import the Swedes and to put them in charge.

Abu Dawud

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Abu Dawud published a tradition relating to all in the chapter (on the Mahdi).

It was transmitted by Fitr b. Khalifah, on the authority of:

al-Qasim b. Abi Bazzah
- Abu t-Tufayl
  - Ali
    - the Prophet

The Prophet said: “If only one day of the whole duration of the world remained, God would send a man of my family who will fill the world with justice, as it had been filled with injustice.”

Public Consumption

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 1: The Nature and general Effect of Public Consumption

Besides the wants of individuals and of families which it is the object of private consumption to satisfy, the collection of many individuals into a community gives rise to a new class of wants, the wants of the society in its aggregate capacity, the satisfaction of which is the object of public consumption.

The current language of sedentary is different from the Mudar

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The usual form of address used among the urban and sedentary population is not the old Mudar language nor the language of the (present-day) Arab Bedouins.

Opening up to the outside world

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Opening up to the outside world is China’s basic national policy. Over the past 40 years, China has persisted in opening its doors to construction, transforming itself from a relatively closed economy into an economy that is deeply integrated with the world economy and increasingly open, and has achieved development achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. Since the 18th National Congress of the CCP, in the face of the new era and new situation, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has accurately judged the general trend of world development, accurately grasped the connotation of comprehensive opening up, persisted in actively participating in and actively promoting the process of economic globalization, developed a higher-level open economy, and promoted the formation of a new pattern of comprehensive opening up.

Section 4: Persist in using scientific methods to reform and open up

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

For a country and a nation, reform and opening up is a profound social change and a complex system project, and we must adhere to scientific methods. Looking around the world, some countries have fallen into civil war and turmoil due to poor decision-making and improper methods on the issue of reform and opening up, and there are many examples of people living in poverty and national division. A very important reason for the success of China’s reform and opening up is that it has adhered to the world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and accurately grasped the internal laws of reform and opening up. Both positive and negative experiences show that reform and opening up do not necessarily bring success; Successful reform and opening up must adhere to scientific methods. Whether it is summing up the historical experience of reform and opening up for more than 40 years or deploying a new era to comprehensively deepen reform, Comrade Xi Jinping attaches great importance to and repeatedly emphasizes the importance of adhering to scientific methods.

Essay on the Principle of Population

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A question seems naturally to arise here whether the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour be the proper definition of the wealth of a country, or whether the gross produce of the land, according to the French economists, may not be a more accurate definition.

Essay on the Principle of Population

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The sorrows and distresses of life form another class of excitements that are necessary to:

Abu Dawud

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scholars differ on whether ‘Imran al-Qattan can be used as evidence.

Al-Bukhari published traditions of his only as additional evidence, and not as the sole basis. Yahya alQattan used not to transmit any traditions on his authority.

The habit of the Mudar language

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

49. The habit of the (Mudar) language is different from Arabic philology and can dispense with it in (the process of) instruction.

This is because Arabic philology is merely a knowledge of the rules and forms of this habit. It is the knowledge of a quality, 1 369 and not a quality itself. It is not the habit itself. Rather, it is comparable to a person who has a theoretical knowledge of a craft but does not know how to exercise it in practice.

The principal Objects of National Expenditure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Governments that have been perpetually pressed with the lack of money have been obliged into the most ruinous expedients to extricate themselves.

Charles the Bald put his titles and safe-conducts up for sale.
Charles 2nd of England:
- sold Dunkirk to the French king
- took a bribe of £80,000 from the Dutch, to delay the sailing of the English expedition to the East Indies, 1680, intended to protect their settlements in that quarter, which, in consequence, fell into the hands of the Dutchmen. 38

Louis 14th towards the close of his reign utterly exhausted his resources
- He had to create the most ridiculous offices, making his counsellors of state, one an inspector of fagots, another a licenser of barber-wigmakers, another, visiting inspector of fresh, or taster of salt, butter, and the like.

Such paltry and mischievous expedients can never long defer the hour of calamities, that must sooner or later befal the extravagant and spendthrift governments.

Military and Naval Fees

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The power, which commonly accompanies the exercise of public functions, is a kind of salary, that often far exceeds the pecuniary emolument attached to them.

In a well-ordered state:

law is supreme
little is left to the arbitrary control of the ruler

There is little opportunity of indulging human caprice and domination.

Ibn Majah

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

In his Kitab as-Sunan, Ibn Majah published the following tradition of Abdallah b. Masud through Yazid b. Abi Ziyad, on the authority of Ibrahim, on the authority of ‘Algamah, on the authority of ‘Abdallah, who said:

The Charges of Public Instruction

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Two questions have been raised in political economy:

Is the public interested in the cultivation of science in all its branches?
Is it necessary, that the public should spend to teach those branches?

Whatever be the position of man in society, he is in constant dependence upon the three kingdoms of nature. His food, his clothing, his medicines, every object either of business or of pleasure, is subject to fixed laws.

What is the real meaning of the word 'taste'?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The word “taste” is in current use among those who are concerned with the various branches of literary criticism (bayan). It means the tongue’s possession of the habit of eloquence. What eloquence is 1380 was explained above.

adhere to the pilot project and promote the comprehensive promotion

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Adhere to the pilot project and promote the comprehensive promotion

Adhering to the principle of pilot projects and promoting them in an all-round way is an important method and important experience of reform and opening up. The pilot project is to accumulate experience and find out the rules for comprehensive promotion. Comprehensive promotion is based on the pilot first, which is the goal pursuit and final embodiment of the pilot first. Reform and opening up has been continuously developed in the course of promoting pilot projects to comprehensive and local to the overall situation. China’s reform and opening up began with pilot projects. This is true of the pilot reform of state- owned enterprises in the early stage of reform and opening up, the four special economic zones of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen as “test fields” for opening up to the outside world, or the establishment of the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone after the 18th National Congress of the CCP to explore new forms of trade facilitation. To promote reform and opening up, it is not necessary to carry out pilot projects in all aspects and fields. In practice, for reforms that must make breakthroughs but are not so sure for the time being, we adopt the method of pilot exploration and throwing stones to ask for directions, carry out experiments first, respect practice and creation, encourage bold exploration, dare to open up, gain experience, see it accurately, and then push it away. For reforms that are not yet deep enough in understanding, but must be promoted, we must boldly explore and pilot the reforms. Some reforms involve deep-seated institutional factors and complex interest relationships, and it is difficult to push them out on the surface for a while; it is necessary to give play to the role of scouts and advance teams in the pilot reforms, find out the rules, build consensus, and accumulate experience and create conditions for comprehensively pushing them out. Seeking comprehensive advancement on the basis of pilot projects can effectively reduce the overall cost and risk of promotion, and is more conducive to steadily advancing reform and opening up.

Ikrimah b. Ammar

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Muslims published traditions of Ikrimah b. Ammar, but only where the same tradition is reported by others.

Some scholars considered him weak, others reliable.

Abu Hatim ar-Razi said= “He transmits traditions from authorities without stating whether he actually heard them from them. His traditions are acceptable only if he expressly states that he heard them.” 916a In the Mizan, adh-Dhahabi said with regard to ‘Ali b. Ziyad= “It is not known who he is.”

The Actual Contributors to Public Consumption

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A portion of the objects of public consumption have, in some very rare instances, been provided by a private individual.

We see occasional acts of private munificence, in the erection of a hospital, the laying out of a road, or of public gardens upon the land, and at the cost, of an individual. In ancient times, examples of this kind were more frequent, though much less meritorious. The private opulence of the ancients was commonly the fruit of domestic, or provincial, plunder and peculation, or perhaps the spoil of a hostile nation. purchased with the blood of fellow-citizens.

The urban population is generally deficient in linguistics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The more remote urban people are from the Arabic language, the more difficult 1392 it is for them to obtain it.

Atlas Shrugged

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This novel was published in 1957. Its theme is: the role of the mind in man’s existence—and, as corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest.

Qurrah b. Iyas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The following tradition of Qurrah b. Iyas was published by Abu Bakr al-Bazzar in his Musnad, and by at-Tabarani in his Large and Medium Mu’jams. 933

Qurrah said that the Prophet Muhammad said that: ‘The earth will be filled with injustice and crime.

The division of speech into poetry and prose

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The Arabic language and Arab speech are divided into two branches. (One of them) is rhymed poetry. It is speech with meter and rhyme, which means that every line of it ends upon a definite letter, which is called the “rhyme.” The other branch is prose, that is, non-metrical speech.

The Effect of Taxation in general

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Taxation is the transfer of a portion of the national products from the hands of individuals to those of the government, for the purpose of meeting the public consumption or expenditure. Whatever be the denomination it bears, whether tax, contribution, duty, excise, custom, aid, subsidy, grant, or free gift, it is virtually a burthen imposed upon individuals, either in a separate or corporate character, by the ruling power for the time being, for the purpose of supplying the consumption it may think proper to make at their expense; in short, an impost, in the literal sense.

The Ancient Sufi Interpretation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The ancient Sufis did not go into anything concerned with (the Mahdi).

All they discussed was:

their mystic activity and exertion
the resulting ecstatic experiences and states.

It was the Imamiyah and the extremist Shi’ah who discussed the preferred status of ‘Ali, the matter of his imamate, the claim (made in his behalf) to have received the imamate through the last will (of the Prophet), 949 and the rejection of the two Shaykhs (Abu Bakr and ‘Umar), as we have mentioned in connection with the discussion of Shi’ah dogmatics.950 Thereafter, there originated among them the dogma of the Infallible Imam 951 Much was written on (Shi’ah) dogmatics.

The Craft of poetry and the way of learning it

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This discipline is one of the disciplines connected with Arab speech.

The Arabs call it “poetry” (shi’r). It exists in all the other languages. Here, however, we speak only about Arabic poetry. It is possible that the speakers of other languages, too, find in (poetry) the things they desire to express in their speech.

The different Modes of Assessment, and the Classes they press ups respectively

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 2: The different Modes of Assessment, and the Classes they press ups respectively

A 1% tax on the redemption of ground-rents and rent-charges was virtually a penalty upon an act, equally advantageous to the parties and to the community at large; a fine upon the meritorious exertions of prudent land-owners to pay off their incumbrances.

The New Normal of Economic Development and Achieving High-Quality Development

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since the 18th National Congress of the CCP, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has taken charge of the general trend of domestic and foreign development, grasped the new characteristics and new requirements of China’s economic development, and clearly put forward a series of new concepts, ideas and strategies such as China’s economic development entering a new normal, adhering to the supply-side structural reform as the main line, accelerating the construction of a modern economic system, and promoting high-quality economic development, effectively leading the overall situation of China’s economic development in the new era and ensuring sustainable and healthy economic and social development. It has become an important content of Xi Jinping’s socialist economic thought with Chinese characteristics for a new era.

The Martyrdom Of The Industrialists

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This is part of a conversation between Francisco d’Anconia and Hank Rearden, a self-made man who has risen to the position of the country’s greatest steel industrialist. (Francisco speaking.)

“You, who would not submit to the hardships of nature, but set out to conquer it and placed it in the service of your joy and your comfort—to what have you submitted at the hands of men? You, who know from your work that one bears punishment only for being wrong—what have you been willing to bear and for what reason? All your life, you have heard yourself denounced, not for your faults, but for your greatest virtues. You have been hated, not for your mistakes, but for your achievements. You have been scorned for all those qualities of character which are your highest pride. You have been called selfish for the courage of acting on your own judgment and bearing sole responsibility for your own life. You have been called arrogant for your independent mind. You have been called cruel for your unyielding integrity. You have been called anti-social for the vision that made you venture upon undiscovered roads. You have been called ruthless for the strength and self-discipline of your drive to your purpose. You have been called greedy for the magnificence of your power to create wealth. You, who’ve expended an inconceivable flow of energy, have been called a parasite. You, who’ve created abundance where there had been nothing but wastelands and helpless, starving men before you, have been called a robber. You, who’ve kept them all alive, have been called an exploiter. You, the purest and most moral man among them, have been sneered at as a ‘vulgar materialist.’

The Social Cycles of Palestine

Sat, 27 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Cycle	Social Age
Warrior	13

Palestine’s social cycle is exactly 13 years (the time from the First Intifada of 1987 [Trader Cycle] to the Second Intifada of 2000 [Worker Cycle]).

Taxation in Kind

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Section 3: Taxation in Kind

Taxation in kind is the specific and immediate appropriation of a portion of the gross product to the public service.

It has this advantage, of calling on the producer only for what he has actually in hand, in the identical shape which it happens to be under. Belgium, after its conquest by France, found itself at times unable to pay its taxes, in spite of abundant crops; the war, and the prohibition of exportation, obstructed the sale of its produce, which the government enforced by demanding payment in money; whereas, the taxes might have been collected without difficulty, had the government been content to take payment in kind.

The Fatimids, the Talibids, the Quraysh

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The group feeling of the Fatimids and the Talibids, that of all the Quraysh, has everywhere disappeared.

There are other nations, whose group feeling has gained the upper hand over that of the Quraysh.

What is Poetry?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The prosodists define poetry as a metrical rhymed speech. This is a wrong defintion. Prosody considers poetry only 1466 under the aspect of the agreement of the verses (of a poem), with respect to the number of successive syllables with and without vowels, 1467 as well as with respect to the similarity of the last foot of thefirst hemistich of the verses of a poem to the last foot of the second hemistich.

China's economic development trend is The new normal

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. China’s economic development trend is the new normal

Under the new normal, a series of new characteristics of economic development show that the evolution of China’s economy to a stage with high quality and more optimized structure is a natural process, which is in line with the spiraling movement law of things.

Forecasting the future of dynasties and nations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

This includes a discussion of predictions (malahim) and an exposition of the subject called “divination” (jafr)

This innate desire to know future is especially great with important events. People want to know, for instance, how long the world or certain dynasties are going to last.

National Debt

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

To this fixation of the tax, many writers attribute the high state of the cultivation of the land in England.

It may have done much to promote improvement. But, what would be thought of a government that should say to a tradesman in a small way of business, “You are trading in a small way upon a small capital, and consequently pay very little in direct taxes.

Poetry and prose work with words, and not with ideas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Both poetry and prose work with words, and not with ideas.

The ideas are secondary to the (words). The (words) are basic. The craftsman who tries to acquire the habit of poetry and prose uses words for that purpose. He memorizes appropriate words from Arab speech, so as to be able to employ it frequently and have it on his tongue. Eventually, the habit of the Mudar language becomes firmly established in him. He becomes free from the non-Arab (linguistic habits) in which he was reared among the people of his race.

How to fix Pakistan

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

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Natural and contrived speech

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The secret and spirit of speech that is, expression and address - lie in conveying ideas.

If no effort is made to (convey ideas), (speech) is like “dead land” (mawat) 1568 which does not count.

Public Credit, its Basis, and the Circumstances that endanger its Solidity

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The sentiments of lenders and of mankind are more powerfully operated upon by the impressions of the moment, than by any other motive; experience of the past must be very recent, and the prospect of the future very near, to have any sensible effect.

The Zajal Playpoem (mal'abah)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Another prediction work in the Maghrib is a zajal “playpoem” (mal’abah) which is attributed to a Jew.

The poet mentioned in it the judgments of the conjunctions of the two superior, the two unlucky, and other planets for his time. He mentioned that he would die a violent death in Fez, and people think that that actually happened.

The Meaning Of Sex

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This is from a conversation between Francisco d’Anconia and Hank Rearden, who are in love with the same woman, though neither one of them knows it. (Francisco speaking.)

“Do you remember what I said about money and about the men who seek to reverse the law of cause and effect? The men who try to replace the mind by seizing the products of the mind? Well, the man who despises himself tries to gain self-esteem from sexual adventures—which can’t be done, because sex is not the cause, but an effect and an expression of a man’s sense of his own value. . . .

How to Fix India

Thu, 27 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Day	Current Week	Current Month	Current Year
Positive Thinker	?	?	?	?

Coming Soon!

This will explain the idea of an Indian Union that will stretch from Afghanistan to Bangladesh, similar to the original Mahabharata idea of Krishna.

How to Fix Malaysia

Tue, 27 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Day	Current Week	Current Month	Current Year
?	?	?	?	?

How to Fix the Philippines with Maharlika 2050

Tue, 27 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Cycle	Social Age
Positive Warrior	12	5.5

Society Subsidizing the Rich

Dutertenomics followed the neoliberal “Ambisyon 2040” plan that catered to the merchant class of society and neglected the other 3 classes. That class is made up of business and monied interests.

Natural Speech

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Examples of natural speech which is free from contrived technique, such as, for instance, the verse of Qays b. Dharih: I go out from among the tents; perhaps, I Shall talk about you to my(self) in secret, being alone. Or the verse-of -Kuthayyir.

The Forger Ad-Daniyali

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The historians of Baghdad report that in the days of alMuqtadir, there lived in Baghdad a skillful copyist by the name of ad-Daniyali.

He gave leaves the appearance of being worn and wrote upon them in an ancient handwriting.

People of rank are above cultivating poetry

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Poetry was the archive of the Arabs, containing their sciences, their history, and their wisdom. 1604

Leading Arabs competed in it. They used to stop at the fair of ‘Ukaz 1605 to recite poetry. Each would submit his product for criticism 1606 to outstanding and intelligent personalities. Eventually, (Arab poets) came to vie in having their poems hung up at the corners of the Holy Sanctuary to which they made pilgrimage, the house of their ancestor Ibrahim (the Ka’bah).

Section 2: Deepen supply-side structural reform

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Promoting supply-side structural reform is a major innovation to adapt to and lead the new normal of economic development, an active choice to adapt to the new situation of comprehensive national strength competition after the international financial crisis, and an inevitable requirement for promoting the high-quality development of China’s economy. Comrade Xi Jinping first proposed “supply-side structural reform” at the 11th meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Leading Group in early November 2015, pointing out that “while appropriately expanding aggregate demand, efforts should be made to strengthen supply-side structural reform and focus on improving the quality and efficiency of the supply system.”, enhance the momentum of sustained economic growth, and promote the overall leap in the level of social productivity in China.”1

Essay on the Principle of Population

Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The view of human life which results from the contemplation of the constant pressure of distress on man from the difficulty of subsistence, by shewing the little expectation that he can reasonably entertain of perfectibility on earth, seems strongly to point his hopes to the future.

Appendix A

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Table, Showing the Result of Value Lent to the State.

A bankruptcy would probably obviate the necessity of fresh loans; but would not release an atom of the former taxation, where the interest of the debt is habitually paid, not with the proceeds of taxation, but with new loans. Thus, the burthens of the people would not be alleviated, 114 nor the charges of production reduced= consequently there would be no sensible reduction in the price of commodities; nor would British products find a readier market either at home or abroad. General Fund, whence all Revenue is derivable; consisting of the Total Natural Agency, Capital and Industry, at the command of the Nation, divided into four equal portions, whereof respectively each individual is supposed to possess a share, proportionate to his Wealth. Of this stock, the only part applicable to the purpose of a National Loan, is the transferable or floating value, capable of acting as capital.

How to Fix Russia (and Ukraine)

Sat, 05 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Cycle	Social Age
Negative Warrior	15	5

The Russia-Ukraine war

The Russia-Ukraine war really began in abstract on February 8, 2022 when the French President Macron failed to get the Russian President Putin to change his plan to attack Ukraine which actually began on February 24.

The way of supply-side structural reform is to increase effective supply

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. The Way Of Supply-Side Structural Reform Is To Increase Effective Supply

This way is mainly to increase the supply of:

effective systems
effective technology
high-quality products

A. Deepen the reform of the market economy and increase the supply of effective systems.

The key lies in the market players.

Howard Roark's Speech

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The first year, he figured out a work process that saved us thousands of manhours. He gave it to ‘the family,’ didn’t ask anything for it, either, couldn’t ask, but that was all right with him. It was for the ideal, he said. But when he found himself voted as one of our ablest and sentenced to night work, because we hadn’t gotten enough from him, he shut his mouth and his brain. You can bet he didn’t come up with any ideas, the second year.

Deeply understand the connotation of high-quality development

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Deeply understand the connotation of high-quality development

High-quality economic development can be understood from both narrow and broad perspectives. In a narrow sense, high-quality economic development means that an economy (or enterprise) can rationally allocate production factors through scientific and technological means in terms of input, promote efficiency changes, realize the allocation of resource factors from extensive operation to intensive and economical operation, and greatly improve the utilization efficiency of resource factors; It can promote quality change and power change through technological innovation and management innovation, so that the output quality and efficiency can be significantly improved. In a broad sense, understanding high-quality economic development is not only limited to the scope of economic growth, but also considers social, political, cultural and ecological influencing factors. Specifically, high-quality economic development should contain the following connotations. First, high-quality development is the development that embodies the new development concept. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed to establish and adhere to the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing.

Notes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

My brother, Louis Say of Nantes, has attacked this position in a short tract “Principales Causes de la Richesse et de la Misère des Peuples et des Particuliers”, 8vo. Paris. Deiterville.

He lays down the maxim, that objects are items of wealth,, solely in respect of their actual utility, and not of their admitted or recognised utility.

The Forgotten Man Of Socialized Medicine

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This is the explanation given by a distinguished brain surgeon of why he joined Galt’s strike.

“I quit when medicine was placed under State control, some years ago,” said Dr. Hendricks. “Do you know what it takes to perform a brain operation? Do you know the kind of skill it demands, and the years of passionate, merciless, excruciating devotion that go to acquire that skill? That was what I would not place at the disposal of men whose sole qualification to rule me was their capacity to spout the fraudulent generalities that got them elected to the privilege of enforcing their wishes at the point of a gun. I would not let them dictate the purpose for which my years of study had been spent, or the conditions of my work, or my choice of patients, or the amount of my reward. I observed that in all the discussions that preceded the enslavement of medicine, men discussed everything—except the desires of the doctors. Men considered only the ‘welfare’ of the patients, with no thought for those who were to provide it. That a doctor should have any right, desire or choice in the matter, was regarded as irrelevant selfishness; his is not to choose, they said, only ‘to serve.’ That a man who’s willing to work under compulsion is too dangerous a brute to entrust with a job in the stockyards—never occurred to those who proposed to help the sick by making life impossible for the healthy. I have often wondered at the smugness with which people assert their right to enslave me, to control my work, to force my will, to violate my conscience, to stifle my mind—yet what is it that they expect to depend on, when they lie on an operating table under my hands? Their moral code has taught them to believe that it is safe to rely on the virtue of their victims. Well, that is the virtue I have withdrawn. Let them discover the kind of doctors that their system will now produce. Let them discover, in their operating rooms and hospital wards, that it is not safe to place their lives in the hands of a man whose life they have throttled. It is not safe, if he is the sort of man who resents it—and still less safe, if he is the sort who doesn’t.” THE NATURE OF AN ARTIST This is an excerpt from a conversation between Dagny Taggart, the heroine of the story, and Richard Halley, a great composer, who is now on strike. “Miss Taggart, how many people are there to whom my work means as much as it does to you? . . . That is the payment I demand. Not many can afford it. I don’t mean your enjoyment, I don’t mean your emotion—emotions be damned! —I mean your understanding and the fact that your enjoyment was of the same nature as mine, that it came from the same source: from your intelligence, from the conscious judgment of a mind able to judge my work by the standard of the same values that went to write it—I mean, not the fact that you felt, but that you felt what I wished you to feel, not the fact that you admire my work, but that you admire it for the things I wished to be admired. . . . There’s only one passion in most artists more violent than their desire for admiration: their fear of identifying the nature of such admiration as they do receive. But it’s a fear I’ve never shared. I do not fool myself about my work or the response I seek—I value both too highly. I do not care to be admired causelessly, emotionally, intuitively, instinctively—or blindly. I do not care for blindness in any form, I have too much to show—or for deafness, I have too much to say. I do not care to be admired by anyone’s heart—only by someone’s head. And when I find a customer with that invaluable capacity, then my performance is a mutual trade to mutual profit. An artist is a trader, Miss Taggart, the hardest and most exacting of all traders. . . .

Improve the party's leadership over economic work

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Improve the party’s ability and level of leadership over economic work

To do a good job in economic work, we must strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the party Central Committee and enhance the party’s ability and level of leadership over economic work. China’s economy is a giant ship, and the larger the volume and the greater the wind and waves, the more important it is to steer the way. The economy has entered a new normal, and the development environment facing China has undergone profound changes, and uncertainties and unstable factors have increased significantly. Economic globalization has encountered twists and turns, multilateralism has been impacted, the international financial market has been shaken, and economic and trade frictions have adversely affected enterprises’ production and operation and market expectations; China’s economy is facing new and old contradictions intertwined, cyclical and structural problems are superimposed, and economic operation is stable and changing, and changes are worried. To achieve multiple goals such as stable growth and risk prevention, complete various tasks of economic and social development, and properly handle the relationship between the current and the long term, economic development and environmental protection, and the market and the government, the difficulty of policy choices and work has increased significantly.

South Africa

Wed, 18 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

South Africa’s current xenophobia and white genocide is rooted in the negative aspects of black mentality that led to apartheid.

The Apartheid: White vs Black Oversoul

In Supersociology, moral problems are traced to the original vibration that disrupted the dharma.

Upholding and Developing Socialist Democratic Politics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Developing people’s democracy and promoting political civilization is the consistent stand and unremitting pursuit of the CCP. After the founding of New China, especially since the beginning of reform and opening up, the party has persistently integrated Marxist political theory with China’s specific realities and the characteristics of the times, and has embarked on a path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics that suits the national conditions.

The Philosophy of Objectivism

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This is the philosophy of Objectivism.

This is John Galt – am who loves his life and does not sacrifice his love or his values.

Federal Highway Administration

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Seek to refocus the FHWA on maintaining and improving the highway system.

Remove or reform rules and regulations that hamper state governments.

Reduce the amount of federal involvement in local infrastructure decisions.

The political development path of socialism with Chinese characteristics has demonstrated its unique advantages

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The political development path of socialism with Chinese characteristics has demonstrated its unique advantages

The path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics is conducive to giving play to the characteristics and advantages of the socialist system, developing people’s democracy, promoting economic and social development, safeguarding national unity, ethnic unity, people’s well-being and social harmony, and providing a strong political guarantee for the Party to unite and lead the people to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Practical requirements for the political development path of socialism with Chinese characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Practical requirements for the political development path of socialism with Chinese characteristics

Comrade Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: “The key to adhering to the path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics is to adhere to the organic unity of the party’s leadership, the people’s mastery of the country, and the rule of law.” 2 The party’s leadership, the people’s mastery of the country, and the rule of law are the basic elements of China’s socialist democratic politics, and the three are interrelated and interact to form an intrinsically unified and inseparable whole, which is a major political judgment and inevitable requirement that must be deeply understood and grasped to adhere to the path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics.

What is Rationality

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Man’s mind is his basic tool of survival.

Life is given to him, survival is not.

His body is given to him, its sustenance is not.

His mind is given to him, its content is not.

Syria

Mon, 09 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

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?	13

The Assad regime fell on Dec 8, 2024.

Federal Aviation Administration

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

With a budget of USD18.6 billion requested for FY 202311 and an international regulatory footprint, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is DOT’s most visible mode. It needs reform. Air traffic control (ATC) operations account for two-thirds of FAA’s budget, and the Air Traffic Organization (ATO) is far behind its counterparts in Australia, Canada, and Western Europe in implementing 21st century technology. The FAA’s primary mission is ATC; its two smaller functions are distributing federal airport grants and regulating all aspects of aviation safety.

Bounties On Exportation, And Prohibitions Of Importation

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A bounty on corn exports tends to lower its price to the foreign consumer.

But it has no permanent effect on the corn price in the home market.

Assume that 4l. per quarter is the the price of corn in England that can afford the usual profits.

Bounties On Production

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It may not be uninstructive to consider the effects of a bounty on the production of raw produce and other commodities, with a view to observe the application of the principles which I have been endeavouring to establish, with regard to the profits of stock, the annual produce of the land and labour, and the relative prices of manufactures and raw produce. In the first place, let us suppose that a tax was imposed on all commodities, for the purpose of raising a fund to be employed by Government, in giving a bounty on the production of corn.

Colonial Trade

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith, in his observations on colonial trade, has shewn the advantages of a free trade, and the injustice suffered by colonies, in being prevented by their mother countries, from selling their produce at the dearest market, and buying their manufactures and stores at the cheapest.

Currency And Banks

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It is not my intention to detain the reader by any long dissertation on the subject of money. So much has already been written on currency, that of those who give their attention to such subjects, none but the prejudiced are ignorant of its true principles. I shall therefore take only a brief survey of some of the general laws which regulate its quantity and value.

Doctrine Of Adam Smith On The Rent Of Land

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith says:

Adam Smith

only the produce of land that can commonly be brought to market are those that has an ordinary price which is enough to replace the stock employed to bring them, together with ordinary profits.

Effects Of Accumulation On Profits And Interest

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

No accumulation of capital will permanently reduce profits unless wages rise permanently.

If wages were were doubled, trebled, or quadrupled, the labour would easily be procured.

Gross And Net Revenue

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith constantly magnifies the advantages which a country derives from a large gross, rather than a large net income.

Adam Smith

In proportion as a greater share of the capital of a country is employed in agriculture," he says, “the greater will be the quantity of productive labour which it puts into motion within the country; as will likewise be the value which its employment adds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.

Land Tax

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A land-tax, levied in proportion to the rent of land, and varying with every variation of rent, is in effect a tax on rent.

Such a tax will not apply to the land which yields no rent, nor to the produce of the capital employed on the land with a view to profit but not pay rent.

Malthus' Opinions on Rent

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I admire Malthus’s Essay on Population.

Malthus' Other Opinions

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The real price of a commodity is here properly stated to depend on the greater or less quantity of labour and capital (that is, accumulated labour) which must be employed to produce it. Real price does not, as some have contended, depend on money value; nor, as others have said, on value relatively to corn, labour, or any other commodity taken singly, or to all commodities collectively; but, as Mr. Malthus justly says,

Poor Rates

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Taxes on raw produce, and on the profits of the farmer, will fall on the consumer of raw produce; since unless he had the power of remunerating himself by an increase of price, the tax would reduce his profits below the general level of profits, and would urge him to remove his capital to some other trade.

Preface

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The produce of the earth is derived by the united application of labour, machinery, and capital.

This is divided among 3 classes of the community:

Sudden Changes In The Channels Of Trade

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A great manufacturing country is peculiarly exposed to temporary reverses and contingencies, produced by the removal of capital from one employment to another.

The demands for the produce of agriculture are uniform, they are not under the influence of fashion, prejudice, or caprice. To sustain life, food is necessary, and the demand for food must continue in all ages, and in all countries. It is different with manufactures; the demand for any particular manufactured commodity, is subject not only to the wants, but to the tastes and caprice of the purchasers.

Taxes

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Taxes are:

a portion of the produce of the land and labour of a country, placed at the disposal of the government
always ultimately paid, either from the capital, or from the revenue of the country.

The capital of a country is either fixed or circulating, according as it is of a more or of a less durable nature.

Taxes on Gold

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The price of commodities rise in consequence of:

taxation or
difficulty of production

But the time it takes for the market price of commodities to conform to their natural price depends on:

Taxes on Houses

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There are also other commodities besides gold which cannot be speedily reduced in quantity; any tax on which will therefore fall on the proprietor, if the increase of price should lessen the demand.

Taxes on Other Commodities Than Raw Produce

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

On the same principle that a tax on corn would raise the price of corn, a tax on any other commodity would raise the price of that commodity.

If the commodity did not rise by a sum equal to the tax, it would not give the same profit to the producer which he had before, and he would remove his capital to some other employment.

Taxes on Profits

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Taxes on luxuries only fall on those who use them.

A tax on wine is paid by the consumer of wine.

But taxes on necessaries do not affect the consumers of necessaries, in proportion to the quantity consumed by them, but often in a much higher proportion.

Taxes on Raw Produce

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The price of corn is regulated by the cost of its production on that land exclusively, or rather with that capital exclusively, which pays no rent, it will follow that whatever may increase the cost of production will increase the price; whatever may reduce it, will lower the price.

Taxes on Rent

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A tax on rent would affect rent only; it would fall wholly on landlords, and could not be shifted to any class of consumers.

The landlord could not raise his rent, because he would leave unaltered the difference between the produce obtained from the least productive land in cultivation, and that obtained from land of every other quality.

Taxes on Wages

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Taxes on wages will raise wages, and therefore will diminish the rate of the profits of stock.

A tax on necessaries will raise their prices, and will be followed by a rise of wages. The only difference between a tax on necessaries, and a tax on wages is, that the former will necessarily be accompanied by a rise in the price of necessaries, but the latter will not; towards a tax on wages, consequently, neither the stockholder, the landlord, nor any other class but the employers of labour will contribute.

Taxes Paid By The Producer

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mr Say greatly magnifies the inconveniences which result if a tax on a manufactured commodity is levied at an early, rather than at a late period of its manufacture.

The manufacturers, he observes, through whose hands the commodity may successively pass, must employ greater funds in consequence of having to advance the tax, which is often attended with considerable difficulty to a manufacturer of very limited capital and credit. To this observation no objection can be made.

The Comparative Value Of Gold, Corn, And Labour, In Rich And In Poor Countries

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith

Gold and silver, like all other commodities naturally seek the market where the best price is given for them; and the best price is commonly given for every thing in the country which can best afford it. Labour, is the ultimate price which is paid for every thing; and in countries where labour is equally well rewarded, the money price of labour will be in proportion to that of the subsistence of the labourer. But gold and silver will naturally exchange for a greater quantity of subsistence in a rich than in a poor country; in a country which abounds with subsistence, than in one which is but indifferently supplied with it.

But corn is a commodity, as well as gold, silver, and other things.

The Influence Of Demand And Supply On Prices

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The [natural] price of commodities is regulated by the cost of production, not by the proportion between the supply and demand.

The proportion between supply and demand might affect the market value of a commodity until it is supplied to match the changing demand.

Tithes

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tithes are a tax on the gross produce of the land.

Like taxes on raw produce, they fall wholly on the consumer.

They differ from a tax on rent, inasmuch as they affect land which such a tax would not reach; and raise the price of raw produce, which that tax e of raw produce, which that tax would not alter.

Value And Riches, Their Distinctive Properties

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith

A man is rich or poor according to the degree in which he can afford to enjoy the necessaries, conveniences, and amusements of human life.

Value then essentially differs from riches, for value depends not on abundance, but on the difficulty or facility of production. The labour of a million of men in manufactures, will always produce the same value, but will not always produce the same riches.

Federal Railroad and Maritime Policy

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Federal Railroad Policy

The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) is making decisions based on political considerations that are at variance with its safety mission. Instead of basing regulatory decisions on the costs and benefits of the available alterna- tives, FRA is promoting actions that favor the status quo and inhibit the use of technology to improve railroad safety. FRA should be making decisions based on objective evidence of the most cost-effective way to accomplish the agency’s safety goals.

Improve the country's political system

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Uphold and improve the country’s fundamental political system and basic political system

To uphold and develop socialist democratic politics, we must insist that all state power belongs to the people and demonstrate the people’s status as the main body. We must persist in and continuously improve the people’s congress system for a long time, keep pace with the times, improve and improve the basic political system, and constantly strengthen the institutional guarantee and the rule of law guarantee for the people to be masters of their own country.

The Objectivist's Morals

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Man cannot survive except by gaining knowledge.

Reason is:

his only means to gain it.
the faculty that perceives, identifies and integrates the material provided by his senses.

The task of his senses is to give him the evidence of existence, but the task of identifying it belongs to his reason, his senses tell him only that something is, but what it is must be learned by his mind.

The laboring class

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Smith uniformly and justly contends that the labouring classes cannot materially contribute to the burdens of the state. A tax on necessaries, or on wages, will therefore be shifted from the poor to the rich: if then, the meaning of Dr. Smith is, “that certain taxes are in the price of certain goods sometimes repeated, and accumulated four or five times,” for the purpose only of accomplishing this end, namely, the transference of the tax from the poor to the rich, they cannot be liable to censure on that account.

Department Of Veterans Affairs

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

MISSION STATEMENT

OVERVIEW

At the end of the Obama Administration, the VA was held in low esteem both by the veterans it served and by the employees who served these former warriors. Eroding morale caused by the downstream effects of a health care access crisis in 2014 led to the resignation of Secretary Eric Shinseki and extensive oversight investigations by Congress from 2015–2016.

Veterans Health Administration (VHA)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Needed Reforms

Rescind all departmental clinical policy directives that are contrary to principles of conservative governance starting with abortion services and gender reassignment surgery. Neither aligns with service-connected conditions that would warrant VA’s providing this type of clinical care, and both follow the Left’s pernicious trend of abusing the role of government to further its own agenda.

Promote the extensive and multi-level institutionalization of socialist consultative democracy

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Promote the extensive and multi-level institutionalization of socialist consultative democracy

Socialist consultative democracy is an important form of democracy under the leadership of the CCP, in which all aspects of the people conduct extensive consultations before and during the implementation of decisions on major issues of reform, development and stability and practical issues involving the vital interests of the masses, and strive to form consensus. 2 “Socialist consultative democracy is a unique form and unique advantage of China’s socialist democratic politics, an important embodiment of the party’s mass line in the political field, and an important content of deepening the reform of the political system"3 Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “China’s socialist consultative democracy has enriched the form of democracy, expanded the channels of democracy, and deepened the connotation of democracy. ”

Objectivist Definitions

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rationality is the recognition:

of existence
that nothing can alter the truth and nothing can take precedence over that act of perceiving the truth which is thinking
that the mind is one’s only judge of values and one’s only guide of action
that reason is an absolute that permits no compromise
that a concession to the irrational invalidates one’s consciousness and turns it from the task of perceiving to the task of faking reality
that the alleged shortcut to knowledge, which is faith, is only a short-circuit destroying the mind
that the acceptance of a mystical invention is a wish for the annihilation of existence and annihilates one’s consciousness.

Independence is the recognition that you are responsible for judgment and nothing can help you escape it.

The Social Cycles of Thailand

Mon, 15 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Cycle	Social Age

The win of the current party shows the current cycle

Consolidate and develop the patriotic united front

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Consolidate and develop the patriotic united front

The broad patriotic united front is an important part of the socialist political system with Chinese characteristics. Since the 18th National Congress of the CCP, Comrade Xi Jinping has made many important speeches on united front work, scientifically answering major questions such as why to adhere to the united front, what kind of united front to adhere to, and how to consolidate and develop the united front in the new era. For a long time, we have adhered to the important magic weapon of the patriotic united front. The united front is an important magic weapon for the CPC to win victories in the cause of revolution, construction and reform, as well as for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Whether from the perspective of historical experience or from the perspective of promoting reform and development, it is necessary to adhere to the patriotic united front for a long time.

Russian Imperialism And Communism

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The other factor that is relevant to our diagnosis is Russia’s victory over her allies. Unlike the economic success of the United States, this victory is not a possibility only, but, for the time being, an accomplished fact. Starting from a position that was none too strong—a position in which Russia according to all ordinary rules of the political game might have had to accept whatever her allies thought fit to impose and to take a back seat in the new international order—she raised herself to a position of power far beyond any she ever held under the tsars, in spite of everything that England and the United States can possibly be assumed to have wished or to have fought for. And—supreme achievement!—methods peculiar to her system of government have enabled her to extend her actual power beyond her official conquests and at the same time to make it appear much smaller than it is—so that those sham concessions at danger points that satisfy escapists and appeasers never involve any real sacrifice even if they do not, as is sometimes the case, spell actual gain. 30 If the reader recalls the aims

Communism And The Russian Element

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Socialist parties had always had trouble with hyper-radical wings. 10

Until the bolsheviks seized power in 1917, there was nothing Russian about the development of the communist groups except that the strongest man was a Russian with Mongol despotism

At the outbreak of the war:

Conditions For The Success Of The Democratic Method

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

II. THE EFFECTS of the First WORLD War on THE CHANCES Of THE SOCIALIST PARTIES OF EUROPE

Any major war that ends in defeat will shake the social fabric and threaten the position of the ruling group; the loss of prestige resulting from military defeat is one of the hardest things for a regime to survive. I do not know of any exception to this rule. But the converse proposition is not so certain. Unless success be quick or, at all events, striking and clearly associated with the performance of the ruling stratum—as was, for instance, Germany’s success in 1870—exhaustion, economic, physical and psychological may well produce, even in the case of victory, effects on the relative position of classes, groups and parties that do not differ essentially from those of defeat.

The First World War illustrates this. In the United States the effort had not been sufficiently prolonged and exhausting to show it. Even here the administration responsible for the war suffered a crushing defeat at the polls. But in all other victorious countries the prestige of the ruling strata and their hold on their people were impaired and not enhanced. For the fortunes of the German and English socialist parties, this meant the advent of power or, at all events, office. In Germany control of the central organs of society was thrust upon the party: though in order to save doctrinal face some of them as well as some anti-socialists insisted on speaking of a revolution, the fact was that they undertook government by request—and a humble request it was. In England the labor vote that had been at little over half a million in January 1910 and not quite two millions and a quarter in 1918, 7 went to 4,236,733 in 1922 and to 5,487,620 in 1924 (8,362,594 in 1929). MacDonald reconquered the leadership and in 1924 the party came into office if not really into power. In France the structure of the political world prevented any such clear-cut consummation, but the general contours were the same: there was a syndicalist revival immediately after the war, but the Confédération Générale du Travail, leaving the newly founded Confédération Générale du Travail Syndicaliste and the communist Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire to absorb inadaptable elements, discouraged revolutionary courses and slowly prepared itself for a dominant political role.

Conditions For The Success Of The Democratic Method

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

5. The Present War And The Future Of Socialist Parties

How the present war will affect the fortunes of existing socialist groups of course depends on its duration and outcome.

Conditions For The Success Of The Democratic Method

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

If a physicist observes that the same mechanism works differently at different times and places, he concludes that its functioning depends on extraneous conditions.

These conditions are as it was to see what the conditions were under which the classical doctrine of democracy might be expected to fit reality to an acceptable degree.

Democracy In The Socialist Order

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In setting forth our conclusions we had better begin with the relation between democracy and the capitalist order of things.

The ideology of democracy as reflected by the classical doctrine rests on a rationalist scheme of human action and of the values of life. By virtue of a previous argument (Chapter XI) this fact would in itself suffice to suggest that it is of bourgeois origin.

From The First To The Second World War

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

1. The “Gran Rifiuto”

During the war, the German Marxists hesitated even less than the English laborites. 1

THE CONSEQUENCES OF WORLD WAR 2

Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A LITTLE more can now (July, 1946) be added to what was said in the last section about the effects of the war on the social structure of our epoch and on the position and prospects of orthodox (i.e. non-Communist) socialist groups. It was obvious in July, 1942, that, whatever the fate of particular socialist groups, there would be another great stride toward the socialist order, and that this time the stride would be taken also in the United States. It was also clear that the fortunes of existing socialist groups would depend on the duration and outcome of the war. It was finally suggested that, in the event of a complete victory (implying unconditional surrender for the enemy) of the Anglo-American-Russian alliance, the results for orthodox socialism would differ according to whether Stalin emerged as the true victor or whether all the honors were held by England and the United States. In the latter eventuality orthodox socialism of the German Social Democratic type or laborism of the English type would stand a good chance to improve their position on the continent of Europe.

Sacrifice

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Selfishness—say both—is man’s evil. Man’s good—say both—is to give up his personal desires, to deny himself, renounce himself, surrender; man’s good is to negate the life he lives.

Sacrifice—cry both—is the essence of morality, the highest virtue within man’s reach.

The good of others

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

What is the good? Your only answer is ‘The good of others.’

The good is whatever others wish, whatever you feel they feel they wish, or whatever you feel they should feel.

Follow socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Take the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics

The positioning of the rule of law establishes the status of comprehensive rule of law in the new era, and the goal and path of rule of law construction establish the direction of efforts and the process of realizing comprehensive rule of law. In the early days after the founding of New China, while abolishing the old legal system, our party actively applied the successful experience of building the legal system in the base areas during the period of the new democratic revolution, stepped up the construction of socialist rule of law, and initially laid the foundation for socialist rule of law. Later, the construction of socialist rule of law went through a detour and paid a heavy price. In the new historical period of reform and opening up, our party has defined governing the country according to law as the basic strategy for the party to lead the people to govern the country, and ruling according to law as the basic way for the party to govern the country. The report of the 15th National Congress of the CCP in 1997 and the 1999 Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China clearly put forward the requirement of “governing the country according to law and building a socialist country ruled by law.” In January 2013, Comrade Xi Jinping put forward for the first time the goal of building a rule of law in China in his important instructions on doing a good job in political and legal work under the new situation. In October 2014, the Decision of the Central Committee of the CCP on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law adopted by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CCP pointed out: “The overall goal of comprehensively promoting the rule of law is to build a socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics and build a socialist country under the rule of law. The 19th National Congress of the CCP organically combined this general goal with the new journey of socialist construction, and proposed that by 2035, when socialist modernization is basically realized, “the rule of law country, the rule of law government, and the rule of law society will be basically completed.” The path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics is a concentrated embodiment of the achievements and experience in the construction of socialist rule of law, and the only correct path to building a socialist country under the rule of law.

Objectivist Happiness

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Emotions are inherent in your nature, but their content is dictated by your mind. Your emotional capacity is an empty motor, and your values are the fuel with which your mind fills it. If you choose a mix of contradictions, it will clog your motor, corrode your transmission and wreck you on your first attempt to move with a machine which you, the driver, have corrupted.

Notes

Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

[1] Chap. xv. part i. “Des Débouchés,” contains in particular some very important principles, which I believe were first explained by this distinguished writer.

[2] Book i. chap. 5.

[3] “But though labour be the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities, it is not that by which their value is commonly estimated. It is often difficult to ascertain the proportion between two different quantities of labour. The time spent in two different sorts of work will not always alone determine this proportion. The different degrees of hardship endured, and of ingenuity exercised, must likewise be taken into account. There may be more labour in an hour’s hard work, than in two hours’ easy business; or, in an hour’s application to a trade, which it costs ten years’ labour to learn, than in a month’s industry at an ordinary and obvious employment. But it is not easy to find any accurate measure, either of hardship or ingenuity. In exchanging, indeed, the different productions of different sorts of labour for one another, some allowance is commonly made for both. It is adjusted, however, not by any accurate measure, but by the higgling and bargaining of the market, according to that sort of rough equality, which, though not exact, is sufficient for carrying on the business of common life."—Wealth of Nations. Book i. chap. 10.

Supereconomics FAQ

Wed, 17 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Asker

What is Supereconomics?

Supereconomics

It’s the implementation of Superphysics for economics. It’s based on the 4 Laws of Value which we derived from the 4 Laws of Thermodynamics which exists from the wave nature of the universe.

VETERANS BENEFITS ADMINISTRATION (VBA)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Needed Reforms

The most evident and ongoing concern is the complexity of benefits, which can lead to confusion for the veteran and, if not mitigated early in the veteran’s interactions, long-term distrust of and animosity toward the VA. Wholesale ben- efits reform is unnecessary and politically a “third rail,” but effective managerial approaches and technology tools that currently exist in the private sector could be employed to improve existing VBA activities.

How to Fix Ukraine

Sun, 26 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Current Cycle	Years per Cycle	Social Age
To be determined	-	-

The Russia-Ukraine war is now on its second year, creating nearly the worst reality after a year of conflict.

Comprehensively deepen the practice of governing the country according to law

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Comprehensively deepen the practice of governing the country according to law

Comrade Xi Jinping proposed that we should adhere to the joint advancement of governing the country according to law, ruling according to law and administering according to law, and adhere to the integrated construction of a country ruled by law, a government ruled by law, and a society ruled by law. This important thesis points out the key elements and key links of comprehensively governing the country according to law, and clarifies the overall layout and key tasks of the rule of law construction in the new era. To deepen the practice of governing the country according to law in the new era and accelerate the construction of a socialist country ruled by law, we must take the comprehensive rule of law as a systematic project, take into account the overall consideration, grasp the key points, and plan as a whole, fully mobilize the initiative and enthusiasm of all parties, and form a good situation of coordinated development of the rule of law. Persist in administering the country according to law, ruling according to law, and administering according to law. Governing the country according to law, ruling according to law, and administering according to law are organically linked wholes, and the three are essentially the same, the goals are integrated, and the results are related, and they must cooperate with each other, promote together, and form a joint force. Governing the country according to law is the basic strategy for governing the country as determined by our Constitution. It is necessary to implement the concept of rule of law in all links of governance, throughout the entire process of reform and development, and through the construction of economic, political, cultural, social, ecological civilization and other aspects, to ensure that all organizations and individuals operate within the scope of the law.

Building a Socialist Cultural Power

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Culture is the soul of a country and a nation. Culture rejuvenates the country and prosper, culture is strong, and the nation is strong. Without a high degree of cultural self-confidence and cultural prosperity, there will be no great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. "

The Morality of Death

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

You claim that:

fear and joy are incentives of equal power
fear is the more ‘practical’

You do not wish to live, and only fear of death still holds you to the existence you have damned.

How to Fix Venezuela

Sun, 02 Nov 2014 00:00:00 +0000

The DCTI tool can diagnose the economic health of societies according the maxims of Adam Smith.

Section 2: Promote the prosperity of socialist culture

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To promote the prosperity of socialist culture, it is necessary to take Marxism as the guide, adhere to the stand of Chinese culture, base ourselves on the reality of contemporary China, and combine the conditions of the current era to develop a national, scientific and popular socialist culture oriented to modernization, the world and the future, and constantly create new splendor of Chinese culture. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “While building a high degree of material civilization, we should also raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation, develop a noble and rich and colorful cultural life, and build a high degree of socialist spiritual civilization.“1

For the New Intellectual

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This idol of your cult of zero-worship, this symbol of impotence—the congenital dependent—is your image of man and your standard of value, in whose likeness you strive to refashion your soul.

Accelerate the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Accelerate the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics

Philosophy and social sciences are important tools for people to understand and transform the world, and an important force for promoting historical development and social progress. Comrade Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out that “a country without developed natural sciences cannot be at the forefront of the world, and a country without prosperous philosophy and social sciences cannot be in the forefront of the world.”1 In the new era, philosophy and social sciences play an irreplaceable and important role in adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and building a socialist cultural power, and it is of great significance to accelerate the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics.

Promote the development of culture

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Promote the development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries

The development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries is an inevitable requirement for enriching the people’s spiritual and cultural life and ensuring the people’s cultural rights and interests, and is also the proper meaning of stimulating the vitality of the whole nation’s cultural innovation and creativity and promoting cultural prosperity. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CCP stressed that “to meet the people’s new expectations for a better life, we must provide rich spiritual food” and made major arrangements for promoting the development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries. This fully embodies our party’s people-centered development thinking, and is of great significance for achieving cultural development relying on the people, cultural development for the people, sharing the fruits of cultural development by the people, and improving cultural guidance, creativity and competitiveness.

Atlantic Charter

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The heads of the US and UK met and agreed on common national principles on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.

Section 3: The leadership of ideological work

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ideological work is an extremely important task of the party, a work that establishes the heart of the country and the soul of the nation, has a bearing on the future and destiny of the party, on the long- term peace and stability of the country, and on national cohesion and centripetal force. Comrade Xi Jinping stressed: “We must firmly grasp the leadership, management and discourse power of ideological work, and we must not leave it aside at any time, otherwise we will make irreparable historical mistakes.“1 Building a socialist ideology with strong cohesion and leading force is a major proposition for adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and a major strategic task for smoothly promoting the development of the cause of the party and the country in the new era.

Building a Socialist Cultural Power

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

persist in taking the establishment as the foundation, making breakthroughs at the same time, and constantly consolidate and strengthen mainstream ideological public opinion

In the ideological field, adhering to the emphasis on construction and building on the foundation has been the consistent policy of the CCP since the reform and opening up. The principle of stressing construction was put forward by the party in the early stage of reform and opening up on the basis of summing up positive and negative experiences, especially on the basis of summing up the lessons of the “Cultural Revolution” such as taking class struggle as the keynote and engaging in mass judgment. In recent years, the Party Central Committee has repeatedly emphasized strengthening ideological and theoretical construction, strengthening the construction of socialist core values, strengthening communication capacity building, and promoting the creation and production of excellent works, all of which run through the keynote of “construction” and “standing.”

Strive to make life better for the people

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

With the rapid development of our economy and society, the people look forward to a better life, and hope that the society will be full of vitality and remain stable and orderly. Since the 18th National Congress of the CCP, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has adhered to the people-centered development thinking, conformed to the people’s expectations for a better life, adhered to the focus on ensuring the improvement of people’s livelihood and strengthening social governance, vigorously promoted the theoretical innovation, practical innovation and institutional innovation of social construction, formed a series of new concepts, new ideas and new strategies, and provided scientific guidance and basic compliance for better promoting social construction in the new era.

Treaty of Waitangi

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

HER MAJESTY VICTORIA Queen of the UK of Great Britain and Ireland regarding with Her Royal Favor the Native Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand is anxious to:

protect their just Rights and Property
secure to them the enjoyment of Peace and Good Order

A lot of Her Majesty’s Subjects have already settled in New Zealand.

Section 3: The leadership of ideological work

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

the new goal of promoting social construction at a new starting point

In the face of the new situation of social construction in the new era, the 19th National Congress of the CCP made systematic arrangements for promoting social construction, emphasizing that “we must always put the interests of the people in the supreme position, so that the results of reform and development can benefit all the people more and more equitably, and continue to move forward towards realizing the common prosperity of all the people”; a more fulfilling, secure and sustainable sense of security.”1

Section 3: The leadership of ideological work

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Section 2: Ensuring and improving people’s livelihood in the course of development

People’s livelihood is one of the main contents of social construction. The basic people’s livelihood with education, employment, income distribution, social security, medicine and public health, and housing as the main contents is the most direct and realistic issue of interest of the broad masses of the people

Section 3: The leadership of ideological work

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Promote employment and entrepreneurship. Employment is the economic foundation and basic guarantee for people’s survival, as well as the basic condition for integration into society.

Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out that “employment is the biggest project of people’s livelihood, people’s heart, and foundation.”

Resolutely win the battle against poverty

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Resolutely win the battle against poverty

Xi Jinping

“Eliminating poverty, improving people’s livelihood and achieving common prosperity are the essential requirements of socialism. " 1

According to international poverty alleviation standards, since 1978, China has reduced poverty by 780 million people, and the number of people lifted out of poverty exceeds the combined population of the world’s most populous countries, the United States, Russia, Japan and Germany, and the country with the largest poverty reduction population in the world, contributing more than 70% to world poverty reduction.

Section 3: Strengthen and innovate social governance

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Social governance is an important task of social construction. In the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, it is necessary to adapt to the new situation and new challenges facing economic and social development, adhere to the problem-oriented, strengthen and innovate social governance, create a social governance pattern of joint construction, co-governance and sharing, take the road of socialist social governance with Chinese characteristics, and ensure that the people live and work in peace and contentment, social stability and order, and the country’s long-term peace and stability.

Actively promote innovation in social governance systems

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Actively promote innovation in social governance systems

To promote the innovation of social governance systems in the new era, mainly to strengthen the construction of mechanisms for preventing and resolving social conflicts, the construction of social security prevention and control systems, the construction of social psychological service systems, and the construction of grassroots community governance systems, so as to provide strong institutional guarantees for long-term social harmony and stability.

Towards a New Era of Ecological Civilization

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since the 18th National Congress of the CCP, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has stood at the height of the rise and fall of human civilization and the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, regarded the construction of ecological civilization as an important part of the overall layout of the “five-in-one”, and put forward a series of new concepts, ideas and strategies, forming Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization. The 19th National Congress of the CCP defined the grand goal of building a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful modern socialist country by the middle of this century, pointed out the way forward and the path for the construction of a beautiful China to move towards a new era of ecological civilization, and demonstrated the historical responsibility of Chinese communists to conform to the trend of the times and safeguard the interests of the people.

China's economic and social development problems

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

the only way to solve the difficult problems of China’s economic and social development

The CCP has always attached great importance to the construction of ecological civilization. As early as the early days of the founding of New China, the Chinese Communists represented by Comrade Mao Zedong stressed the improvement of the ecological environment and launched a vigorous campaign of “planting trees and greening the motherland” and the project of “building water conservancy and maintaining water and soil.” Since the reform and opening up, the Chinese Communists represented by Comrade Deng Xiaoping have paid great attention to environmental protection work, and the Decision of the State Council on Strengthening Environmental Protection Work in the Period of National Economic Adjustment promulgated in 1981 clearly stated that “protecting the environment is where the fundamental interests of the people of the whole country lie. In 1983, the Second National Conference on Environmental Protection established “environmental protection” as a basic national policy. The Chinese Communists represented by Comrade Jiang Zemin put forward a strategy for sustainable development, demanding that “economic development must be considered in an integrated manner with population, resources, and the environment, and we must not only make good arrangements for current development, but also consider future generation to create better conditions for future development.” 2 The Chinese Communists represented by Comrade Hu Jintao put forward the Scientific Outlook on Development and clearly demanded:

Section 2: Firmly establish the concept of socialist ecological civilization

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of ecological civilization refers to the fundamental view of the relationship between man and nature and how humans live with nature. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China took the harmonious coexistence of man and nature as one of the basic strategies for adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and emphasized the need to firmly establish the concept of socialist ecological civilization and promote the formation of a new pattern of harmonious development and modernization of man and nature. Conscientiously understanding Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, deeply understanding and striving to practice the Socialist Ecological Civilization Concept is of great significance to strengthening the construction of ecological civilization, building a beautiful China, and promoting global ecological governance.

Rule of law protects the ecological environment with the strictest system

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

5. Rule of law protects the ecological environment with the strictest system

The ecological environment is the most inclusive public good, and it is also the field most prone to “tragedy of the commons.”

Solve prominent environmental problems and curbing the spread of pollution

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Solve prominent environmental problems and curbing the spread of pollution

Comrade Xi Jinping stressed: “Environmental protection and governance should focus on solving environmental problems that harm people’s health and highlight environmental problems”,2 starting from the most prominent things that affect people’s lives, focusing on problems, aiming at “pain points”, and winning the battle against pollution.

Restore ecological environmental protection

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Restore ecological environmental protection

China’s ecological and environmental contradictions have a historical accumulation process, and it is impossible to expect complete changes in the short term. In this regard, it is necessary to establish a long-term combat concept, vigorously implement ecological protection and restoration projects, and gradually restore the overall function of the ecosystem.

A Strong Guarantee for National Rejuvenation

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Developing socialism with Chinese characteristics requires:

safeguarding national security
strengthening military support
the complete reunification of the motherland

The new realm has become an important part of Xi Jinping’s thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era.

Deeply grasp the overall concept of national security

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Deeply grasp the overall concept of national security

On April 15, 2014, at the first plenary meeting of the Central National Security Commission, Comrade Xi Jinping put forward for the first time the major strategic thinking of the overall national security concept, emphasizing that the overall national security concept should be adhered to and the road of national security with Chinese characteristics should be followed. “Adhering to the overall concept of national security” was also written into the report of the 19th National Congress of the CCP as the basic strategy for adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and was written into the revised Constitution of the CCP.

Section 2: Strengthen the army

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A strong country must strengthen its military. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Comrade Xi Jinping has focused on realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, closely focusing on what kind of strong people’s army to build in the new era and how to build a strong people’s army, forming Xi Jinping Thought on strengthening the army. Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Army clarifies a series of fundamental directional, overall and major issues in national defense and army building in the new era, opens up the road to strengthening the army with Chinese characteristics, and creates a new situation of strengthening the army and rejuvenating the army.

Promote political army building

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Promote political army building, reform and strengthening the army, rejuvenating the army with science and technology, and managing the army according to law

As the core of the Party Central Committee, the core of the whole Party and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Comrade Xi Jinping has made strategic plans for national defense and army building, put forward strategic ideas and strategic measures for adhering to political army building, reforming and strengthening the army, rejuvenating the army with science and technology, and managing the army according to law, fully promoting national defense and army building, and creating a new situation of strengthening the army and rejuvenating the army.

Build the people's army into a world-class army

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Build the people’s army into a world-class army

Speeding up the building of the people’s army into a world-class army is the political demand and ardent expectation of the party and the people for the people’s army in the new era, an inevitable requirement for realizing the “two centenary goals” and realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and also a call to action for all officers and men to promote the practice of strengthening the army.

The Looters

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Morality to you is a phantom scarecrow made of duty, boredom, punishment since pleasure cannot be moral.

Promoting the complete reunification of the Motherland

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Accomplishing the reunification of the motherland is one of the three major historical tasks of the CPC and is where the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation lie.

Since the 18th National Congre nation of the people. In 1945, the victory of the War of Resistance and the restoration of Taiwan washed away half a century of national humiliation. In 1949, the CCP led the Chinese people to win national independence and people’s liberation, established New China, and achieved the complete reunification of the mainland of the motherland by 1951. 3 But Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao are still floating away. After several generations of Chinese Communists’ relay struggle, in the 90s of the 20th century, Hong Kong and Macao successively returned to the embrace of the motherland, and the great cause of the motherland’s reunification took solid steps.

Peaceful reunification and one country, two systems

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Peaceful reunification and one country, two systems is the best way to achieve national reunification

Chinese Communists invented the principle of “one country, two systems” on how to resolve the problem of a country having 2 different social systems by unifying the country.

Maintain the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and Macao

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Maintain the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and Macao

Since the return of Hong Kong and Macao, the practice of “one country, two systems” has achieved universally recognized success. For more than 20 years, “one country, two systems” has been successfully practiced in Hong Kong and Macao, and has grown vigorously and yielded fruitful results in the storm.

Resolutely advance the process of peaceful reunification

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

4. Resolutely advance the process of peaceful reunification of the motherland

The motherland must and will be reunified. This is the historical conclusion of the development of cross-strait relations, and it is also an inevitable requirement for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era. Cross-strait Chinese and the sons and daughters of China at home and abroad should shoulder the great national righteousness, conform to the general trend of history, and jointly promote the peaceful development of cross-strait relations and the process of peaceful reunification of the motherland.

Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since the 18th National Congress of the CCP, Comrade Xi Jinping has insisted on using Marxist positions and views.

Build a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Build a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation

Building a community with a shared future for mankind and building a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, inclusiveness, cleanliness and beauty is a historical process, which cannot be achieved overnight and smooth sailing, and it is necessary to advance along the basic path of promoting the construction of a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation. The essence of building a new type of international relations is to embark on a new path of state-to-state exchanges based on dialogue rather than confrontation and partnership rather than alliance, so as to open up the way and accumulate conditions for building a community with a shared future for mankind.

Consolidate the Humanistic Foundation

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Consolidate the humanistic foundation for building a community with a shared future for mankind

Civilizations communicate through diversity, learn from each other through exchanges, and develop through mutual learning. Comrade Xi Jinping vigorously advocates strengthening exchanges and mutual learning among different countries, ethnic groups and cultures in the world, and consolidating the humanistic foundation for jointly building a community with a shared future for mankind. He clearly proposed to establish a civilizational concept of equality, mutual learning, dialogue and inclusiveness, seek wisdom and nourishment from different civilizations, provide spiritual support and spiritual comfort for people, and work together to solve various challenges facing mankind.

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Enters a New Era

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Section 2: Responsibilities and Responsibilities of Great

Power Diplomacy in the New Era

Contemporary China is an emerging developing country and a major country with decisive influence on the world stage. The history, reality and humanistic endowments of major countries determine that every big country is different, each big country has its own characteristics, and every big country must follow a development path that suits its own characteristics. Historical inheritance and historical encounters, national missions, cultural endowments, domestic and international environments, objectively require that China’s diplomacy in the new era must be a major country diplomacy with distinctive Chinese characteristics.

For the New Intellectual

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

By a feeling he has not learned to identify, but has derived from his first awareness of existence, from his discovery that he has to make choices, man knows that his desperate need of self-esteem is a matter of life or death. As a being of volitional consciousness, he knows that he must know his own value in order to maintain his own life. He knows that he has to be right; to be wrong in action means danger to his life; to be wrong in person, to be evil, means to be unfit for existence.

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Enters a New Era

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Actively lead and promote the reform of the global governance system

In today’s world, with the ebb and flow of international forces and the increasing number of global challenges, it is the general trend to strengthen global governance and promote the reform of the global governance system. Comrade Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the issue of global governance, and presided over the collective study of the Politburo on this topic twice in October 2015 and September 2016. With a broad global vision and a world mind, he asked “what is wrong with the world and what should we do? “It also accurately grasps the development trend of increasingly interdependent countries in the world, puts forward the global governance concept of consultation, co-construction and sharing, and leads the innovative development of global governance concepts and practices with Chinese wisdom, Chinese propositions and Chinese solutions.

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Enters a New Era

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Strive to build an interconnected partnership

Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The key to jointly building the Belt and Road is connectivity. “1 The core here is policy communication, facility connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds. Comrade Xi Jinping has repeatedly explained the connotation of the “five links” and put forward pragmatic measures to deepen the cooperation between the “five links.” To promote international cooperation along the “Belt and Road” is to take the “five links” as the starting point, widely condense cooperation consensus, and comprehensively improve the level of cooperation.

The character of mystics

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Their only purpose throughout the ages has been to:

undercut your consciousness
rule you by force

The rites of the jungle witch doctors:

distorted reality into grotesque absurdities
stunted the minds of their victims and kept them in terror of the supernatural

The supernatural doctrines of the Middle Ages kept men huddling on the mud floors of their hovels, in terror that the devil might steal the soup they had worked eighteen hours to earn—to the seedy little smiling professor who assures you that your brain has no capacity to think, that you have no means of perception and must blindly obey the omnipotent will of that supernatural force:

Jointly build a new platform for international cooperation that conforms to economic globalization

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Jointly build a new platform for international cooperation that conforms to the trend of economic globalization

The construction of the “Belt and Road”, from initiative to action, from concept to practice, from vision to reality, has continuously achieved fruitful results, has become a global public good welcomed by all countries, and has become a process of promoting the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind and making new progress.

Unswervingly Promoting Comprehensive and Strict Party Management

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The key to adhering to and developing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics lies in the party, and the key lies in administering the party strictly in an all-round way. Since the 18th National Congress of the CCP, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has started from the beginning of style building, firmly grasped political construction, which is the fundamental construction of the Party, and promoted the comprehensive and strict management of the Party with firm determination, tenacious will and unprecedented intensity, promoted the right style and discipline, and fought corruption and punishment, opening up a new situation in the new great project of Party building. Adhering to the strict management of the party in an all-round way is always on the road, having the courage to carry out self-revolution, constantly enhancing the party’s political leadership, ideological leadership, mass organization and social appeal, and always maintaining the party’s vigorous vitality and strong combat effectiveness, which has become a clear symbol and goal requirement for promoting party building in the new era.

Undergoing revolutionary forging whle administering the party

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Undergoing revolutionary forging in the course of comprehensively administering the party strictly

Comprehensively administering the party strictly is a prominent highlight of the party Central Committee’s governance with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core since the 18th National Congress of the CCP. After the implementation of this major strategy, the inner-party political life has been renewed, the inner-party political ecology has noticeably improved, the party’s creativity, cohesion, and combat effectiveness have been significantly enhanced, the party’s unity and unity have been further consolidated, the relationship between the party and the masses has improved significantly, and the party has become stronger in the revolutionary forging.

Human rights are superior to ‘property rights’

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It was the 3 of us who started what I am now completing. It was the 3 of us who resolved to avenge this country and to release its imprisoned soul.

The political building of the Party is the fundamental building of the Party

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The political building of the Party is the fundamental building of the Party and determines the direction and effect of Party building.

Comrade Xi Jinping emphasized that party building in the new era should be guided by the party’s political construction and put the party’s political construction in the first place. This is a major proposition put forward by the party based on the new mission of the new era, with a profound insight into its own nature, historical experience, and the law of construction, and is a programmatic requirement for comprehensively promoting the new great project of party building in the new era.

The Esoteric Philosophies

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The secret of all their esoteric philosophies is to erect on that plastic fog a single holy absolute: their Wish.

The restriction they seek to escape is the law of identity. The freedom they seek is freedom from the fact that an A will remain an A, no matter what their tears or tantrums—that a river will not bring them milk, no matter what their hunger—that water will not run uphill, no matter what comforts they could gain if it did, and if they want to lift it to the roof of a skyscraper, they must do it by a process of thought and labor, in which the nature of an inch of pipeline counts, but their feelings do not—that their feelings are impotent to alter the course of a single speck of dust in space or the nature of any action they have committed.

Continuously improve the political ability of the Party

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Continuously improve the political ability of Party organizations and Party members and cadres at all levels

The strength of the party comes from the organization and from the vast number of party members and cadres. The key to putting the party’s political building in the first place and strengthening the party’s political building lies in improving the political ability of party organizations at all levels and party-member cadres. On the basis of the 19th National Congress of the CCP clearly requiring the whole party to strengthen its political leadership skills, Comrade Xi Jinping also specially advised that senior party cadres should pay attention to improving their political ability and match their political ability with their leadership responsibilities.

What is an Axiom?

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As the savages feed on stolen wealth in body, so they feed on stolen concepts in mind, and proclaim that honesty consists of refusing to know that one is stealing.

Courageous to self-revolution

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The courage to self-revolution is the most distinctive character of the CCP and the greatest advantage of the Party.

Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The greatness of the CCP does not lie in not making mistakes, but in never hiding from medical treatment, daring to face problems head-on, daring to self-revolution, and having a strong ability to repair itself.“1 The Party can lead the people in a great social revolution and can also carry out a great self-revolution.

There is no end to the self-revolution

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There is no end to the self-revolution

A century of great deeds. The Party leads the people in carrying out the great social revolution and constantly advances, and the Party’s great self-revolution will never stop. Maintain the strategic focus of self-revolution in firm faith and conviction. Engels once pointed out: “The movement of the proletariat must go through various stages of development; at each stage there are some people who stop and no longer advance.“1 There may be many reasons why these people are not moving forward, but the most important is the loss of faith or abandonment of faith;

Ending Words

Sun, 05 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I am speaking to those who want to live and to recapture the honor of their soul.

Continuously enhance political leadership

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Xi Jinping

Our party should do a good job in self-construction and truly become the most powerful political party in the world.

In the whole world, no other political party has:

Continuously strengthen the mass organizational strength

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Continuously strengthen the mass organizational strength

Mass organization is the ability to:

rely on the masses
mobilize the masses
organize the masses to promote social development.

As a strong political party, it should have the organizational power to “cheer up and respond.” The mass organizational power of the CCP is universally recognized, but the mass organizational strength will not “preserve” or “increase value” forever.

Strive to master the Marxist standpoints and viewpoints that run through it

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

2. Strive to master the Marxist standpoints and viewpoints that run through it

How can we learn and implement Xi Jinping Thought?

Promote the study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

3. Promote the study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought and continuously achieve practical results

The party’s historical experience and actual development tell us that without the great study of the whole party, there will be no great development of the cause.

Motives for Establishing Colonies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The interest which created the first European settlements in America and the West Indies was not so plain and distinct as the interest which established ancient Greek and Roman colonies.

The Discoveries of Christopher Columbus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸ The countries Columbus discovered did not resemble those he was looking for.

Instead of the wealth, cultivation, and populousness of China and India, he found countries which were:

The Causes of Prosperity of new Colonies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²³ The colony of a civilised nation which acquires a waste country or one thinly inhabited, advances more rapidly to wealth and greatness than any other human society.

²⁴ The colonists carry with them a knowledge of agriculture and useful arts superior to what was naturally known by barbarous nations.

The Colonies of the Portuguese, French, and Dutch

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁰ After the Spanish settlements, those of the Portuguese in Brazil are the oldest European settlement in America.

But it was for a long time greatly neglected because neither gold nor silver mines were found in it.

The English Colonies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁷ The English colonies in North America have progressed the fastest.

³⁸ “Plenty of good land, and liberty to manage their own affairs their own way, seem to be the two great causes of the prosperity of all new colonies.”

Low Taxes in the English Colonies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴² 3. The moderate taxes lets the English colonists keep more of their produce to themselves.

They may store up and employ their produce in mobilizing even more labour.

Low Taxes in the English Colonies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴³ 4. The English colonies had freer trade their surplus produce.

They were allowed a more extensive market than any other European nation.

The Enumerated Commodities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁷ Only enumerated commodities from the British colonies are confined to the market of Great Britain.

These commodities are called such because they were enumerated in the act of navigation and other subsequent acts.

The Other Enumerated Commodities

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁵⁸ Timber prices in the colonies naturally fell because of the export ban on masts, yards, and bowsprits, tar, pitch, and turpentine from the colonies to countries other than Great Britain

British policy on the Colony Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷² British policy on the colony trade was more liberal and less oppressive, even if it were dictated by the same mercantile spirit as that of other nations.

⁷³ Except their foreign trade, English colonists had completely liberty to manage their own affairs their own way.

Economic Democracy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁷⁶ In all European colonies, the culture of the sugar-cane is done by negro slaves.

Europeans born in temperate climate could not labour under the burning sun of the West Indies.

The Advantages Europe Derived From The Discovery of America And The Cape Of Good Hope

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁸⁷ Such were the advantages the American colonies derived from the policy of Europe.

⁸⁸ What are the advantages Europe derived from the discovery and colonization of America?

Monopoly from the Act of Navigation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁰⁵ By the act of navigation, England assumed to herself the monopoly of the colony trade.

The foreign capitals employed in it were withdrawn from it. The English capital which did a part of it now did the whole.

The Effects of Monopoly on Britain

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

^'119' The monopoly of the colony trade drew British capital from other trades.

It:

forced into those other trades many foreign capitals which would never have gone to them
- In those other trades, it diminished the competition of British capital.
raised British profit rates higher than natural

On the contrary, it:

The Effects of Monopoly -- Spain and Portugal

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹²⁷ The monopoly of the colony trade forced some British capital from all foreign trade of consumption to a carrying trade. It forced it from supporting British industry towards supporting the industry of the colonies and other countries.

The Effects of Monopoly on Britain

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹³³ “We must carefully distinguish between the effects of the colony trade and those of the monopoly of that trade.”

The effects of the colony trade are always beneficial.

The Effects of Monopoly on the Nation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴³ The monopoly hinders the country’s capital from:

maintaining so great a quantity of productive labour as it would otherwise maintain
affording so great a revenue to its industrious people as it would otherwise afford.

The wages of labour is one great original source of revenue for them.

America a Nation of Customers, Britain a Nation of Shopkeepers

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴⁹ Creating a great empire of customers may appear as a project good only for a nation of shopkeepers.

In reality, it is not a good project for a nation of shopkeepers.

Colony assemblies and Representation

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵¹ Under the present system of management, Great Britain only derives loss from her colonies.

¹⁵² The following proposal never was and never will be adopted by any nation:

Taxation by Requisition

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵⁷ Some proposed that the colonies should be taxed by requisition.

The British parliament would determine the sum each colony should pay.
The provincial assembly would assess and levy it in the best way suited to the province.

In this way, what concerned the whole empire would be determined by the assembly which inspects and superintends the affairs of the whole empire.

Economic Karma

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁶⁶ The discovery of America and the Cape of Good Hope are the two greatest and most important events recorded in history.

It is impossible that their great consequences could have been seen. No human wisdom can foresee what benefits or misfortunes may result from those great events.

How Stock Is Naturally Distributed To Seek Employment Advantageous To Society

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁷² I have shown in Book 2 that every country’s mercantile stock naturally seeks the employment most advantageous to its own country.

If the stock is employed in the carrying trade, its country becomes the emporium of the goods of all countries. But that stock’s owner necessarily wishes to dispose as much of those goods as he can dispose at home.

Monopolies by Country versus by Exclusive Company

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁷⁹ Monopolies by country always attract more of the society’s stock than what would go to that trade of its own accord.

¹⁸⁰ Monopolies by exclusive company may sometimes attract stock and sometimes repel it according to different circumstances.

Mercantile Governments

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁸⁷ The English and Dutch companies only established 2 considerable colonies:

Jakarta
South Africa

Those two companies have made big conquests in the East Indies. The natural genius of an exclusive company showed itself in how they governed their new subjects.

Conclusion on Mercantilism

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹ The mercantile system proposes to enrich every country through two great engines:

The encouragement of exportation
The discouragement of importation

But the mercantile system follows an opposite plan with some commodities:

Bounties On The Importation Of Raw Materials

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁶ The encouragement given by bounties to the importation of manufacturing materials was confined to those imported from our American plantations.

⁷ The first bounties of this kind were granted at the beginning of the present century on the importation of naval stores from America including:

Export Bans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁵ The same commodities which we gave bounties on importation from America were subjected to considerable duties when imported from other countries.

The interest of our American colonies was regarded as the same with Great Britain.

The Effects of the Woolen Prohibitions

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²³ When such restrictions are imposed on the inland trade, the coasting trade cannot be left very free.

Anyone who carries wool to any port to be transported by sea to other ports must:

The Effects of the Woolen Policy of Britain

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁸ The violence of these regulations did not affect the quantity or quality of the annual wool produce as expected.

(I think it probably affected the quantity more than the quality) The interest of the wool growers must have been hurt. But on the whole, their interest was hurt much less than imagined.

Ban On The Export Of Raw Materials

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁷ The exportation of raw materials is subjected to high duties, wherever they are not banned.

³⁸ By the 8th George 1st chapter 15, all British exports were rendered duty-free except for=

The Consumption Motive

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Ban On The Export Of Skill

⁴⁴ Such heavy penalties were imposed on the exportation of the dead instruments of trade.

The living instrument, the artificer, was also not allowed to go free. By the 5th George 1st chapter 27, any person convicted of enticing any artificer of British manufactures to go overseas to practise or teach his trade is liable:

The Physiocrats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Economic systems which represent the produce of land as the principal source of wealth

¹ No nation has ever adopted the system which represents the produce of land as the sole source of the country’s revenue and wealth.

The Unproductive Class

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

¹⁴ The unproductive class is composed of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers.

It is maintained and employed at the expence of:

the proprietor class,
the cultivator class.

These two furnish the unproductive class with:

The Errors of the Physiocrats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

²⁴ According to the liberal and generous system of the Physiocrats, a landed nation can raise its own artificers, manufacturers, and merchants best by granting the most perfect freedom of trade to the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of all other nations.

Foreign Economic Systems

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

³⁹ The political economy of modern European nations was more favourable to manufactures and foreign trade, the industry of the towns, than to agriculture, the industry of the countryside.

Greek and Roman Policy

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁷ The policy of the ancient Greek and Roman republics honoured agriculture more than manufactures or foreign trade.

They discouraged manufactures or foreign trade more than encouraging agriculture directly or intentionally.

Urban and Rural Trade

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

⁴⁸ The greatest and most important commerce of every nation is the commerce between the town and the countryside.

The townspeople draw raw materials and subsistence from the countryside.

Site is Up

Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We move economics content to Pantrypoints as we abandon Superphysics so we avoid the moral burden of being concerned for those dying of global warming disasters like floods, fires, hurricanes, starvation from poor harvest etc.

The Fallacy of Marxist Economics

Mon, 17 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Marxist economics is explained in Das Kapital (1867), where Marx explores the nature of value, and in A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859), where he explains the nature of money.

Why Do Moral Systems Change Throughout History?

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Why do societies that once accepted practices like slavery, feudal serfdom, or imperial conquest later come to regard them as abhorrent?

Why do moral norms that seem self-evident in one century appear alien in the next?

Solution to Islamism

Wed, 25 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We define Islamism as bringing the violent aspects of the Quran into reality.

Those aspects are from a time when the moral standards of the world were low, where most humans were savage or barbaric. And so violence was a valid policy.

The West Did Not End Slavery

Sat, 08 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Black conservative Kaizen Asiedu has recently posted that the West abolished slavery through the British Empire.

His shallow reasoning neglects the fact that the alternative to slavery was servitude.

How Silver Coinage Corrupted the World

Sat, 22 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Before precious metals dominated the world, wealth was objectified into high value commodities such as pearls, fine silks, precious stones, ivory, etc.

In the ancient times, the leaders of nations gave such gifts to their foreign leaders as a sign of peaceful intent, and a desire for harmonious relations.

Time Banking Versus Points Banking

Sat, 22 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

We first heard of time-Banking after the 2008 Financial Crisis, more or less at the same time as the Venus Project.

Unlike the Venus Project which is fanciful, time-banking is already done in a few countries as early as the 19th century.

The Physicocrats Versus Adam Smith

Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith’s economic system encourages competition for a race to the bottom.

A young man’s education would be more effective, less tedious, and less expensive if he began working diligently as a journeyman. He would be paid in proportion to the little work he could do.

The Height of the Crisis Years (2025-2030)

Thu, 07 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In 2015, we made a model that predicted the Crisis Years which were to begin in 2019, being felt from 2020 up to around 2035.

This model was created by plotting the historical events in Europe from the mercantilist period. We used the wheat prices from Adam Smith and extended them to current times.

The Last Milestone of Superphysics

Thu, 07 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

I began Superphysics in 2012 as a response to the 2008 Financial Crisis. I formed a team with people who were interested and realized there were 3 milestones for this lifetime:

Additional Areas For Reform

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Analytical Integrity. The “tradecraft” of intelligence analysis is mostly a col- lection of lessons learned over decades about what works and does not work in a profession whose high-stakes work is performed by thousands but that also bears little outside scrutiny and provides few metrics by which to gauge success or failure on a regular basis. These lessons have accumulated from:

Additional Essential Reforms

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aligning Departmental Resources with Leadership Priorities Across All Components and U.S. Attorneys’ Offices. As the next Administration pursues its objectives, it should use the department’s resources efficiently in a manner that delivers results for the American people. To accomplish this goal, it will be necessary to:

Address TikTok’s threat to US national security

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Address TikTok’s threat to US national security

TikTok:

poses a serious and unacceptable risk to America’s national security.
allows Beijing to run a foreign influence campaign by determining the news and information that the app feeds to Americans

As of this writing, the Biden Administration’s Treasury Department has not announced a final decision concerning its long-pending review of TikTok. If that inaction persists, or if the Administration allows TikTok to continue to operate in the U.S., a new Administration should ban the application on national security grounds.

Administration For Children And Families (acf)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

TANF

The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program is a federal block grant that gives states significant flexibility to fund a broad array of programs aimed at helping low-income families break the cycle of poverty and achieve economic self-sufficiency. States use TANF to fund monthly cash assis- tance payments to low-income families with children as well as a wide range of services that include work activities, work supports and supportive services, child- care, administration and systems, tax credits, pre-K/Head Start, child welfare, and other services.

ADMINISTRATION FOR STRATEGIC PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE (ASPR)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

ASPR vs. FEMA. When the President declares a national emergency (per the Stafford Act) related to a public health emergency declared by the HHS Secretary, FEMA is activated and controls instead of HHS/ASPR. While this arrangement has some benefits because of FEMA’s unique logistical capabilities, the arrange- ment should be reviewed—especially considering the COVID-19 pandemic—for improvements in efficiency according to expertise and available resources, reduced confusion for ASPR and among HHS agencies, and avoidance of duplicated efforts among agencies and personnel.

Administration On Children, Youth, And Families (acyf)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Allocate funding to strategy programs promoting father involvement or terminate parental rights quickly. ACYF is currently considering different programs to encourage parents, especially fathers, to engage with their children in foster care. While these program ideas and initiatives are still in the early planning stages, promoting responsible parenthood to reintegrate children or at least keep a consistent male figure in the minor’s life is crucial. At the same time, in cases where the father or mother does not make a sincere or serious effort to be involved in the child’s upbringing, termination of parental rights for children in foster care should be swift.

Administrator’s Office And Reorganization Responsibility

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This will provide executive and logistical support for the EPA Administrator. Its stated purpose is to support EPA leadership and activities. To implement policies that are consistent with a conservative EPA, the agency will have to undergo a major reorganization. The Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy position within the Administrator’s office should be renamed the Deputy Chief of Staff for Regulatory Improvement.

AFFORDABLE CARE ACT AND PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Revisit the No Surprises Act on surprise medical billing. The No Surprises Act37 protected consumers against balance bills, but it also established a deeply flawed system for resolving payment disputes between insurers and providers. This government-mandated dispute resolution process has sown confusion among arbiters and regulators as judges have sought to ascertain its meaning. The No Surprises Act should scrap the dispute resolution process in favor of a truth-in-advertising approach that will protect consumers and free doctors, insurers, and arbiters from confused and conflicting standards for resolving disputes that the disputing parties can best resolve themselves.38

Agency For International Development

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission

OVERVIEW

USAID was established during the presidency of John F. Kennedy pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to promote the foreign policy, security, and national interests of the United States.

American Indian Office (AIO)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

AIO is a vital EPA function. It is mandated to carry out a 1992 act of Congress that administers the Indian Environmental General Assistance Program.51 Because of the sovereign-to-sovereign relationship between the U.S. government and fed- erally recognized sovereign Indian nations, this act’s purpose is to assist tribes in developing the capacity to manage their own tribal environmental protection programs and set them up to implement programs for the management of solid and hazardous waste. This office also is the chief office under which the EPA’s 1984 Indian Policy functions.

American Indians And U.s. Trust Responsibility

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Biden Administration has breached its federal trust responsibilities to American Indians.

This is unconscionable. Specifically, the Biden Administration’s war on domestically available fossil fuels and mineral sources has been devastating. To wit:

Broader US Government And IC Intelligence Needs

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Increasingly, conflicts among U.S. adversaries such as China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea are conducted in the realms of technology and finance.

This challenge requires new tools, authorities, and technological expertise across the US government, particularly at:

Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (cdc)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

COVID and Structural Reform.

COVID-19 exposed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as perhaps the most incompetent and arrogant agency in the federal government. CDC continually misjudged COVID-19, from its lethality, transmissibility, and origins to treatments. We were told masks were not needed; then they were made mandatory. CDC botched the development of COVID tests when they were needed most.

Central Intelligence Agency (cia)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The CIA is a foreign intelligence collection service tasked with collecting human intelligence (HUMINT), providing all-source intelligence analysis and reporting, and conducting covert action when required to do so by the President.

Climate Change

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Remove the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) for any source category that is not currently being regulated.

The overall reporting program imposes significant burdens on small businesses and companies that are not being regulated. This is either a pointless burden or a sword-of- Damocles threat of future regulation, neither of which is appropriate. Establish a system, with an appropriate deadline, to update the 2009 endangerment finding.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) was authorized in 2010 by the Dodd–Frank Act.32 Since the Bureau’s inception, its status as an “independent” agency with no congressional oversight has been questioned in multiple court cases, and the agency has been assailed by critics33 as a shakedown mecha- nism to provide unaccountable funding to leftist nonprofits politically aligned with those who spearheaded its creation.

Contract Bar Rule

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Although current labor law allows a union to establish itself at a workplace at more or less any time, the calendar for any attempt to decertify a union is considerably more constrained.

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (Cafe) Standards

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There are many injuries on American roadways because national fuel economy standards raise the price of cars, disincentivizing people from purchasing newer, safer vehicles.

Congress requires the Secretary of Transportation to set national fuel economy standards for new motor vehicles sold in the United States. This mandate was established in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA),6 a law passed in the wake of the Arab oil embargo to promote greater energy efficiency and lessen the national security threat of U.S. dependence on foreign oil.

Corporation For Public Broadcasting

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Every Republican President since Richard Nixon has tried to strip the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) of taxpayer funding. That is significant not just because it means that for half a century, Republican Presidents have failed to accomplish what they set out to do, but also because Nixon was the first President in office when National Public Radio (NPR) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), which the CPB funds, went on air.

Defending The Rule Of Law

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Conduct a thorough review of all publicly available policies, investigations, and cases.

In a manner consistent with applicable law, prepare a plan to end immediately any policies, investigations, or cases that run contrary to law or Administration policies.

Department Of Defense

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Constitution gives Congress the authority to “raise and support Armies” and to “provide and maintain a Navy”2 and specifies that the President is “commander in Chief” of America’s armed forces.3

Department Of Health And Human Services

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Overview

HHS consists of 11 operating divisions that have varying degrees of practical independence from the Secretary of Health and Human Services and 15 staff divisions that are directly under the Office of the Secretary.

Department Of Homeland Security

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Primary Recommendation

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) be combined with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS); the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR); and the Department of Justice (DOJ) Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) and Office of Immigration Litigation (OIL) into a stand- alone border and immigration agency at the Cabinet level (more than 100,000 employees, making it the third largest department measured by manpower).

Department Of Housing And Urban Development

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Reset HUD

This effort should specifically include a broad reversal of the Biden Administration’s persistent implementation of corrosive progressive ideologies across the department’s programs.

Implement an action plan across both process and people. This plan should include both the immediate redelegation of authority to a cadre of political appointees and the urgent implementation of administrative regulatory actions with respect to HUD policy and program eligibility.

Department Of Justice

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Department of Justice (DOJ) has a long and noble history. That history began with the creation of the Office of the Attorney General pursuant to the Judiciary Act of 17891 and has continued through the creation of the department in 1870,2 the formation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1908,3 reforms following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and to the pres- ent day. Properly understood within the framework of a constitutional republic that values ordered liberty, the Department of Justice has two primary functions: protecting public safety and defending the rule of law.

Department Of Labor And Related Agencies

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission Statement

Overview

The labor agencies covered in this chapter include the Department of Labor (DOL), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the National Mediation Board (NMB), the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC).

Department Of State

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The U.S. Department of State:

implements the President’s foreign policy priorities
served U.S. citizens abroad
advances the economic, foreign policy, and national security interests of the United States.

Since the U.S. Founding, the Department of State has been the American gov- ernment’s designated tool of engagement with foreign governments and peoples throughout the world. Country names, borders, leaders, technology, and people have changed in the more than two centuries since the Founding, but the basics of diplomacy remain the same. Although the Department has also evolved throughout the years, at least in the modern era, there is one significant problem that the next President must address to be successful.

Department Of The Interior

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

AGENCY OVERVIEW

DOI’s purview encompasses more than 500 million acres of federal lands, including national parks and national wildlife refuges; 700 million acres of sub- surface minerals; 1.7 billion acres of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS); 23 percent of the nation’s energy; water in 17 western states; and trust responsibilities for 566 Indian tribes and Alaska Natives. DOI’s 2024 budget request totals USD18.9 billion, an increase of USD2 billion, or 12 percent, more than the 2023 enacted level. The budget also provides an estimated USD12.6 billion in permanent funding in 2024. In 2024, DOI will generate receipts of USD19.6 billion.

Department Of Transportation

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The US Department of Transportation (DOT), with a requested fiscal year (FY) 2023 budget of USD142 billion, was originally intended simply to provide a policy framework for transportation safety, rulemaking, and regulation.

Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Agenda

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

USAID installed advisers on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) committees “in all its Bureaus, Offices, and [overseas] Missions” and created “an agency-wide dashboard and DEI scorecard for all bureaus, offices, and missions” to track staff compliance with the Adminis- tration’s DEI directives. A Chief DEI Officer oversees this DEI infrastructure and sits in the Administrator’s office. DEI directives are now part of all agency policies and are incorporated as standard clauses in all contract and grant awards. Those seeking to do business with the agency must “describe the approaches they will use to diversify their partner base.”8 USAID often ties DEI to “gender and climate equity,” corrupting every aspect of the agency’s overseas work.

Dod Acquisition And Sustainment

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Needed Reforms

Reform the planning, programming, budgeting, and execution (PPBE) process.

Enhance funding and authority for DOD mission-focused innovation organizations and away from program-specific stovepipes that, planned for and designed two or three years earlier, may no longer be

Dod Personnel

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The men and women of America’s armed forces are the most critical component of our national defense strategy, but in recent years, they have been overextended, undervalued, and insufficiently resourced. Their families help them to carry the burden of service, but the assistance they receive is disproportionately less than the sacrifices they make. Young civilians who would thrive in a military environ- ment are disenfranchised when educators and influencers discourage them from learning about military service and preparing for the honor of wearing America’s uniform.

Dod Research, Development, Test, And Evaluation

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The FY 2017 National Defense Authorization Act established the position of Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering and assigned broad responsibility for “all defense research and engineering, technology develop- ment, technology transition, prototyping, experimentation, and developmental testing activities and programs, including the allocation of resources for defense research and engineering, and unifying defense research and engineering efforts across the Department,” to the new Under Secretary, who also was tasked with “serving as the principal advisor to the Secretary on all research, engineering, and technology development activities and programs in the Department.” 6 This led to the single largest DOD structural change since the Goldwater–Nichols act of 19867 and was organized effectively during President Donald Trump’s Administration.

Ensuring Proper Distribution Of Doj Grant Funds.

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

DOJ grants are an underutilized asset in most conservative Administrations. When used properly, they can be highly effective in implementing the President’s priorities. The Office of Justice Programs (OJP) is comprised of six components and is responsible for most DOJ grants to local law enforcement, juvenile justice, and victims of crime as well as for criminal justice research and statistics. The opportunity to support a President’s agenda may be greater through OJP grant funding than it is through any of the federal government’s other grant-making components.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

MISSION STATEMENT

A conservative U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will support local and state efforts, building them up so that they may lead.

This will include the sharing of federal resources and agency expertise. Creating environmental standards from the ground up is con- sistent with the concept of cooperative federalism embedded within many of the agency’s authorizing statutes and will create earnest relationships among local officials and regulated stakeholders.

Equal Protection for All Americans

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Entities across the private and public sectors in the United States have been besieged in recent years by an unholy alliance of special interests, rad- icals in government, and the far Left. This unholy alliance speaks in platitudes about advancing the interests of certain segments of American society, but that advancement comes at the expense of other Americans and in nearly all cases vio- lates long-standing federal law.

Federal Communications Commission

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission Statement

The FCC is an independent regulatory agency that has jurisdiction over interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.1

Five Commissioners are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for fixed five-year terms.2 The FCC does not have any other presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed officials.

Federal Election Commission

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

Needed Reforms: Nomination Authority

The President’s most significant power is the appointment of the six commissioners who govern the FEC, subject to confirmation by the U.S. Senate. Commissioners may only serve a single term of six years but

Federal Emergency Management Agency (fema)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Needed Reforms

FEMA is the lead federal agency in preparing for and responding to disasters, but it is overtasked, overcompensates for the lack of state and local preparedness and response, and is regularly in deep debt. After passage of the 1988 Stafford Act,12 the number of declared federal disasters rose dramatically as most disaster costs were shifted from states and local governments to the federal government. In addition, state-friendly FEMA regulations, such as a “per capita indicator,” failed to maintain the pace of inflation and made it easy to meet disaster declaration thresholds. This combination has left FEMA unprepared in both readiness and funding for the truly catastrophic disasters in which its services are most needed. Reform of FEMA requires a greater emphasis on federalism and state and local preparedness, leaving FEMA to focus on large, widespread disasters.

Federal Laws That Shield Big Pharma From Competition.

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Brand-name manufacturers impede the entrance of generic products into the marketplace.

The FDA should prohibit pharmaceutical companies from purposely sitting on their legally available right to be the first to sell generic versions of their drugs. Additionally, Congress should create legal remedies for generic companies to obtain samples of brand-name products for their generic development efforts and should prohibit meritless “citizen petitions” submitted by manufacturers to delay approval of a generic competitor.

Federal Trade Commission

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

America’s antitrust laws are over a century old.

In 1890, the U.S. Congress enacted the Sherman Act, the first federal prohibition on trusts and restraints of trade.

The Clayton Act, adopted in 1914, builds on the Sherman Act. It outlaws price fixing while regulating mergers and acquisitions.

FERC: NATURAL GAS PIPELINES

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mission/Overview

FERC permits, sites, and authorizes the construction and operation of inter- state natural gas pipelines.121 It also regulates the rates for the shipping of natural gas122 (but not the price of the natural gas commodity, which is market based). FERC is charged with ensuring that natural gas pipelines are approved if they are required by the “public convenience and necessity.”123 Pipeline permitting is sub- ject to environmental reviews under NEPA, and the rate for the pipeline and the shipping of the commodity is set by FERC under a just and reasonable standard. Once FERC approves a project, the holder of the certificate has the sovereign’s power of eminent domain.

Financial Regulatory Agencies Securities And Exchange Commission And Related Agencies

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The laws governing capital markets are to:

deter and punish fraud and other material misstatements to investors
foster reasonable, scaled disclosure of information that is material to investors’ financial outcomes and proxy voting decisions
maintain fair, orderly, and efficient secondary capital markets.

The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 19342 are nearly nine decades of rushed and haphazard amendments.

FIRST-DAY AND FIRST-YEAR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A new conservative Administration can and should implement the following reforms that focus on both people24 and process.25 Implementation of these reforms simply requires courageous political leadership across all of HUD’s key appointed positions.

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (fisa)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

FISA is important in seeking reforms and accountability for any abuses of its authorities. When discussing FISA and what changes may need to be made, it is important to note and recognize that there are stark differences among the individual FISA authorities. Section 702 of FISA, for example, allows the IC to target foreign terrorists, spies, cyber hackers, and other bad actors (but only if they are non-U.S. persons) when their communications pass through the United States. While this authority may lapse if Congress does not resolve the issue by the end of 2023, Section 702 should be understood as an essential tool in the fight against terrorism, malicious cyber actors, and Chinese espionage.

Immediate Actions: Alaska

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

When Alaska was admitted to the Union in 1959, nearly its entire landmass was federally owned

So Alaska was granted the right to select 104 million acres (out of 375 million acres) to manage for the benefit of its residents.48

Immediate Actions: Bureau of Land Management

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Bureau of Land Management Headquarters

BLM headquarters belongs in the American West. After all, the overwhelming majority of the 245 million surface acres (10 percent of the nation’s landmass) managed by the agency lies in the 11 western states and Alaska: A mere 50,000 surface acres lie elsewhere. Moreover, 97 percent of BLM employees are located in the American West.

Independent Regulatory Agencies

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In addition to the executive departments and agencies discussed previously, a number of independent commissions exist that are loosely affiliated with the executive branch. In general, the President can appoint people to these commissions but cannot remove them, which makes them constitutionally prob- lematic in light of the Constitution’s having vested federal executive power in the President.

Indian Health Service (ihs) Rural Health

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A growing concern is the decreasing access to health care services for Americans living in rural, less populated areas. Many find themselves in regions that were not previously as rural as industries move away, taking with them economic prosperity and often medical providers. Others are in essential professions such as farming that by nature necessitate living in regions with fewer city accommodations and economic opportunities. Seeking space for one’s family and cultivating the land are valued goals that are deeply rooted in America’s fabric.

Intelligence Community

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

MISSION STATEMENT

OVERVIEW

The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is a vast, intricate bureaucracy spread throughout 18 independent and Cabinet subagencies.1 According to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), the IC’s mission is “to col- lect, analyze, and deliver foreign intelligence and counterintelligence information to America’s leaders so they can make sound decisions to protect our country.”2 An incoming conservative President needs to use these intelligence authorities aggressively to anticipate and thwart our adversaries, including Russia, Iran, North Korea, and especially China, while maintaining counterterrorism tools that have demonstrated their effectiveness. This means empowering the right personnel to manage, build, and effectively execute actions dispersed throughout the IC to deliver intelligence in an ever-challenging world. It also means removing redun- dancies, mission creep, and IC infighting that could prevent these collection tools from providing objective, apolitical, and empirically backed intelligence to the IC’s premier customer: the President of the United States. Today, as Abraham Lincoln famously said, “The occasion is piled high with difficulty, and we must rise with the occasion…. [W]e must think anew, and act

International Organizations

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Defending and protecting the American people and advancing their interests requires the United States to engage in a broad spectrum of bilateral and multilateral relationships, including participating in international organizations. Working with other governments through international organizations like the United Nations (U.N.) can be tremendously useful—but membership in these organizations must always be understood as a means to attain defined goals rather than an end in itself.

Latin America

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Latin America

U.S. foreign assistance throughout the Western Hemisphere is designed to respond to national security threats that emanate from the region, such as illicit drug and arms trafficking; illegal immigration flows; terrorism; pandemics; and strategic threats from China, Russia, and Iran. Over the past decade, the United States has provided billions of dollars in security, humani- tarian, and development assistance in Central America and the Andes, including USD1 billion in food and non-food emergency aid to millions of Venezuelan refu- gees who have fled the Maduro dictatorship. USAID is always first to respond to natural disasters in Central America and the Caribbean and employs a network of dedicated experts in the region to deliver this assistance. During the COVID pandemic, the United States provided millions of doses of vaccines and other emergency health support.

Legislative Proposals

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Remove restrictions on physician-owned hospitals.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA)24 imposed restrictions prohibiting Medicare from reimbursing physician-owned and specialty hospitals.

The current restrictions do little more than serve the special interests of large hospital systems and undercut consumer choice of high-quality, specialty care.

Market-based Pay And Benefits

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

According to current law, federal workers are to be paid wages comparable to equivalent private-sector workers rather than compared to all private-sector employees. While the official studies claim that federal employees are underpaid relative to the private sector by 20 percent or more, a 2016 Heritage Foundation study found that federal employees received wages that were 22 percent higher than wages for similar private-sector workers; if the value of employee benefits was included, the total compensation premium for federal employees over their private-sector equivalents increased to between 30 percent and 40 percent.18

Media Agencies U.s. Agency For Global Media

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

MISSION STATEMENT

The mission of United States Agency for Global Media (USAGM) is to inform, engage, and connect people around the world in support of freedom and democ- racy.1 However, this mission statement does not reflect the current work of the agency. The mission is noble, but the execution is lacking. To fulfill its mission, USAGM should also aim to present the truth about America and American policy— not parrot America’s adversaries’ propaganda and talking points.2

National Institutes Of Health (nih)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the world’s largest biomedical research agency and is made up of 27 different components called Institutes and Centers. Despite its popular image as a benign science agency, NIH was respon- sible for paying for research in aborted baby body parts, human animal chimera experiments, and gain-of-function viral research that may have been responsible for COVID-19.

Necessary Border And Immigration Statutory, Regulatory, And Administrative Changes

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Legislative Proposals

Title 42 authority in Title 8.

Create an authority akin to the Title 42 Public Health authority that has been used during the COVID-19 pandemic to expel illegal aliens across the border immediately when certain non-health conditions are met, such as loss of operational control of the border.

Nuclear Deterrence

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nuclear deterrence is one of the most critical elements of U.S. national security, as it forms a backstop to U.S. military forces. Every operational plan relies on the assumption that nuclear deterrence holds. Ever since the U.S. first acquired nuclear weapons, Administrations of both parties have pursued a strategy designed to deter nuclear and non-nuclear attack; assure allies; and, in the event of nuclear employ- ment, restore deterrence at the lowest possible cost to the U.S. Today, however, America’s ability to meet these goals is increasingly challenged by the growing nuclear threats posed by our adversaries. l China is pursuing a strategic breakout of its nuclear forces, significantly shifting the nuclear balance and forcing the U.S. to learn how to deter two nuclear peer competitors (China and Russia) simultaneously for the first time in its history. Russia is expanding its nuclear arsenal and using the threat of nuclear employment as a coercive tactic in its war on Ukraine. lNorth Korea is advancing its nuclear capabilities. lIran is inching closer to nuclear capability. Meanwhile, all U.S. nuclear capabilities and the infrastructure on which they rely date from the Cold War and are in dire need of replacement. The next Admin- istration will need to focus on continuing the effort to modernize the nuclear triad while updating our strategy and capabilities to meet the challenges presented by a more threatening nuclear environment. Needed Reforms l Prioritize nuclear modernization. All components of the nuclear triad are far beyond their intended lifetimes and will need to be replaced over the next — 123 — l decade. This effort is required for the U.S. to maintain its nuclear triad—and will be the bare minimum needed to maintain U.S. strategic nuclear deterrence. 1. Accelerate the timelines of critical modernization programs including the Sentinel missile, Long Range Standoff Weapon (LRSO), Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine, B-21 bomber, and F-35 Dual Capable Aircraft. 2. Reject any congressional proposals that would further extend the service lives of U.S. capabilities such as the Minuteman III ICBM. 3. Ensure sufficient funding for warhead life extension programs (LEP), including the B61-12, W80-4, W87-1 Mod, and W88 Alt 370. Develop the Sea-Launched Cruise Missile-Nuclear (SLCM-N). In 2018, the Trump Administration proposed restoring the SLCM-N to help fill a growing gap in U.S. nonstrategic capabilities and improve deterrence against limited nuclear attack.39 The Biden Administration canceled this program in its 2022 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR).40 The next President should support and accelerate funding for development of the SLCM-N with the goal of deployment by the end of the decade. l l Account for China’s nuclear expansion. To ensure its ability to deter both Russia and the growing Chinese nuclear threat, the U.S. will need more than the bare minimum of nuclear modernization. President Biden’s 2022 NPR described the problem but proposed no recommendations to restore or maintain nuclear deterrence. 1. Consider procuring more modernized nuclear systems (such as the Sentinel missile or LRSO) than currently planned. 2. Improve the ability of the U.S. to utilize the triad’s upload capacity in case of a crisis. 3. Review what capabilities in addition to the SLCM-N (for example, nonstrategic weapons or new warhead designs) are needed to deter the unique Chinese threat. l Restore the nuclear infrastructure. The United States must restore its necessary nuclear infrastructure so that it is capable of producing and maintaining nuclear weapons. — 124 —Department of Defense 1. Accelerate the effort to restore plutonium pit production, which is essential both for modern warhead programs and for recapitalizing the stockpile. 2. Continue to invest in rebuilding infrastructure, including facilities at the National Laboratories that support nuclear weapons development. 3. Restore readiness to test nuclear weapons at the Nevada National Security Site to ensure the ability of the U.S. to respond quickly to asymmetric technology surprises. l Correctly orient arms control. The U.S. should agree to arms control agreements only if they help to advance the interests of the U.S. and its allies. 1. Reject proposals for nuclear disarmament that are contrary to the goal of bolstering deterrence. 2. Pursue arms control as a way to secure the national security interests of the U.S. and its allies rather than as an end in itself.

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION (OCSPP)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

OCSPP primarily oversees the regulation of new and existing chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)38 and the regulation of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)39 and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA).40 These activities are managed in two separate offices within OCSPP: the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT, chemicals) and Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP, pesticides). OCSPP is constantly pressured to ban the use of certain chemicals, typically based on fear as a result of mischaracterized or incomplete science.

Office Of Legislative Affairs (ola); Public Affairs (opa); Partnership And Engagement (ope)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

DHS’s external communications function should be consolidated and reformed so that the President’s agenda can be implemented more effectively. The Office of Partnership and Engagement should be merged into the Office of Public Affairs. In many Cabinet agencies, outreach to companies and partner organizations is similarly performed by the Office of Public Affairs. This would also accomplish a needed DHS organizational and management reform to decrease the number of direct reports to the Secretary.

Office Of Mission Support (oms)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

OMS leads the agency’s core mission support functions to improve efficiency, coordination, and customer experience for internal customers, stakeholders, and the public, including protection of EPA’s facilities and other critical assets nationwide, acquisition activities (contracts), grants management, human capital, information technology, and information management activities.

Office Of Water (ow)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

OW is responsible for ensuring safe drinking water and restoring and maintaining oceans, watersheds, and their aquatic ecosystems to protect human health, support economic and recreational activities, and provide healthy habitats for fish, plants, and wildlife. Its two main statutes include implementing the Clean Water Act (CWA)26 and Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).27 OW has generated a large number of expansive regulations that infringe on private property rights, most notably with the Waters of the U.S. program.

Organizational Issues

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Relevant Government Entities

The White House. As an executive branch agency, the USAGM ostensibly should report to the President and coordinate activities with the National Security Council (NSC)—especially given the direct and implied national security aspects of the agency’s messaging globally. However, there currently is no specific office in the White House or NSC liaison for the USAGM.

Other Actions

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The 30 by 30 Plan.66 President Biden’s Executive Order 14008 (30 by 30 plan)67 requires that the federal government, which already owns one-third of the country: (1) remove vast amounts of private property from productive use; and (2) end congressionally mandated uses of all federal land. The end result will be “total federal control of an additional 440 million acres of land or oceans in the U.S. by 2030.”68

Other International Engagements

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Western Hemisphere

The United States has a vested interest in a relatively united and economically prosperous Western Hemisphere. Nonetheless, the region now has an overwhelm- ing number of socialist or progressive regimes, which are at odds with the freedom and growth-oriented policies of the U.S. and other neighbors and who increasingly pose hemispheric security threats. A new approach is therefore needed, one that simultaneously allows the U.S. to re-posture in its best interests and helps regional partners enter a new century of growth and opportunity. The following core policies must be part of this new direction:

Other Offices And Bureaus

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Office of Administrator

The next conservative Administration should leave in place the current structure of two presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed Deputy Administrators, one for Policy and one for Management. The Deputy Administrators and the Chief of Staff must be individuals with extensive previous service in the executive branch, ideally at foreign-affairs agencies, and be fluent in the language and practice of federal procurement.

Pivoting Abroad

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The following are our proposals for reorienting the U.S. government’s posture toward friends and adversaries alike.

China

The designs the Chinese Communist Party are dangerous.

This tyrannical country has the vision, resources, and patience to achieve its objectives.

Protecting the United States from the PRC’s designs requires an unambiguous offensive-defensive mix, including protecting American citizens and their interests, as well as U.S. allies, from PRC attacks and abuse that undermine U.S. competitiveness, security, and prosperity.

Policy Priorities

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The FCC needs to change course and bring new urgency to achieving four main goals:

Reining in Big Tech
Promoting national security
Unleashing economic prosperity
Ensuring FCC accountability and good governance

Reining in Big Tech

The FCC has an important role to play in addressing the threats to individual liberty posed by corporations that are abusing dominant positions in the market.

Prioritizing The Protection Of Public Safety

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ordered liberty is at risk when our citizens lack physical safety, when career criminals do not fear the law, when foreign cartels move narcotics and illegal aliens into our nation at will, and when political leaders call citizens “domestic terrorists” for exercising their constitutional rights. The Department of Justice—in partnership with state and local partners—must recommit in both word and deed to protecting public safety.

Protect Small Businesses and Entrepreneurship (Joint Employer)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Millions of businesses across America engage in mutually beneficial affiliation arrangements with other businesses. These arrangements include janitorial services, staffing firms, construction contractors and subcontractors, technology support services, and many other vendor and contracting services. They also include the nearly 775,000 independently owned franchise businesses, which employ 8.2 million workers across the United States. The franchise structure offers a proven business model for individuals who want to own and operate their own small business.

Putting American Workers First

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Cap and phase down the H-2A visa program.

Congress should immediately cap this program at its current levels and establish a schedule for its gradual and predictable phasedown over the subsequent 10 to 20 years, producing the necessary incentives for the industry to invest in raising productivity, including through capital investment in agricultural equipment, and increasing employment for Americans in the agricultural sector.

Regions

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Asia

Asia is the most populous continent and ground zero in the battle against Communist China’s efforts to exploit the development needs of poor countries for geopolitical gain. America’s Indo-Pacific Strategy should guide USAID’s approaches to disbursing foreign aid in the region.

Religion

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Provide robust protections for religious employers

America’s religious diversity means that workplaces include people of many faiths and that many employers are faith-based.

Nevertheless, the Biden Administration has been hostile to people of traditional beliefs.

Renewing The Department’s Focus On Violent Crime

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Despite the DOJ’s pronouncements that violent crime continues to be a top pri- ority, it has increased across the United States. The department’s leadership must make actually reducing violent crime a priority across the United States—and it must do so in partnership with state and local officials in a manner that is tailored to the needs and conditions in those states and localities.

Restoring American Energy Dominance

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Biden’s war on fossil fuels has led to a dire adverse national impact.

The most important initiative for the DOI under a conservative President is the restoration of the department’s historic role managing the nation’s vast storehouse of hydrocarbons, much of which is yet to be discovered.

Righting The Ship

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Here are the immediate steps to ensure that the State Department serve American citizens first:

Review Retroactively. Before inauguration, the President-elect’s department transition team should assess every aspect of State Department negotiations and funding commitments. Upon inauguration, the Secretary of State should order an immediate freeze on all efforts to implement unratified treaties and international agreements, allocation of resources, foreign assistance disbursements, domestic and international contracts and payments, hiring and recruiting decisions, etc., pending a political appointee-driven review to ensure that such efforts comport with the new Administration’s policies. The quality of this review is more import- ant than speed. The posture of the department during this review should be an unwavering desire to prioritize the American people—including a recognition that the federal government must be a diligent steward of taxpayer dollars. Implement Repair. The State Department must change its handling of international agreements to restore constitutional governance. Under prior Administrations, unnecessary institutional factors in the department caused numerous logistical challenges in negotiating, approving, and implementing treaties and agreements.

Should the FTC Enforce Antitrust—or Even Continue to Exist?

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Needed Reforms

Some conservatives think that antitrust enforcement should be invested solely in the Department of Justice (DOJ).

The FTC’s commissioners are not removable at will by the President.

Many reasonably believe this violates the Vesting Clause

Congress should investigate ESG practices as a cover for anticompetitive activity and possible unfair trade practices.

Strengthening The Collection And Use Of Data

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Good decisions are based on accurate data. For decades, global health programs have relied mostly on statis- tical modeling (rather than actual data) or survey data (the weakest type of data). Poor data quality undermines both the evaluation and improvement of desired outcomes achieved by our global health programs. The Trump Administration implemented critical updates of PEPFAR’s systems for the collection and reporting of data to increase transparency and hold funded partners and overseas missions accountable. The next conservative Administration should apply these reforms to all of USAID’s global health programs.

The Day of the Dead and the Fightback from Gilgamesh

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

November 1 is celebrated as the Mexican day of the dead which is mirrored in Italy and other places near the Atlantic Ocean.

The Sumerian texts explain that it was rooted in the flood around 10,800 BC organized by the Anunnaki to wipe out humans.

The Firewall Saga

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The vital error in USAGM’s current organizational/cultural calculus is the agency’s selective application of a journalistic “firewall.” The amorphous interpretation of a firewall shifts, depending on which Administration is in office and who is asking questions.

Transportation Security Administration (tsa)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The TSA model is costly and unwisely makes TSA both the regulator and the regulated organization responsible for screening operations. As part of an effort to shrink federal bureaucracies and bring private-sector know-how to govern- ment programs, TSA is ripe for reform. The U.S. should look to the Canadian and European private models of providing aviation screening manpower to lower TSA costs while maintaining security. Until it is privatized, TSA should be treated as a national security provider, and its workforce should be deunionized immediately.

U.s. Air Force

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The U.S. Air Force today lacks a force structure with the lethality, survivabil- ity, and capacity to fight a major conflict with a great power like China, deter nuclear threats, and meet its other operational requirements under the National Defense Strategy.29 For 30 years, the Air Force has received less annual funding

U.S. ARMY

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The U.S. Army’s mission is “[t]o deploy, fight and win our nation’s wars by pro- viding ready, prompt and sustained land dominance by Army forces across the full spectrum of conflict as part of the joint force.”24 Today, however, the Army cannot execute its land dominance mission.25 The U.S. Army is at an inflection point that is marked by more than a decade of steadily eroding budgets and diluted buying power, an appreciable degradation in readiness and training capacity, a near crisis in the recruiting and retention of critical personnel, and a bevy of aging weapons systems that no longer provide a qualitative edge over peer and near-peer com- petitors but will not be replaced in the near term.

U.s. Customs And Border Protection (cbp)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

If all immigration agencies are not merged, including USCIS and ORR, then an appropriate third alternative would be to consolidate ICE and CBP to form a combined Border Security and Immigration Agency (BSIA). This would inte- grate critical interdiction, enforcement, and investigative resources, enhancing coordination and refocusing collective efforts on the vast and complex cross-border threats impacting our nation’s health, safety, and national security. It would also simultaneously add efficiencies to our nation’s capacity to facilitate lawful trade and travel.

U.s. Space Force

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Needed Reforms

Reverse the Biden Administration’s defensive posture. The Biden Administration has eliminated almost all offensive deterrence capabilities and instead will rely solely on defensive capabilities of disaggregation, maneuver, and reconstitution—the most costly, the slowest, and ultimately the most fragile architecture selection.

US Citizenship And Immigration Services (uscis)

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is the agency tasked with administering the legal immigration and certain temporary visa programs.

Needed Reforms

Since January 2021, USCIS’s priorities have been misaligned, and this has transformed it into an open-borders agency, ignoring the critical role that it plays in national security, public safety, and safeguarding the integrity of our immigration system.

Worker Retirement Savings, Esg, And Pension Reforms

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Remove ESG considerations from ERISA.

Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) investing is a relatively recent strategy promoted by large asset managers that focuses not only on a company’s bottom line, but also on the company’s compliance with liberal political views on climate change, racial quotas, abortion, and other issues. The ESG movement has focused especially on reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Worker Voice And Collective Bargaining

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Non-Union Worker Voice and Representation.

American workers lack a meaningful voice in today’s workplace. Between 50 percent and 60 percent of workers have less influence than they want on critical workplaces issues beyond pay and benefits. Even managers are twice as likely to say their employees have too little influence rather than too much.

Marx Versus Socrates

Sun, 06 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Marxist Socialism

The common definition of socialism nowadays came from the 19th century from Marx who mixed up socialism with communism. It mixes up authoritarianism with socialism. Authoritarian + socialist is a contradiction like controlled + freedom.

Kirk's Karma

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Charlie Kirk, a prominent 31-year-old American conservative activist, was fatally shot during a public event at Utah Valley University on September 10, 2025 by 22-year-old Tyler Robinson.

Karma Enforced

We are not surprised by this as it is natural karma.

The Anunnaki Quran

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The war in Lebanon and the destruction of Gaza prove the strength of Israel over Islam. This is totally different from the weakness of the Jews during the Islamic conquest.

Upgrading Humanity

Fri, 20 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Metaphysics of sociology is very simple. It consists of society being a compound wave made of individual waves of personal minds or souls that work together in order to experience reality.

Pool Clearing for Coordinated Global Logistics

Thu, 05 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The congestion in ports began with the pandemic which disrupted the operations of many forwarders and ports alike. Back then, the problem was the lack of containers due to the bottlenecks created by the policies against Covid.

The Usufruct Economy-as-a-Service

Tue, 02 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Global Warming

The current global warming is directly threatening entire species and life on Earth which is not used to the extreme impact that humans are causing. This impact is from human activity which is facilitated by the “linear” economic system, powered mostly by fossil fuels.

Why Throwing Money at Problems Won't Always Solve Them

Thu, 02 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In the Food Security Summit of the Asian Development Bank, the minister of Palau bashed the financial community for having a mentality to simply throw money at problems and expecting them to be solved.

Money is Not Credit

Mon, 04 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There is prevailing wrong belief that money is credit. This is a problem because:

Credit is Latin for creditum which is “to believe” as in incredible and credible.
Money is Latin for moneta which is to “mint” or “stamp a metal into a coin”.

It takes a stretch of imagination to equate coin with belief. The only logical way to convert money-coin with belief-credit is through the following chain of thought:

Peter Versus Mary (and Judas)

Mon, 15 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

According to the Gospel of Judas (and Matthew 16:21), the whole plan of Jesus entering Jerusalem was to disrupt the old Jewish Law and impose his own new laws.

This would then fix the ‘mistake of the stars’ and bring back the order that God had originally planned.

Where is 'Allah'?

Mon, 15 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

At the 100th day of the Gaza war, Muslims are asking: Where is ‘Allah’?

The Prophet Mohammad united the Arabs first against the Persians, and then against the Byzantines.

How the Effort Theory of Value Naturally Creates a Revenue Limit

Fri, 19 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000

In a previous post, we explained how the Effort Theory of Value from Adam Smith unifies one’s personal interests and actions in order to maximize the value that he or she creates for others. The produce of this effort is a product or service that is commonly sold to others for money.

The Crucifixion of Jesus According to Social Cycles

Mon, 03 Apr 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Historical facts will reveal that the crucifixion of Jesus had little to do with spirituality, but everything to do with politics.

Jesus lived in a time when Israel had just transitioned from Greek influence and moved under Roman tyranny. This transition caused a civil war between 2 major factions: the Sadducees and the Pharisees.

Keynesian Economics is Socialism for Wall Street

Fri, 17 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Have you every wondered how China’s economy could grow so sustainably large after the 1980’s?

It’s because they never adopted Keynesian economics.

Chapter 2 of Keynes’ General Theory exposes his corruption of Classical Economics in order to promote his Neoclassical hacks.

Is Industry 4.0 Good or Bad for the Economy?

Thu, 02 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000

In the beginning, there was ‘Web 2.0’.

Then there was ‘Cloud Computing’. Next came ‘Big Data’, followed by ‘IoT’.

Before the pandemic, the biggest buzzword in technology was ‘Industry 4.0.‘ Nowadays, the buzz is all about generative AI, which technically can be part of Industry 4.0 when applied to manufacturing and supply chain.

Product-specific Rules

Tue, 29 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Headnotes to the Annex

Pursuant to Article 3.2 (Originating Goods), this Annex sets out the conditions required for a good to be treated as an originating good.
For greater certainty, the origin criteria of “wholly obtained or produced in a Party” and “produced in a Party exclusively from originating materials from one or more of the Parties”, as provided in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of Article 3.2 (Originating Goods), apply to all tariff lines.

Minimum Information Requirements

Sun, 27 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Certificate of Origin

(a) exporter’s name and address
(b) producer’s name and address, if known
(c) importer’s or consignee’s name and address
(d) description of the goods and the HS Code of the goods (six-digit level)
(e) Certificate of Origin number
(f) origin conferring criterion
(g) declaration by the exporter or producer
(h) certification by the issuing body that the goods specified in the Certificate of Origin meet all the relevant requirements of Chapter 3 (Rules of Origin) based on the evidence provided with the authorised signature and official seal of the issuing body

(i) RCEP country of origin referred to in Article 2.6 (Tariff Differentials); (j) details to identify the consignment such as invoice number, departure date, vessel name or aircraft flight number, and port of discharge; (k) FOB value, if the regional value content origin conferring criterion is used; (l) quantity of the goods; (m) in the case of a back-to-back Certificate of Origin, original Proof of Origin reference number, date of issuance, RCEP country of origin of the first exporting Party, and, if applicable, approved exporter authorisation code of the first exporting Party. 3B-12. Declaration of Origin (a) exporter’s name and address; (b) producer’s name and address, if known; (c) importer’s or consignee’s name and address; (d) description of the goods and the HS Code of the goods (six

Time To Implement The Commitments

Sun, 27 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Brunei Darussalam

Buddhist Economics by EF Schumacher

Sun, 07 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Superphysics Note!

Here, we condense Buddhist Economics by EF Schumacher

Buddhist Economics vs Modern Economics

Buddhist economics is very different from the economics of modern materialism. This is because the Buddhist sees the essence of civilisation not in a multiplication of wants but in the purification of human character.

The Balance Sheet of a Points-Based Economic System

Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In 2017, we predicted that Masayoshi Son would be the last capitalist. This was because our model predicted a global economic crisis sparking in 2018, which would then create a global stagflation by 2019.

Introduction

Tue, 01 Feb 2022 00:00:00 +0000

SAN FRANCISCO • 1945

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to=

save succeeding generations from war
reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and
establish justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and
promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

AND FOR THESE ENDS=

Election Of Directors

Mon, 31 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Section A. - Election of Directors by Governors representing regional members.

Each Governor representing a regional member shall cast all votes of the member he represents for a single person.

Advisory Opinions

Thu, 27 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 65

The Court may give an advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations to make such a request.
Questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court is asked shall be laid before the Court by means of a written request containing an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is required, and accompanied by all documents likely to throw light upon the question.

Article 66

The Registrar shall forthwith give notice of the request for an advisory opinion to all states entitled to appear before the Court.

The Economic And Social Council

Sat, 22 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 61: Composition

The Economic and Social Council shall consist of 18 UN Members elected by the GA.
Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, 6 members of the Economic and Social Council shall be elected each year for 3 years. A retiring member shall be eligible for immediate re-election.
At the first election, eighteen members of the Economic and Social Council shall be chosen. The term of office of six members so chosen shall expire at the end of one year, and of six other members at the end of two years, in accordance with arrangements made by the General Assembly.
Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have one representative.

Article 62= Functions and Powers

The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to

the GA
the UN Members
the specialized agencies concerned

It may make recommendations to promote respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.
It may prepare draft conventions for submission to the General Assembly, with respect to matters falling within its competence.
It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribed by the United Nations, international conferences on matters falling within its competence.

Article 63

The Economic and Social Council may enter into agreements with any of the agencies re- ferred to in Article 57, defining the terms on which the agency concerned shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations. Such agreements shall be subject to approval by the GA.
It may coordinate the activities of the specialized agencies through consultation with and recommendations to such agencies and through recommendations to the General Assembly and to the Members of the United Nations.

Article 64

The Economic and Social Council may take appropriate steps to obtain regular reports from the specialized agencies. It may make arrangements with the Members of the United Nations and with the specialized agencies to obtain reports on the steps taken to give effect to its own recommendations and to recommendations on matters falling within its competence made by the General Assembly.
It may communicate its observations on these reports to the General Assembly.

Article 65

The Economic and Social Council may furnish information to the Security Council and shall assist the Security Council upon its request.

Declaration On Non-self-governing Territories

Fri, 21 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 73

The UN Members which assume the responsibilities of administering territories whose peoples have not yet attained self-government recognize the principle that thhose peoples’ interests are paramount.

They accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the well-being of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to this end=

International Trusteeship System

Thu, 20 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 75

The UN shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of “trust territories” as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements.

The Trusteeship Council

Wed, 19 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 86= Composition

The Trusteeship Council shall consist of the following UN Members= a. those Members administering trust territories; b. such of those Members mentioned by name in Article 23 as are not administering trust territories; and c. as many other Members elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly as may be necessary to ensure that the total number of members of the Trusteeship Council is equally divided between those Members of the United Nations which administer trust territories and those which do not.
Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall designate one specially qualified person to represent it therein.

Article 87= Functions and Powers

The GA and, under its authority, the Trusteeship Council, in carrying out their functions, may= a. consider reports submitted by the administering authority;b. accept petitions and examine them in consultation with the administering authority; c. provide for periodic visits to the respec- tive trust territories at times agreed upon with the administering authority; and d. take these and other actions in conformity with the terms of the trusteeship agreements.

The International Court Of Justice

Tue, 18 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 92

The International Court of Justice shall be the UN’s principal judicial organ. It shall function according to the Statute of The International Court Of Justice, which is an integral part of the present Charter.

The Secretariat

Mon, 17 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 97

The Secretariat is made up of a Secretary-General and his staff. He shall be appointed by the GA upon the SC’s recommendation.

He shall be the chief administrative officer of the UN.

Miscellaneous Provisions

Sun, 16 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 102

Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member of the United Nations after the present Charter comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published by it.

Transitional Security Arrangements

Sat, 15 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Article 106

The special agreements referred to in Article 43 may take time to come into force.

In the meantime=

the SC can exercise its responsibilities under Article 42 pending such agreements.
France and the parties to the Four-Nation Declaration, signed at Moscow, October 30,1943 shall, in accordance with paragraph 5 of that Declaration, consult with one another and with other UN Members to maintain peace

Article 107

Nothing in the present Charter shall invalidate or preclude action, in relation to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory to the present Charter, taken or authorized as a result of that war by the Governments having responsibility for such action.

Swap Donations

Wed, 12 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The pandemic has forced many people out of jobs and livelihoods. This has then led governments to turn to give dole-outs, pandemic loans, and stimilus checks.

Those measures try to ease the present burdens by transferring it to the future, from the hope that the pandemic will be gone by then. That would then allow economies to go back to normal and the debts to be repaid.

The Fallacy of Georgism

Mon, 10 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In a nutshell, it seems that in George’s time, wages were falling or unemployment was high or there was a productivity wage gap.

The economists at that time said that it’s because capital was scarce.

The Market Equilibrium Fallacy Part 1

Thu, 06 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The biggest fallacy of Economics is Market Equilibrium which is taught in basic economics or ‘Econ101’ everywhere as the supply and demand curve forming an ‘X’ and meeting in a state called ’exact equilibrium’.

The Market Equilibrium Fallacy Part 2

Thu, 06 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000

We combine both Supply and Demand curves to come up with a Supply and Demand model.

Samuelson’s Version

Samuelson justifies the unnatural supply curve with buying and selling through an auctioneer scenario. This is the same sophistical technique used by Jevons and Marshall, in their attempt to justify equilibrium.

Initial Provisions And General Definitions

Wed, 29 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 1.1: Establishment of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership as a Free Trade Area

The Parties, consistent with Article XXIV of GATT 1994 and Article V of GATS, hereby establish the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership as a free trade area in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.

Trade in Goods

Sat, 25 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

SECTION A: General Provisions And Market Access For Goods

Article 2.1: Definitions

(a) consular transactions means any requirements that goods of a Party intended for export to the territory of another Party must first be submitted to the supervision of the consul of the importing Party in the territory of the exporting Party for the purpose of obtaining consular invoices or consular visas for commercial invoices, certificates of origin, manifests, shippers’ export declarations, or any other customs documentation required on or in connection with importation;

Non-tariff Measures

Thu, 23 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 2.16: Application of Non-Tariff Measures

A Party shall not adopt or maintain any non-tariff measure on the importation of any good of another Party or on the exportation of any good destined for the territory of another Party, except in accordance with its rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement or this Agreement.

Operational Certification Procedures

Tue, 21 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 3.16: Proof of Origin

Any of the following shall be considered as a Proof of Origin:

(a) a Certificate of Origin issued by an issuing body in accordance with Article 3.17 (Certificate of Origin)
(b) a Declaration of Origin by an approved exporter in accordance with subparagraph 1(a) of Article 3.18 (Declaration of Origin); or
c) a Declaration of Origin by an exporter or producer in accordance with subparagraph 1(b) of Article 3.18 (Declaration of Origin), and subject to paragraphs 2 and 3, based on information available that the good is originating.

Australia, Brunei, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam shall implement subparagraph 1(c) no later than 10 years after their respective dates of entry into force of this Agreement. Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar shall implement subparagraph 1(c) no later than 20 years after their respective dates of entry into force of this Agreement.

Trade In Services

Wed, 15 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 8.1: Definitions

For the purposes of this Chapter:

(a) aircraft repair and maintenance services means such activities when undertaken on an aircraft or a part thereof while it is withdrawn from service and does not include so-called line maintenance;
(b) commercial presence means any type of business or professional establishment, including through:
- (i) the constitution, acquisition, or maintenance of ajuridical person; or
- (ii) the creation or maintenance of a branch or a representative office, within the territory of a Party for the purpose of supplying a service;
(c) computer reservation system services means services provided by computerised systems that contain information about air carriers’ schedules, availability, fares, and fare rules, through which reservations can be made or tickets may be issued;
(d) juridical person means any entity duly constituted or otherwise organised under applicable law, whether for profit or otherwise, and whether privately-owned or government-owned, including any corporation, trust, partnership, joint venture, sole proprietorship, or association
(e) juridical person of a Party means a juridical person which is either:
- (i) constituted or otherwise organised under the law of that Party, and is engaged in substantive business operations in the territory of that Party or any other Party; or
- ii)
(f) in the case of the supply of a service through commercial presence, owned or controlled by: (g) (A) natural persons of that Party; or (B) juridical persons of that Party identified under subparagraph (e)(i); For Thailand and Viet Nam, a juridical person is: (i) owned by persons of a Party if more than 50 per cent of the equity interest in it is beneficially owned by persons of that Party; (ii) controlled by persons of a Party if such persons have the power to name a majority of its directors or otherwise to legally direct its actions; (iii) affiliated with another person when it controls, or is controlled by, that other person, or when it and the other person are both controlled by the same person; measures by a Party affecting trade in services includes measures in respect of:

(i) the purchase or use of, or payment for, a service;

General Provisions And Exceptions

Mon, 13 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 17.1: Definition

For the purposes of this Chapter, administrative ruling of general application means an administrative ruling or interpretation that applies to all persons and fact situations that fall generally within the ambit of that administrative ruling or interpretation and that establishes a norm of conduct, but does not include:

Institutional Provisions

Fri, 10 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 18.1: Meetings of the RCEP Ministers

The RCEP Ministers shall meet within 1 year of the date of entry and every year thereafter unless the Parties agree otherwise, to consider any matter relating to RCEP
The RCEP Ministers shall take decisions on any matter by consensus.

Article 18.2: Establishment of the RCEP Joint Committee

The Parties hereby establish an RCEP Joint Committee consisting of senior officials designated by each Party.

Definitions

Tue, 07 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 19.1: Definitions

(a) ‘Complaining Party’ is any Party or Parties that requests consultations pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article 19.6 (Consultations)
(b) ‘Parties to the dispute’ means the Complaining Party and the Responding Party (c) Party to the dispute means the Complaining Party or the Responding Party; (d) Responding Party means any Party to which the request for consultations is made pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article 19.6 (Consultations); (e) Rules of Procedures means the Rules of Procedures for Panel Proceedings adopted by the RCEP Joint Committee; and (f) Third Party means any Party that makes a notification pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 19.10 (Third Parties).

Article 19.2: Objective The objective of this Chapter is to provide effective, efficient, and transparent rules and procedures for settlement of disputes arising under this Agreement.

Have a Strong Christmas!

Mon, 06 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The year 2021 is nearly over and along with it the experiences of the year:

The Delta variant is giving way to the Omicron
The stagnation of 2020 is giving way to inflation, exactly as predicted by our model
The conflict with China and Russia is slowly building up

This is fully in line with our dialectical* model that predicted this crisis back in 2015. According to it, the next crisis for the next few years would be a currency crisis, as a natural effect of the current stagnation. Things will get a lot worse for many years before they get better.

Membership

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 3

The original UN Members are the states which:

participated in the UN Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or
having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of January 1,1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.

Article 4

Membership is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations in the present Charter and are able and willing to carry them out.

Organs

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 7

The principal organs of the UN are=

a General Assembly [GA]
a Security Council [SC]
an Economic and Social Council
a Trusteeship Council
an International Court of Justice
a Secretariat

Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter.

Article 8

The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in-its principal and subsidiary organs.

Final Provisions

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 20.1: Annexes, Appendices, and Footnotes

The Annexes, Appendices, and footnotes to this Agreement shall constitute an integral part of this Agreement.

Article 20.2: Relation to Other Agreements

Recognising the Parties’ intention for this Agreement to coexist with their existing international agreements, each Party affirms:

(a) in relation to existing international agreements to which all Parties are party, including the WTO Agreement, its existing rights and obligations with respect to the other Parties

Purposes And Principles

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 1

The Purposes of the United Nations are:

To maintain international peace and security.

To that end, to take effective collective measures to prevent and remove threats to peace and to bring about the settlement of international disputes in conformity with the principles of justice and international law

The General Assembly

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 9: Composition

The GA is made up of all the UN Members
Each Member shall have not more than 5 representatives in the GA.

Article 10: Functions and Powers

The GA may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.

The Security Council

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 23: Composition

The Security Council shall consist of 11 Members of the UN. The permanent members are=

China
France
USSR
UK
USA

The GA shall elect 6 other Members to be non-permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of theUnited Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.

Pacific Settlement Of Disputes

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 33

The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.

Action on Threats To The Peace, Breaches Of The Peace, And Acts Of Aggression

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 39

The SC shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression. It shall recommen or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Regional Arrangements

Sat, 04 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Article 52

Nothing in the present Charter precludes the existence of regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action, provided that such arrangements or agencies and their activities are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.

Rome after the Death of Cæsar

Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000

It was impossible for the republic to be re-established. There was no longer any tyrant, and yet liberty was extinguished because the causes of its destruction still continued to prevent its revival.

Dogmism: Breaking the Cycle of Extremism

Sun, 12 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Islamic terrorism became known worldwide because of the 9/11 attacks which overshadowed previous attacks from the 1970’s. Since then, terrorism has been unfortunately and unfairly connected to Islam.

This connection is easily brought back up whenever a terrorist attack occurs, whether it was rooted in Islam or not.

The Invisible Hand of Dharma or the Tao

Thu, 09 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The invisible hand concept by Adam Smith is one of the most important ideas of Supereconomics, making up the 2nd Law of Value.

This Law leads to the effort theory of value which then replaces marginal utility. Without marginal utility, the arbitrary marginal pricing and profit maximization of Neoclassical Economics cease to be logical as they necessarily violate the 3rd Law of Value which is the concept of Natural Price.

Council of Opposition to Preserve the Balance of Power

Tue, 07 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000

In the essay The Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth, David Hume wrote about his plan for the ideal government:

The people are split into 100 counties which are split into 100 districts
The people vote for a district representative. This creates 100 district representatives per district and a total of 10,000 district representatives
The 100 district reps vote for 1 senator to represent their country.

Its unique feature is The Court of Competitors which we rename as The Council of Opposition and is made up of the losers of the senatorial race who lose by landslide.

Confirmation Elections to Solve Divided Votes

Wed, 18 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0000

In the essay The Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth, David Hume wrote about a federalized plan of government unified under an executive senate and a representative legislature. It includes an election system that is based on votes from the representatives instead of popular votes.

How to Reduce the 2020 Inflation

Tue, 27 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Inflation surged in the second half of 2021 as the effect from the Covid which began in Q1 of 2020.

Covid forced the world to go on lockdown which killed the normal US economy. Because of neoliberalism, as an effect of the dominance of the Negative Force, the US economy is the economic engine of the world (the mercantile republic).

Prediction Successes and Failures

Tue, 27 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Tsz-chang asked: Is it possible to forecast the state of the country 10 generations from now?

Confucius: The Yin dynasty adopted the rules and manners of the Hu line of kings. It is possible to tell whether it retrograded or advanced. The Chow line has followed the Yin and adopted its ways. Whether there has been deterioration or improvement may also be determined. Some other line may take up in turn those of Chow. If this process goes on for 100 generations, then the result may be known.

Solution to AI Unemployment

Tue, 27 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000

As artificial intelligence continues to automate jobs across industries, society faces mass unemployment in a system still dependent on wage labor.

Taxation is a Negative Solution

Some have pushed a tax on AI. But this is silly as it reduces profits when the whole reason for AI was to reduce cost and increase profits.

Prediction On Philippine Elections 2022

Sat, 12 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Our system, called Social Superphysics, follows the social cycles theory of Socrates which states that each society has a season of aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny, which is mirrored by the Hindu brahmin, vaesya, shudra, and ksattriya varnas.

The Different Notions of Interest Rates

Fri, 15 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The failure of quantitative easing, both in the US under Obama and in Japan as Abenomics, is proof that the operations of banking cannot directly and immediately lead to economic growth, as explained by Adam Smith:

The Inelastic Supply Curve Sophistry

Fri, 15 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The inelastic supply curve is the child-idea of the sophistry called the Equilibrium Theory of Economics. It manifests as a vertical line that says* that an essential, but hard-to-produce product can command whatever price its supplier wants.

Automated Natural Intelligence (ANI) for Supereconomics

Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Supereconomics (Economic Superphysics) aims to solve all economic problems by adding moneyless donations and exchange (barter), as points-based valuation, to the current money-based valuation. This is similar to how Material Superphysics aims to solve mysteries in Physics by adding the aether-idea onto the idea of “quantum fields”.

How to Restore the Gold Standard through Clearing Funds

Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Our proposed Multilateral Clearing system, derived from EF Schumacher and Adam Smith, can prevent currency attack and commodity speculation by:

making forward contracts not transferrable
not allowing private currency trading

The job of providing liquidity and transferring working capital to the producers and exporters will be done instead by “clearing funds”.

Why is Business Usually Seen as Immoral?

Thu, 24 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000

In some societies, especially Eastern ones, business and commerce are usually looked down upon. In ancient China and Japan, merchants were not respected and were even oppressed.

Why Quantitative Easing Failed

Thu, 24 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Japan launched Quantitative Easing (QE) as part of Abenomics which was announced in 2012, just as the US launched theirs after the 2008 Financial Crisis. Both actions failed to drive economic growth for both countries and merely resulted in additional public debt.

The Resource Based Economy

Tue, 01 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Another flawed economic paradigm, aside from the Steady State Economy is the Resource Based Economy (RBE) by Jacque Fresco.

It is implemented as The Venus Project which is a tech-urban master plan. This is a necessary consequence of Mr. Fresco being a designer by trade, as opposed to being a practicing scientist or civil engineer.

What is Points Banking?

Sun, 05 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Points-Banking is the main feature of our proposed points-based economic system.

Bilateral Barter Credits

The system works on barter-credits which are claims to the goods and services offered by others. Unlike barter which requires immediate fulfillment of an exchange, barter-credits does not force an immediate fulfillment.

The 1772 Credit Crunch

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000

In 1772, a credit crisis originating in London hit and spread over Europe and affected the American colonies.

The cause was the creation and over-circulation of bounced checks then known as redrawn bills of exchange. Speculators used these bills to gamble with bank money and the deposits of other people.

The Winners and Losers in the Red Sea Crisis

Thu, 02 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The biggest news in the shipping world in recent months is the impact on global shipping of the fight between the Houthi rebels and the US and its allies.

The crisis began when Yemen’s Houthis attacked Israel on October 19, with them formally announcing military operations against Israel on October 31. This was followed by attacks on ships that were said to be controlled by Israel.

How to Solve Police Brutality

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

This week, Minneapolis voted to replace its Police force with Community-based law enforcement. The reasoning is that their police force was abusive and ineffective.

However, from the nature of things, this is the wrong solution. If you had a personal chauffer (driver) who was reckless and has caused the deaths of others, you do not ban all chauffers and make people drive their own cars.

5 Tips on How to be Rich according to Adam Smith

Thu, 17 Oct 2019 00:00:00 +0000

In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith gave tips on wealth-generation:

1. Build capital, not expense

Alternatives to Money as Store of Value

Thu, 17 Oct 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Both Economics and Mercantilism use money as their store of value and tool of trade.

Mercantilism was also called the Commercial system and now takes the form of E-commerce.

To buy anything online, you need a credit card or any electronic system.

How to Prevent Economic Stagnation

Thu, 17 Oct 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Stagnation is a common phenomenon in large and developed countries. It is called a ‘stationary’ state by Adam Smith and usually happens when everyone has achieved their natural state of wealth:

How to Survive in the Music Industry

Thu, 17 Oct 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Taylor Swift’s op-ed in The Wall Street Journal shows her continued optimism in the music industry despite its continued downturn caused by the popularity of digital music. She defends her optimism by viewing music as valueable art which can still sell, especially if the buyer falls in love with an artist.

The 4 Branches of Supereconomics

Fri, 02 Aug 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Four Branches

Currently, Economics has messy divisions arising from the lack of understanding of the nature of societies and the human species:

Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
Development Economics
Welfare Economics
Behavioral Economics
Political Economy

The Four Laws of Value of Superphysics streamlines this into four branches matching the four laws of value:

How Blockchain will Cause Banking to Implode

Thu, 13 Jun 2019 00:00:00 +0000

In late 2018, banks started to embrace blockchain instead of downplaying it as they did in 2016.

Constitutional Virtues

Wed, 20 Feb 2019 00:00:00 +0000

The Origin of Laws: Feelings

According to David Hume, a society is bound together by laws from a justice system. These laws were originally created to make people useful to each other and to maintain peace and order.

How to Solve Inequality

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 +0000

According to Socrates, inequality takes root most commonly when a society transitions from intellectual rule to an oligarchy:

An Oligarchic State is not one, but two States, the one of poor, the other of rich men. They are living on the same spot and always conspiring against one another. Their fondness for money makes them unwilling to pay taxes. Under such a constitution, the same persons have too many callings. They are husbandmen, tradesmen, warriors, all in one. It does not look well. The greatest evil of oligarchy is that it creates the extremes of great wealth and utter poverty.

Ricardo's Labor Theory of Value

Sun, 13 Aug 2017 00:00:00 +0000

In his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, David Ricardo criticizes Adam Smith’s wheat-based valuation and replaces it with his own theory which is based on money-wages.

By looking at his work, we can see that he never understood the metaphysics behind Smith’s labor theory of value in the first place. We go through his reasoning below.

Masayoshi Son: The Last Capitalist

Sun, 15 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

In a previous post, we mentioned that our model designated 2019 as the start of the crisis years which will be a general economic downturn culminating as a global stagflation.

This period will lead to a change in mentality, specifically with the capitalist system, which is really just the old mercantile system in a perfected form. The main difference is that Capitalism ‘arbitrages’ equity while mercantilism ‘arbitrages’ commodities.

Welcome to the Pre-Crisis Years (2016-2018)

Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0000

Our model, derived from the principles laid by David Hume, Adam Smith, and Socrates, designated 2019 as the start of a global stagflation.

This stagflation will increase from 2020 onwards up to 2030 when it will reach its peak, culminating in some kind of conflict. A stagflation is a phenomenon which has low employment and output while having high prices at the same time.

Law of Supply and Demand Fallacy

Thu, 01 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0000

April 2021

The actual supply prices of Covid vaccines are consistent with our assertions here that the supply curve cannot be naturally vertical, and is the final proof of the sophistry of the equilibrium theory of Economics.

Adam Smith’s Supply and Demand Curves (below) are the foundation our proposed science called Supereconomics which is based on Classical Economics. It can be applied to any problem in economics in order to provide common sense answers.

At Balliol

Thu, 24 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Unlike Gibbon and Bentham, Smith never thought that his 6 years at Oxford were wasted.

Boswell and others have called him ungrateful for his censures on Oxford.

But that charge is unreasonable because the censures were true and useful.

I refer to it here merely to point out that Smith felt and publicly expressed gratitude for his residence at the University of Oxford.

The Destruction of the Eastern Empire

Thu, 17 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

How could the Greek empire possibly subsist so long?

The Arabs invaded the empire and conquered several provinces. Their chiefs became competitors for the Khalisa, and the flame of their first zeal only burst out in civil dissensions.

Conclusion of Piketty's Capital in the 21st Century

Wed, 09 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Central Contradiction of Capitalism

The Central Contradiction of Capitalism is:

Economic Science

Wed, 09 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Economics is a subdiscipline of the social sciences. It is alongside:

history
sociology
anthropology
political science

The expression “economic science” is terribly arrogant because it suggests that economics has attained a higher scientific status than the other social sciences. It is better to call it “political economy”. This name sets it apart from the other social sciences because of its political, normative, and moral purpose.

What Is Capital?

Wed, 09 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Output and income can be decomposed as the sum of income to capital and income to labor:

Smith = Hume = Socrates

Sat, 15 Aug 2015 00:00:00 +0000

People often mistake Smith to be the founder of Capitalism simply because he mentioned the nature of capital in The Wealth of Nations.

Anyone who reads that book will learn that Smith was pro-poor and anti-rich as proven by his stand on giving living wages for the poor through profit-sharing:

Visit to Samuel Rodgers

Tue, 28 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Samuel Rogers was the author of the Pleasures of Memory. He went to Scotland to make its ‘home tour’. It was then much in vogue.

He brought with him letters of introduction to Smith from Dr. Price and Dr. Kippis. Dr. Kippis was the editor of the Biographia Britannica. Rogers, a poet, was then 23.

Revision of The Theory of Moral Sentiments

Sun, 26 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Smith had long contemplated revising the Theory of Moral Sentiments which had been around for 30 years with five editions.

But it never went through any revision. This was the task of the last year of his life. He made considerable changes, especially by addition. He wrote the additions while he was under severe illness.

Smith's Last Days

Fri, 24 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The new edition of the Theory was Smith’s last published work. A French newspaper, the Moniteur Universelle of Paris, announced on March 11, 1790 that Smith would do a critical examination of Montesquieu’s Esprit des Lois.

Profit Maximization is Absurd

Thu, 09 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000

A key fallacy that is inseparably part of Economics, along with equilibrium, is the idea of profit maximization.

The idea of maximization has its origins in Newton’s Calculus which in turn has its origins in Physics. Smith and Hume never mentioned maximization nor calculus anywhere in their writings on the political economy. In fact, The Wealth of Nations has no equations at all*!

Simple Say's Law

Mon, 18 May 2015 00:00:00 +0000

To prove the sophistry of capitalism, we must trace the roots of its core ideas. Among its core ideas is the production motive, or the sophistical belief that what is good for the producers or sellers, or those who live by profits, is good for the nation.

Karl Marx vs Adam Smith

Wed, 29 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

I came upon a video explaining the Marxist view of use value and exchangeable value. It was easy to see the difference between the values of Marx and those of Smith.

The Skyscraper Curse of Economics

Tue, 28 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

The Economist showed an interesting graphic of the correlation of skyscrapers and economic crises in a phenomenon known as the Skyscraper Curse.

A question was posed: “Does this frenzy of building augur badly for the world economy?”, to which we answer “Yes, because of Economics”.

The Timeline of Economic Crises

Sat, 11 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Year	Event
235-284 AD	Crisis of the Third Century
1544–1551	The Great Debasement
1621–1623	Kipper und Wipper
1637	Tulip mania crash
1720	South Sea bubble crash
1720	Mississippi bubble crash
1763	Amsterdam banking crisis
1769–1784	Bengal bubble crash
1772	Crisis of 1772
1780–1795	Dutch Republic financial collapse
1785	Panic of 1785
1789	Copper Panic of 1789
1792	Panic
1796–1797	Panic
1813	Danish state bankruptcy
1815–1816	Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
1819	Panic
1825	Panic
1837	Panic
1845–1856	European Potato Failure Great Irish Famine
1847	Panic
1857	Panic
1866	Panic
1869	Black Friday
1873	Panic
1882	Paris Bourse crash
1884	Panic
1886	Arendal crash
1890	Baring crisis
1890–1893	Encilhamento
1893	Panic
1893	Australian banking crisis
1894	Black Monday
1896	Panic
1901	Panic
1907	Panic
1907	Panic
1910	Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
1910–11	Panic
1917–1924	Early Soviet hyperinflation
1921–1923	Weimar Republic hyperinflation
1927	Shōwa financial crisis
1929	Wall Street Crash
1973	Oil crisis
1973–1974	Stock market crash
1973–1982	Steel crisis
1973–1975	Secondary banking crisis
1975–1982	Latin American debt crisis
1976	British sterling crisis
1979	Oil crisis
1980–1994	Brazilian hyperinflation
1982	Chilean crisis
1983	Black Saturday
1986–1995	Savings and loan crisis
1987	Black Monday
1988–1992	Norwegian banking crisis
1990–1992	Japanese asset price bubble crash
1991	Indian economic crisis
1991–1992	Swedish financial crisis
1992-1993	Finnish banking crisis
1992	Black Wednesday
1992–1994	Yugoslav hyperinflation
1992–1994	Yugoslav hyperinflation
1994	Bond market crisis
1994	Venezuelan banking crisis
1994–1996	Mexican peso crisis
1997	Asian financial crisis
1998	1998 Russian financial crisis
1998–99	Ecuador financial crisis
2000–2004	Dot-com bubble crash
2001	Turkish economic crisis
2002	South American economic crisis
2002	Uruguay banking crisis
2003	Myanmar banking crisis
2004	Argentine energy crisis
2007	Chinese stock bubble crash
_	Zimbabwean hyperinflation
2007–2008	Global Financial crisis
2022	FTX collapse
2023	Banking Crisis

How to be a Wealthy Country

Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

3 Requirements for a Wealthy Country

According to Adam Smith, there are 3 basic factors needed to be a major economic power:

The people must have a good moral system
The people must not be stupid
The country must have access to the ocean

A fourth optional factor would be having natural resources.

Adam Smith's Mistakes in the Wealth of Nations

Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith wrote the Wealth of Nations as an attack on Mercantilism which has since evolved into Neoclassical Economics that is similarly focused on the profit motive, as opposed to the social motive.

The Iron Law of Wages of David Ricardo

Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Adam Smith said that the differences in wages are due to five factors:

Agreeableness
Trust
Constancy
Risk
Cost of learning

And 3 states of economic growth:

backward
stationary
advancing

In contrast, David Ricardo simplistically said that wages are based on the supply and demand of workers and the cost of goods and services which wages are spent on. Because of this simplicity, Ricardo concluded that wages must fall (Iron Law of Wages). This is similar to that or Marx, who was also very simplistic.

Why do humans need and use money?

Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000

While building our alternative economic system, we experimented with different features and models. We tried:

social ecommerce
barter
ecommerce with barter
moneyless gift system
disaster relief resource allocation
timebanking
moneyless with ecommerce
finally, moneyless with ecommerce and barter

Barter Versus Money

Barter and moneyless is feasible but only for the small scale. We realized that the new system still needed money simply because it would be very difficult to mitigate the risk with long-distance barter and points transactions.

Socio-economic Suggestions for the Tasmanian Economy

Wed, 23 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0000

A few days ago, ABC reported that the Tasmanian economy was showing signs of recovery after being at the bottom of the nation last year.

‘State final demand’ has risen to 2.3% compared to 1.3% for the national average
Unemployment was down 0.2% compared to a 0.1% increase in the mainland

The Problem with PROUT

Fri, 09 May 2014 00:00:00 +0000

PROUT stands for Progressive Utilization Theory which is from Indian guru PR Sarkar, founder of Ananda Marga.

Its principles are:

No individual can accumulate any physical wealth without the clear approval of the collective body.
There should be maximum utilization and rational distribution of all mundane, supramundane and spiritual potentialities of the universe.
There should be maximum utilization of physical, metaphysical and spiritual potentialities of unit and collective bodies of human society.
There should be a proper adjustment amongst these physical, metaphysical, mundane, supramundane and spiritual utilizations.
The method of utilization should vary in accordance with changes in time, space and person, and the utilization should be of progressive nature.

Its most striking feature is the guarantee of minimum requirements as a realization of those principles, without explaining how it would be done.

The Origins of Laissez Faire

Mon, 09 Dec 2013 00:00:00 +0000

The origins of laissez faire can be traced to the Physiocrats, which Adam Smith referred to as ‘sect of men of letters in France who call themselves The Œconomists’.

It was founded by a physician, François Quesnay, who published an economic table attempting to visualize the flow of value among different kind of producers.

The Marshallian Supply and Demand Fallacy

Mon, 18 Nov 2013 00:00:00 +0000

This is the early version of my Fallacy of Market Equilibrium Post that was sent to a journal but was not accepted. This led me to post to the internet instead. Juan

The Cause of Crises

The arbitrariness created by selfish interests, combined with the impossibility of knowing everything, allows nominal value to be created from nowhere, just as easily as they can be written by a “bookkeeper’s pen” (Friedman, 1969).

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction p3

1 1 The plebeians and Senate of Rome were often at strife with each other concerning the enactment of laws, the cancelling of debts, the division of lands, or the election of magistrates. Internal discord did not, however, bring them to blows; there were dissensions merely and contests within the limits of the law, which they composed by making mutual concessions, and with much respect for each other. Once when the plebeians were entering on a campaign they fell into a controversy of the sort, but they did not use the weapons in their hands, but withdrew to the hill, which from that time on was called the Sacred Mount. Even then no violence was done, but they created a magistrate for their protection and called him the Tribune of the Plebs, to serve especially as a check upon the consuls, who were chosen by the Senate,⁠1 so that political power should not be exclusively in their hands. From this arose still p5 greater bitterness, and the magistrates were arrayed in stronger animosity to each other from this time on, and the Senate and plebeians took sides with them, each believing that it would prevail over the other by augmenting the power of its own magistrates. It was in the midst of contests of this kind that Marcius Coriolanus, having been banished contrary to justice, took refuge with the Volsci and levied war against his country.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Streamlining Procurement and Localizing the Partner Base.

USAID is a grantmaking and contracting agency that disburses billions of dollars of federal funding in developing countries through implementing partners, such as U.N. agen- cies, international NGOs, for-profit companies, and local nongovernmental entities. In rare instances, such as in Jordan and Ukraine, the agency provides direct budget support to finance the operations of host-country governments. USAID far more often counts on expensive and ineffective large contracts and grants to carry out its programs. It justifies these practices based on speed and a lower administrative burden on its institutional capacity.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

DRIVING CONSTANT INNOVATION

The foundation of this portfolio should be a metascience unit in each federal science agency. Each unit should be highly empowered, reporting directly to the director or administrator to ensure cross-agency visibility and guard against capture by particular programs or constituencies. Each unit should be staffed with researchers possessing expertise in the science of science, program evaluation, and data analysis, supplemented by rotating program officers who bring operational knowledge of how grants actually get made. Federal funding agencies should develop systematic gap-mapping capacity, regularly review their funding portfolios, and drive more intentional grantmaking instead of deferring to the portfolio allocation of the previous fiscal year. Such a process could identify both bottlenecks and the foundational capabilities that would address them.80 Metascience units could, for instance, convene expert workshops and maintain living maps of capability gaps, or work externally with foundations that have developed sophisticated methods for identifying transformative research opportunities. DARPA’s Heilmeier Catechism embodies this discipline, forcing explicit articulation of what gap a program addresses and why solving it matters.81

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

OPENING AMERICA’S LABORATORIES

Beyond test beds, America possesses extraordinary research infrastructure, built up over decades of federal investment. The DOE alone operates 28 user facilities, from the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne to the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge, providing capabilities available nowhere else on Earth.101 These facilities represent billions of dollars in capital investment by the American taxpayer and decades of accumulated expertise.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

ADAPTING OUR INSTITUTIONS

Our task is to build a scientific enterprise that maximizes the marginal returns to intelligence, which means confronting, clearly, the factors that constrain its work. Three stand out. The first is the speed of feedback. Particle physicists have devised myriad theories about our universe, but we currently lack the experimental data to distinguish among them. No amount of intelligence can conjure observations that do not yet exist.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

PREFACE

Reader, thou hast here the beginning and end of a discourse concerning government; what fate has otherwise disposed of the papers that should have filled up the middle, and were more than all the rest, it is not worth while to tell thee. These, which remain, I hope are sufficient to establish the throne of our great restorer, our present King William; to make good his title, in the consent of the people, which being the only one of all lawful governments, he has more fully and clearly, than any prince in Christendom; and to justify to the world the people of England, whose love of their just and natural rights, with their resolution to preserve them, saved the nation when it was on the very brink of slavery and ruin. If these papers have that evidence, I flatter myself is to be found in them, there will be no great miss of those which are lost, and my reader may be satisfied without them: for I imagine, I shall have neither the time, nor inclination to repeat my pains, and fill up the wanting part of my answer, by tracing Sir Robert again, through all the windings and obscurities, which are to be met with in the several branches of his wonderful system. The king, and body of the nation, have since so thoroughly confuted his Hypothesis, that I suppose no body hereafter will have either the confidence to appear against our common safety, and be again an advocate for slavery; or the weakness to be deceived with contradictions dressed up in a popular stile, and well-turned periods: for if any one will be at the pains, himself, in those parts, which are here untouched, to strip Sir Robert’s discourses of the flourish of doubtful expressions, and endeavour to reduce his words to direct, positive, intelligible propositions, and then compare them one with another, he will quickly be satisfied, there was never so much glib nonsense put together in well-sounding English. If he think it not worth while to examine his works all thro’, let him make an experiment in that part, where he treats of usurpation; and let him try, whether he can, with all his skill, make Sir Robert intelligible, and consistent with himself, or common sense. I should not speak so plainly of a gentleman, long since past answering, had not the pulpit, of late years, publicly owned his doctrine, and made it the current divinity of the times. It is necessary those men, who taking on them to be teachers, have so dangerously misled others, should be openly shewed of what authority this their Patriarch is, whom they have so blindly followed, that so they may either retract what upon so ill grounds they have vented, and cannot be maintained; or else justify those principles which they preached up for gospel; though they had no better an author than an English courtier: for I should not have writ against Sir Robert, or taken the pains to shew his mistakes, inconsistencies, and want of (what he so much boasts of, and pretends wholly to build on) scripture-proofs, were there not men amongst us, who, by crying up his books, and espousing his doctrine, save me from the reproach of writing against a dead adversary. They have been so zealous in this point, that, if I have done him any wrong, I cannot hope they should spare me. I wish, where they have done the truth and the public wrong, they would be as ready to redress it, and allow its just weight to this reflection, viz. that there cannot be done a greater mischief to prince and people, than the propagating wrong notions concerning government; that so at last all times might not have reason to complain of the Drum Ecclesiastic. If any one, concerned really for truth, undertake the confutation of my Hypothesis, I promise him either to recant my mistake, upon fair conviction; or to answer his difficulties. But he must remember two things.

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

History: Fundamental Conditions Since we are dealing with the Germans, who are devoid of premises, we must begin by stating the first premise of all human existence and, therefore, of all history, the premise, namely, that men must be in a position to live in order to be able to “make history.” But life involves before everything else eating and drinking, a habitation, clothing and many other things. The first historical act is thus the production of the means to satisfy these needs, the production of material life itself. And indeed this is an historical act, a fundamental condition of all history, which today, as thousands of years ago, must daily and hourly be fulfilled merely in order to sustain human life. Even when the sensuous world is reduced to a minimum, to a stick as with Saint Bruno [Bauer], it presupposes the action of producing the stick. Therefore in any interpretation of history one has first of all to observe this fundamental fact in all its significance and all its implications and to accord it its due importance. It is well known that the Germans have never done this, and they have never, therefore, had an earthly basis for history and consequently never an historian. The French and the English, even if they have conceived the relation of this fact with so-called history only in an extremely one-sided fashion, particularly as long as they remained in the toils of political ideology, have nevertheless made the first attempts to give the writing of history a materialistic basis by being the first to write histories of civil society, of commerce and industry.

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2-16CHAPTER 3 RULES OF ORIGIN SECTION A RULES OF ORIGIN Article 3.1: Definitions For the purposes of this Chapter: (a) aquaculture means the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans, other aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic plants from seed stock such as eggs, fry, fingerlings, and larvae, by intervention in the rearing or growth processes to enhance production such as regular stocking, feeding, or protection from predators; (b) CIF value means the value of the imported good, inclusive of the cost of insurance and freight up to the port or place of entry into the country of importation; (c) competent authority means the government authority or authorities designated by a Party and notified to the other Parties; (d) customs authority means a customs authority as defined in subparagraph (a) of Article 4.1 (Definitions); (e) FOB value means the value of the good free on board, inclusive of the cost of transport (regardless of the mode of transport) to the port or site of final shipment abroad; (f) fungible goods or materials means goods or materials that are interchangeable for commercial purposes, whose properties are essentially identical; (g) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles means those principles recognised by consensus or with substantial authoritative support in a Party, with respect to the recording of revenues, expenses, costs, assets, and liabilities; the disclosure of information; and the preparation of financial statements. These principles may encompass 3-1broad guidelines of general application as well as detailed standards, practices, and procedures; (h) good means any merchandise, product, article, or material; (i) issuing body means an entity designated or authorised by a Party to issue a Certificate of Origin and notified to the other Parties in accordance with this Chapter; (j) material means a good that is used in the production of another good; (k) non-originating good or non-originating material means a good or material which does not qualify as originating in accordance with this Chapter; (l) originating good or originating material means a good or material which qualifies as originating in accordance with this Chapter; (m) producer means a person who engages in the production of goods; and (n) production means methods of obtaining goods including growing, mining, harvesting, farming, raising, breeding, extracting, gathering, collecting, capturing, fishing, aquaculture, trapping, hunting, manufacturing, producing, processing, or assembling. Article 3.2: Originating Goods For the purposes of this Agreement, a good shall be treated as an originating good if it is: (a) wholly obtained or produced in a Party as provided in Article 3.3 (Goods Wholly Obtained or Produced); (b) produced in a Party exclusively from originating materials from one or more of the Parties; or (c) produced in a Party using non-originating materials, provided the good satisfies the applicable requirements set out in Annex 3A (Product-Specific Rules), 3-2and meets all other applicable requirements of this Chapter. Article 3.3: Goods Wholly Obtained or Produced For the purposes of Article 3.2 (Originating Goods), the following goods shall be considered as wholly obtained or produced in a Party: (a) plants and plant goods, including fruit, flowers, vegetables, trees, seaweed, fungi, and live plants, grown and harvested, picked, or gathered there; (b) live animals born and raised there; (c) goods obtained from live animals raised there; (d) goods obtained by hunting, trapping, fishing, farming, aquaculture, gathering, or capturing conducted there; (e) minerals and other naturally occurring substances, not included in subparagraphs (a) through (d), extracted or taken from its soil, waters, seabed, or subsoil beneath the seabed; (f) goods of sea-fishing and other marine life taken by vessels of that Party 1 , and other goods taken by that Party or a person of that Party, from the waters, seabed, or subsoil beneath the seabed outside the territorial sea of the Parties and non-Parties, in accordance with international law, provided that, in case of goods of sea-fishing and other marine life taken from the exclusive economic zone of any Party or non-Party, that Party or person of that Party has 1 For the purposes of this Article, “factory ships of that Party” or “vessels of that Party” respectively, means factory ships or vessels: (a) which are registered in that Party; and (b) which are entitled to fly the flag of that Party. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any factory ship or vessel operating within the exclusive economic zone of Australia that meets the definition of “Australian boat” under the Fisheries Management Act 1991 (Commonwealth), as amended from time to time, or any successor legislation, shall be considered to be a factory ship or vessel of Australia respectively. For greater certainty, when such a factory ship or vessel is operating outside of the exclusive economic zone of Australia, the requirements of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this footnote shall apply. 3-3the rights to exploit 2 such exclusive economic zone, and in case of other goods, that Party or person of that Party has rights to exploit such seabed and subsoil beneath the seabed, in accordance with international law; (g) goods of sea-fishing and other marine life taken by vessels of that Party from the high seas in accordance with international law; (h) goods processed or made on board any factory ships of that Party, exclusively from the goods referred to in subparagraph (f) or (g); (i) goods which are: (j) (i) waste and scrap derived from production or consumption there, provided that such goods are fit only for disposal, for the recovery of raw materials, or for recycling purposes; or (ii) used goods collected there, provided that such goods are fit only for disposal, for the recovery of raw materials, or for recycling purposes; and goods obtained or produced there solely from goods referred to in subparagraphs (a) through (i), or from their derivatives. Article 3.4: Cumulation

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Article 55

With a view to the creation of conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, the UN shall promote=

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In any case however, Marx and Engels, circumstanced as they were and being the types they were, could never have thought of going forth in order to organize the industrial proletariat, or any particular group of it, according to ideas of their own. All they could hope for was contact with leaders and with the union bureaucracy. Beholding, on the one hand, that attitude of the “respectable” workman and, on the other hand, the attitude of the (then) unorganizable mob of the big cities with which they hardly wished to act, 4 they faced a disagreeable dilemma. They could not fail to recognize the importance of the trade-union movement that was about to accomplish, step by step, the gigantic task of organizing the masses into something like an articulate class, that is to say, to solve the problem which they themselves felt to be the most important of all. But, being completely out of it and realizing the danger that this class might acquire bourgeois standing and adopt a bourgeois attitude, they were bound to dislike and to distrust the trade unions as much as they were disliked and distrusted—as far as they were noticed at all—by them. They were thus driven back upon the position that has become characteristic of classical socialism and that, though much reduced in importance, to this day expresses the fundamental antagonism between the socialist intellectuals and labor (which may in important cases be roughly equated to the antagonism between socialist parties and trade unions). For them, the trade-union movement was something to be converted to the doctrine of class war; as a means of such conversion, occasional cooperation with it was proper for the faithful whenever labor troubles radicalized the masses and sufficiently worried or excited trade-union officials to induce them to listen to the gospel. But so long as conversion was not complete and in particular so long as trade-union opinion remained on principle averse to revolutionary or simply to political action, the movement was not in a state of grace but on the contrary in error, misconceiving its own true ends, deluding itself with trivialities that were worse than futile; hence, except for the purpose of boring from within, the faithful had to keep aloof.

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V. T HE G ERMAN P ARTY A ND R EVISIONISM ; T HE A USTRIAN S OCIALISTS

But why was it that the English methods and tactics did not prevail in Germany? Why that Marxist success which accentuated antagonisms and split the nation into two hostile camps? This would be easy to understand if there had been no extra-socialist groups to work for social reconstruction or if the ruling stratum had turned a deaf ear to their proposals. It becomes a riddle as soon as we realize that German public authority was not less but more alive to the social exigencies of the time than was English political society and that the work of the Fabians was being done not less but more effectively by a very similar group.

Declaration of Perpetual Unity

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The Ego as the Source of Problemms

The ego is the feeling of the self. The self is the identity perceived from the separation of identities.

I am a me-identity. You are you-identity.

How to Help

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We’re building a new science and new systems for a better reality. The core Superphysics team won’t live forever so we’re focusing on the most pressing problems.

You can help by:

Labor Theory of Value

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Superphysics Note!

These are mirrored by Book 1 Chapter 5 and Book 3 of The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

Everything in the world is purchased by labour. The only cause of our labour are our passions. When a nation abounds in manufactures and mechanic arts, the proprietors of land and the farmers study agriculture as a science. They redouble their industry and attention.

Preconditions of the Real Liberation of Man

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By virtue of the qualification “common man”, Feuerbach declares himself a communist (Wigand’s Vierteljahrsschrift, 1845, Band 2)[26].

But he is deceiving himself.

Communist in the real world means the follower of a definite revolutionary party.

Preface

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Hitherto men have constantly made up for themselves false conceptions about themselves, about what they are and what they should be.

They have arranged their relationships according to their ideas of God, of normal man, etc.

Search

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The Fallacy of the Steady State Economy

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The current increase in global warming and overpopulation is leading to more natural disasters on top of the depletion of resources.

This causes people to look for alternative resource systems that are more sustainable. This in turn puts more non-mainstream economic proposals, both good and bad, to the public view. In this post, we shall discuss a bad proposal called the Steady State Economy.

Summary of the Materialist Conception of History

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This conception of history depends on our ability to expound the real process of production.

It starts from the material production of life itself.

The basis of all history is then the intercourse with the production of life and the mode of production (i.e. civil society in its various stages).

Sylla, Pompey, and Caesar

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I will not discuss the horrors of the wars between Marius and Sylla. Appian has collected all the dreadful particulars into this history.

Both chiefs were jealous, ambitious, barbarous, and furious. The new citizens, and the ancient, no longer considered each other as members of the same republic, but gave a loose to a series of hostilities, so peculiar in their nature, as to comprehend all the miseries of a civil and foreign war.

The Illusion of the Epoch

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Civil Society and the Conception of History

The existing productive forces at all previous historical stages determined the form of intercourse.

The Ruling Class

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In every epoch, the ideas of the ruling class are the ruling ideas. The class with the ruling material force is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.

The class which controls material production also has control of mental production at the same time.